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Roles of Financial Innovation and Information Technology:Lessons from US Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis and Its Implications for China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2012年第3期22卷 343-355页

作者： James H LENZER jr Simon Xiaobin ZHAO International Center for China Development Studies & Department of Geography Faculty of Social Sciencesthe University of Hong KongHong KongChina

The mortgage loan has evolved from a local lending instrument into a major global security and its role is unparallel to other financial instruments in the process of financial globalization. This paper explains how technology and financial innovation transformed the mortgage loan from a local security into a premier global security traded worldwide. It examines the fundamental flaws of this process and why it does not work in regards to mortgage lending and the re-securitization products that were created through financial innovation. The findings show that regulation was unable to keep pace with financial innovation, which created an environment where actors in the financial service sector were able to behave geographically irresponsibly by using information asymmetries to their advantage by par- ticipating in moral hazard activities and engaging in other immoral and unethical business practices that were centered around localized geography, which ultimately contributed to the global financial crisis. It also examines the roll of financial innovation in regard to the Lehman Brothers Mini-Bond in Hung and its role as a driving force behind China＇s newly emerging shadow banking sector. It concludes with a policy recommendation and its implication for China＇s continued economic development.

关键词： shadow banking US sub-prime mortgage crisis financial tsunami global financial crisis wealth man- agement vehicle China asset bubble

Predator-prey distance and latency to flee from an immobile predator： functional relationship and importance

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 117-122页

作者： William E. COOPER jr Jose MARTIN Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid Spain

When an immobile prey has detected an immobile predator nearby, predation risk is greater when the predator is closer. Consequently, prey flee with shorter latency as standing distance （predator-prey distance when both are still） decreases. Since it was first reported in 2009, this relationship has been confirmed in the few species studied. However, little is known about the functional relationship between standing distance and latency to flee （LF）. We hypothesized that LF increases as standing distance increases at short distances, but reaches a plateau at longer distances where prey can escape reliably if attacked. We simulated immobile predators by moving slowly into positions near striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus, stopping and then remaining immobile, and recording LF from the stopping time. LF increased from shorter to longer standing distances in a decelerating manner. The relationship was concave downward, and LF was indistinguishable among the longer standing distance groups. Latency to flee appears to reach a plateau or approach an asymptotic value as stand- ing distance increases. The effect size of standing distance was large, indicating that S. virgatus sensi- tively adjusts LF to the level of risk associated with standing distance. Relationships between risk assessment and theoretical zones associated with risk, its assessment by prey, and escape decisions are discussed. Effect sizes of standing distance were substantial to large in all studies to date, indicating that standing distance is an important predation risk factor when both predator and prey are immobile.

关键词： antipredatory behavior escape behavior latency to flee squamata standing distance.

Advancing spinal cord injury research with optical clearing,light sheet microscopy,and artificial intelligence-based image analysis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第12期18卷 2661-2662页

作者： Qiang Li Alfredo Sandoval jr Bo Chen Department of Neurobiology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA

From the days of Ramon y Cajal's first sketches,neuroscientists have recognized the importance of visualizing the complex architecture of the central nervous *** the past century,we have come to appreciate how the rich structural and functional complementarity of axons and cell types in the spinal cord make it uniquely suited for information transfer between the periphery and the brain.

关键词： artificial image sketch

The size of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in blood is inversely correlated with tumor burden in cancer patients

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Precision Clinical Medicine 2019年第3期2卷 131-139页

作者： Qin An Youjin Hu Qingjiao Li Xufeng Chen Jiaoti Huang Matteo pellegrini Xianghong Jasmine Zhou Matthew Rettig Guoping Fan Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA Department of Pathology Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNC 27710USA Department of Molecular Celland Developmental BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095-7239USA and 5Department of Urology David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA

Circulating cell-free DNAs(cfDNAs)are fragmented DNA molecules released into the blood by *** studies have suggested that mitochondria-originated cfDNA fragments(mt-cfDNAs)in cancer patients are more fragmented than those from healthy ***,it is still unknown where these short mtcfDNAs originate,and whether the length of mt-cfDNAs can be correlated with tumor burden and cancer *** this study,we first performed whole-genome sequencing analysis(WGS)of cfDNAs from a human tumor cell line-xenotransplantation mouse model and found that mt-cfDNAs released from transplanted tumor cells were shorter than the mouse *** next analyzed blood cfDNA samples from hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer patients and found that mt-cfDNA lengths were inversely related to tumor size as well as the concentration of circulating tumor *** study suggested that monitoring the size of mt-cfDNAs in cancer patients would be a useful way to estimate tumor burden and cancer progression.

关键词： circulating cell-free DNA(cfDNA) tumor burden cancer progression liquid biopsy

Biomarkers of Neurotoxicity: An Overview

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 1991年第1期4卷 192-196页

作者： WILLIAM SLIKKER jr Chief Pharmacodynamics Branch Division of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology National Center for Toxicological Research JeffersonDepartments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital Little Rock Arkansas 72079 Arkansas 72205

Neurotoxicity may be defined as any adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system by a biological, chemical, or physical agent. Neurotoxic effects may be permanent or reversible, produced by neuropharmacological or neurodegenerative properties of a neurotoxicant, or the result of direct or indirect actions on the nervous system (ICON, 1990). Adverse effects include side effects (unwanted effects) or effects due to overdosing; functional or structural responses that promote compensation to restore normal function; or any

关键词： An Overview Biomarkers of Neurotoxicity

Real-time hybrid simulation for structural control performance assessment

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2009年第4期8卷 481-492页

作者： Juan E Carrion BF Spencer jr Brian M Phillips Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of Illinois

Real-time hybrid simulation is an attractive method to evaluate the response of structures under earthquake loads. The method is a variation of the pseudodynamic testing technique in which the experiment is executed in real time, thus allowing investigation of structural systems with rate-dependent components. Real-time hybrid simulation is challenging because it requires performance of all calculations, application of displacements, and acquisition of measured forces, within a very small increment of time. Furthermore, unless appropriate compensation for actuator dynamics is implemented, stability problems are likely to occur during the experiment. This paper presents an approach for real-time hybrid simulation in which compensation for actuator dynamics is implemented using a model-based feedforward compensator. The method is used to evaluate the response of a semi-active control of a structure employing an MR damper. Experimental results show good agreement with the predicted responses, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method for structural control performance assessment.

关键词： real-time hybrid simulation MR damper semi-active control actuator dynamics

ERROR ESTIMATES FOR THE TIME DISCRETIZATION FOR NONLINEAR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2008年第5期26卷 677-688页

作者： Mavián Slodika Ján Bua jr. Department of Mathematical Analysis Ghent University

This paper is devoted to the study of a nonlinear evolution eddy current model of the type δtB（H）＋ △↓× （ △↓ × H） =0 subject to homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions H × v = 0 and a given initial datum. Here, the magnetic properties of a soft ferromagnet are linked by a nonlinear material law described by B（H）. We apply the backward Euler method for the time discretization and we derive the error estimates in suitable function spaces. The results depend on the nonlinearity of B（H）.

关键词： Electromagnetic field Nonlinear eddy current problem Time discretization,Error estimate.

Model-based framework for multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation testing

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2017年第4期16卷 671-691页

作者： Gaston A.Fermandois Billie F.Spencer,jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA

Real-time hybrid simulation is an efficient and cost-effective dynamic testing technique for performance evaluation of structural systems subjected to earthquake loading with rate-dependent behavior. A loading assembly with multiple actuators is required to impose realistic boundary conditions on physical specimens. However, such a testing system is expected to exhibit significant dynamic coupling of the actuators and suffer from time lags that are associated with the dynamics of the servo-hydraulic system, as well as control-structure interaction （CSI）. One approach to reducing experimental errors considers a multi-input, multi-output （MIMO） controller design, yielding accurate reference tracking and noise rejection. In this paper, a framework for multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation （maRTHS） testing is presented. The methodology employs a real-time feedback-feedforward controller for multiple actuators commanded in Cartesian coordinates. Kinematic transformations between actuator space and Cartesian space are derived for all six-degrees-of- freedom of the moving platform. Then, a frequency domain identification technique is used to develop an accurate MIMO transfer function of the system. Further, a Cartesian-domain model-based feedforward-feedback controller is implemented for time lag compensation and to increase the robustness of the reference tracking for given model uncertainty. The framework is implemented using the 1/5th-scale Load and Boundary Condition Box （LBCB） located at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, a single-story frame subjected to earthquake loading is tested. One of the columns in the fraane is represented physically in the laboratory as a cantilevered steel column. For real- time execution, the numerical substructure, kinematic transformations, and controllers are implemented on a digital signal processor. Results show excellent performance of the maRTHS framework when

关键词： real-time hybrid simulation multiple actuators dynamic coupling kinematic transformations model-basedcompensation

Engineering in the 21st century:The Grand Challenges and the Grand Challenges Scholars Program

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Engineering 2020年第7期6卷 728-732页

作者： C.D.Mote jr. Regents Professor University of MarylandUSA Past President US National Academy of EngineeringUSA

Prologue Engineering’s fundamental mission to“create for users”has served humanity,prehistoric humanity,and other life forms,such as insects,fish,birds,and mammals,unwaveringly for hundreds to millions of *** distinguishes human engineering from the engineering of other life forms is the singular human capacity to envision a“creation for users,”then to create it and ultimately to implement it fulfilling an important“user need.”Other life forms pass down engineering creations likely learned from their predecessors through an evolutionary process,like creating anthills,beehives,and bird *** creations are learned replications of earlier experiences more than an intellectual response to new *** advancements without opening new frontiers limit advancement of a *** life forms above are exemplars among all the user species of engineering,but only human engineering leads to new creations that lead to remarkably significant user advancements.

关键词： frontier Grand hundreds