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Exploring the Nexus between Climate Hazards and Conflict in Lamu County: Implications for Community Adaptation Action Plans

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第12期14卷 984-1005页

作者： Misiani Zachary Simeon Mwadiga Mohamed Abubakar Hindada Boneya onyango linet Amos Okello Mohamed Rashid Dirie Monica Orero International Center for Humanitarian Affairs Kenya Red Cross Society Nairobi Kenya Kenya Forestry Research Institute Nairobi Kenya County Government of Lamu Lamu Kenya Kenya Red Cross Training Institute Nairobi Kenya

This paper investigated the complex relationship between climate change and security in Lamu County, with focus on community perceptions, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies. The study utilized a participatory approach involving Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) to gather insights from diverse community members. Results revealed a growing recognition of climate change as a significant factor amplifying security risks, including resource-based conflicts, food and water insecurity, pest and disease outbreaks, and rising sea levels. The analysis of historical climate data indicated shifts in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, exacerbating these hazards. Furthermore, it underscores the need to mainstream climate change actions across various sectors for sustainable development and human security. Lamu County in Kenya faces a myriad of security challenges stemming from climate change, with the community perceiving droughts, pests, diseases, and conflicts as prominent hazards. These climatic impacts have led to crop failures, livestock losses, water scarcity, property damage, displacement, and instability. Local adaptation strategies have shown varying degrees of effectiveness, highlighting the need for community-specific and sustainable solutions. The study identified local adaptation strategies and emphasized the importance of early warning systems, informed decision-making, and mainstreaming climate change actions across sectors to enhance human security and sustainable development. However, it also acknowledges limitations in community participation and suggests future research avenues to ensure the inclusion of marginalized voices in such studies.

关键词： Kenya Climate Changes and Adaptation Pollution Climate Hazards Conflict Security Temperature Rainfall Sea Level Lamu County

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Satellite Multi-Temporal Data and Cropping Pattern Approach for Green Gram Crop Management in the Lower Midland Zone IV and V in Kenya

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Advances in Remote Sensing 2024年第2期13卷 41-71页

作者： Kalekye Hilda Manzi Shadrack Ngene Joseph P. Gweyi-onyango Department of Agriculture Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Spatial Ecology and Biodiversity Monitoring Nairobi Kenya

Creation of a spectral signature reflectance data, which aids in the identification of the crops is important in determining size and location crop fields. Therefore, we developed a spectral signature reflectance for the vegetative stage of the green gram (Vigna. radiata L.) over 5 years (2020, 2018, 2017, 2015, and 2013) for agroecological zone IV and V in Kenya. The years chosen were those whose satellite resolution data was available for the vegetative stage of crop growth in the short rain season (October, November, December (OND)). We used Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery in this study. Cropping pattern data for the study area were evaluated by calculating the Top of Atmosphere reflectance. Farms geo-referencing, along with field data collection, was undertaken to extract Top of Atmosphere reflectance for bands 2, 3, 4 and 7. We also carried a spectral similarity assessment on the various cropping patterns. The spectral reflectance ranged from 0.07696 - 0.09632, 0.07466 - 0.09467, 0.0704047 - 0.12188,0.19822 - 0.24387, 0.19269 - 0.26900, and 0.11354 - 0.20815 for bands 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for green gram, respectively. The results showed a dissimilarity among the various cropping patterns. The lowest dissimilarity index was 0.027 for the maize (Zea mays L.) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) versus the maize-pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) crop, while the highest dissimilarity index was 0.443 for the maize bean versus the maize bean and cowpea cropping patterns. High crop dissimilarities experienced across the cropping pattern through these spectral reflectance values confirm that the green gram was potentially identifiable. The results can be used in crop type identification in agroecological lower midland zone IV and V for mung bean management. This study therefore suggests that use of reflectance data in remote sensing of agricultural ecosystems would aid in planning, management, and crop allocation to different ecozones.

关键词： Multi-Temporal Cropping Patterns Spectral Signatures Landsat 8 Crop Identification

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Projected impacts of climate change on the habitat of Xerophyta species in Africa

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Plant Diversity 2024年第1期46卷 91-100页

作者： Vincent Okelo Wanga Boniface KNgarega Millicent Akinyi Oulo Elijah Mbandi Mkala Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau Guy Eric Onjalalaina Wyclif Ochieng Odago Consolata Nanjala Clintone onyango Ochieng Moses Kirega Gichua Robert Wahiti Gituru Guang-Wan Hu CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China Centre for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun 666303China Botany Department Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya East African Herbarium National Museums of KenyaP.O.Box 451660-0100NairobiKenya

Climate change poses a serious long-term threat to *** effectively reduce biodiversity loss,conservationists need to have a thorough understanding of the preferred habitats of species and the variables that affect their ***,predicting the impact of climate change on speciesappropriate habitats may help mitigate the potential threats to biodiversity ***,a monocotyledonous genus of the family Velloziaceae is native to mainland Africa,Madagascar,and the Arabian *** key drivers of Xerophyta habitat distribution and preference are *** 308 species occurrence data and eight environmental variables,the MaxEnt model was used to determine the potential distribution of six Xerophyta species in Africa under past,current and future climate change *** results showed that the models had a good predictive ability(Area Under the Curve and True Skill Statistics values for all SDMs were more than 0.902),indicating high accuracy in forecasting the potential geographic distribution of Xerophyta *** main bioclimatic variables that impacted potential distributions of most Xerophyta species were mean temperature of the driest quarter(Bio9)and precipitation of the warmest quarter(Bio18).According to our models,tropical Africa has zones of moderate and high suitability for Xerophyta taxa,which is consistent with the majority of documented species *** habitat suitability of the existing range of the Xerophyta species varied based on the climate scenario,with most species experiencing a range loss greater than the range gain regardless of the climate *** projected spatiotemporal patterns of Xerophyta species help guide recommendations for conservation efforts.

关键词： Africa Climate change MaxEnt model Potential suitable distribution Velloziaceae Xerophyta

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Heat and Mass Transfer for a Nanofluid Flow in Fluidized Bed Dryer in Presence of Induced Magnetic Field

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第4期12卷 1401-1425页

作者： Kiptum J. Purity Mathew N. Kinyanjui Edward R. onyango Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation Nairobi Kenya Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

This research entails the study of heat and mass transfer of nanofluid flow in a fluidized bed dryer used in tea drying processes in presence of induced magnetic field. A mathematical model describing the fluid flow in a Fluidized bed dryer was developed using the nonlinear partial differential equations. Due to their non-linearity, the equations were solved numerically by use of the finite difference method. The effects of physical flow parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration and magnetic induction profiles were studied and results were presented graphically. From the mathematical analysis, it was deduced that addition of silver nanoparticles into the fluid flow enhanced velocity and temperature profiles. This led to improved heat transfer in the fluidized bed dryer, hence amplifying the tea drying process. Furthermore, it was noted that induced magnetic field tends to decrease the fluid velocity, which results in uniform distribution of heat leading to efficient heat transfer between the tea particles and the fluid, thus improving the drying process. The research findings provide information to industries on ways to optimize thermal performance of fluidized bed dryers.

关键词： Heat Transfer Induced Magnetic Field Nanofluid Fluidized Bed Dryer

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Refractive Errors among University Students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2024年第3期14卷 324-338页

作者： Denis Kamara John onyango Simon Arunga Mwanja Pius Pliers Denis Tusingwire Mary Assumpta Ayoo Eric Ronald Mulongo Barnabas Atwiine Department of Ophthalmology Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara City Uganda College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London England Faculty of Business and Development Studies Gulu University Gulu Uganda College of Health Sciences Lira University Lira Uganda

Introduction: WHO estimated that uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment and second leading cause of blindness globally. University students are prone to developing refractive errors due to their curriculum that requires a lot of near work affecting their performance and quality of life unknowingly. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the development of refractive errors. This study addresses the paucity of knowledge about refractive errors among university students in East Africa, providing a foundation for further research. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with refractive errors among students in the Faculty of Medicine at Mbarara University of Science and Technology. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study in which 368 undergraduate students selected using random sampling were assessed for refractive errors from March 2021-July 2021. Eligible participants were recruited and their VA assessment done after answering a questionnaire. Students whose VA improved on pin hole had subjective retinoscopy and results were compiled and imported to STATA 14 for analysis. Results: The prevalence of refractive errors was 26.36% with (95% CI) among university students especially myopia. Myopia is most predominant at 60%, followed by 37% Astigmatism and hyperopia of 3% among medical students. Astigmatism consisted of largely myopic astigmatism 72% (26) and 28% (10) compound/mixed astigmatism only. Student positive family history of refractive error was found to have a statistically significant relationship with refractive errors with AOR 1.68 (1.04 - 2.72) (95% CI) and P (0.032). Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive errors among university students, especially myopia, was found to be high and family history was associated with students having refractive errors.

关键词： Refractive Errors Prevalence Myopia Astigmatism Hyperopia Hypermetropia University Students Blindness Visual Impairment

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Optimization and Characterization of Cellulose Extraction from Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak) Leaves by Soda-Anthraquinone Pulping Using Response Surface Methodology

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2024年第3期14卷 43-65页

作者： Catherine N. Muya John M. Onyari Lydia W. Njenga Joab O. onyango Wilson M. Gitari Department of Chemistry The University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Chemical and Material Science The Technical University of Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD) was applied to examine the impact of soda-anthraquinone pulping conditions on Grevillea robusta fall leaves. The pulping factors studied were: NaOH charge 5% to 20% w/v, pulping time 30 to 180 minutes, and the anthraquinone charge 0.1 to 0.5% w/w based on the oven-dried leaves. The responses evaluated were the pulp yield, cellulose content, and the degree of delignification. Various regression models were used to evaluate the effects of varying the pulping conditions. The optimum conditions attained were;NaOH charge of 14.63%, 0.1% anthraquinone, and a pulping period of 154 minutes, corresponding to 20.68% pulp yield, 80.56% cellulose content, and 70.34% lignin removal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), was used to determine the most important variables that improve the extraction process of cellulose. The experiment outcomes matched those predicted by the model (Predicted R2 = 0.9980, Adjusted R2 = 0.9994), demonstrating the adequacy of the model used. FTIR analysis confirmed the elimination of the non-cellulosic fiber constituents. The lignin and hemicellulose-related bands (around 1514 cm−1, 1604 cm−1, 1239 cm−1, and 1734 cm−1) decreased with chemical treatment, indicating effective cellulose extraction by the soda-anthraquinone method. Similar results were obtained by XRD, SEM and thermogravimetric analysis of the extracted cellulose. Therefore, Grevillea robusta fall leaves are suitable renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly non-wood biomass for cellulose extraction.

关键词： Cellulose Extraction Response Surface Methodology Central Composite Design Delignification

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Modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer＇s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第1期13卷 19-25页

作者： Isaac G. onyango Gertcia Biotechnology Charlottesville VA USA

Alzheimer’s disease （AD） is an increasingly pressing worldwide public-health, social, political and economic concern. Despite significant investment in multiple traditional therapeutic strategies that have achieved success in preclinical models addressing the pathological hallmarks of the disease, these efforts have not translated into any effective disease-modifying therapies. This could be because interventions are being tested too late in the disease process. While existing therapies provide symptomatic and clinical benefit, they do not fully address the molecular abnormalities that occur in AD neurons. The pathophysiology of AD is complex; mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress are antecedent and potentially play a causal role in the disease pathogenesis. Dysfunctional mitochondria accumulate from the combination of impaired mitophagy, which can also induce injurious inflammatory responses, and inadequate neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis. Altering the metabolic capacity of the brain by modulating/potentiating its mitochondrial bioenergetics may be a strategy for disease prevention and treatment. We present insights into the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD brain as well as an overview of emerging treatments with the potential to prevent, delay or reverse the neurodegenerative process by targeting mitochondria.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease mitochondria bioenergetics mitochondrial DNA neuroinflammation mitohormesis caloric restriction hypometabolism mitophagy mitochondrial biogenesis recombinant-human mitochondrial transcription factor A antioxidants proteasome mitochondrial transcription activator-like effector nucleases clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) caloric restriction stem cells

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Whistleblowing behaviours and anti-corruption approaches in public administration in Kenya

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Economic and Political Studies 2021年第2期9卷 230-254页

作者： Gedion onyango Department of Political Science and Public Administration University of NairobiNairobiKenya

This article demonstrates that whistleblowing often receives little attention in public administration due to ambivalence regarding administrative roles held by public administrators,the fluid scalar chain and horizontal linkages,and competitive and intricate public,organisational and private *** on comparative analysis to elucidate the broader scope of anti-corruption reforms and whistleblowing in public administration,the article explores the influence of the administrative culture on the relationship between whistleblowing behaviours and implementation of anticorruption reforms in public administration in *** illustrates how bureaucratic oversight mechanisms such as internal auditing procedures and ethical guidelines tend to underperform where administrative environments largely feature autocratic bureaucratic authority,parochial management styles and centralised decision-making *** the functional specialty of public institutions,these cultural composites potentially elicit administrative behaviours that generally make whistleblowing anti-organisational,anti-social and an outright illegality in public *** absence of whistleblowing legislation or weak whistleblowing laws exacerbate these *** becomes even more complex at the local-state level as social networks and working groups tend to be strengthened by the collectivist associational culture in public ***,non-performance of anti-corruption reforms were found to stem from the collective chastisement of whistleblowing practices in public organisations in ***,institutional deficits typical in local-state administration seemingly made it riskier for potential whistleblowers to come forth,mainly attendant to loose and inconsistent legislation on ***,to enhance whistleblowing,there is a need to insulate potential whistleblowers from legal retaliation,including cultural retaliations that come in

关键词： Administrative culture ethical climate public integrity corruption public accountability

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Analytical Absorption Cross-Section for Photon by a Hydrogen 2s Atom

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2011年第4期55卷 659-661页

作者： Boniface Otieno Ndinya Stephen onyango Okeyo Department of Physics and Materials Science Maseno University

We calculate the absorption cross-section for photon by a hydrogen 2s atom using the quantum-classical approximation for the total photo cross-section of many electron atoms. With the application of the first-order term of the Baker Hausdorf expansion, the absorption cross-section for the hydrogen 2s atom decreases to a minimum, the Cooper paJr minimum, at low photon energy. Such a minimum is absent in the exact absorption cross-section for photon by a hydrogen 2s atom. We have extended the calculation for the absorption cross-section of the hydrogen 2s atom using the quantum-classical approximation for the total photo cross-section of many electron to include the second-order term of the Baker-Hausdorf expansion and observed a great reduction in the dip associated with the Cooper pair minimum at the zero crossing.

关键词： absorption cross-section Cooper pair minimum and Baker-Hausdorf expansion

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Analysis of cost effective pavement treatment and budget optimization for arterial roads in the city of Chattanooga

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2018年第3期12卷 291-299页

作者： Mbakisya onyango Saliha Ammour MERABTI Joseph OWINO Ignatius FOMUNUNG Weidong WU Department of Civil Engineering University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga TN 37403 USA

Many transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to maintain and repair roads, which results into increased pavement maintenance cost. Pavement Management System （PMS） has demonstrated to be an essential tool for proper management of infrastructure and proper utilization of available funds. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga utilized Micropaver software as PMS tool to conduct a pavement management analysis of principal arterials in the City of Chattanooga. The study used the City of Chattanooga pavement database to create the current and future pavement conditions. Maintenance and repair （M＆R） planning analysis was also performed in order to determine the most cost-effective treatment and suggest the optimum utilization of funds for the city. An analysis of five budget scenarios was conducted for a five-year plan using the critical pavement condition index （PCI） method （ASTM D6433）. Results show that the backlog elimination budget would be the best scenario because it increases the pavement condition and eliminates the backlog of major maintenance and repairs over the five-year period. The unlimited budget seems though ideal, it does not improve pavement condition. Maintaining current condition and limited budget scenarios would increase both the backlog and the total cost of maintenance and repairs over the analysis period.

关键词： PMS Micropaver pavement budget maintenance rehabilitation

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