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Fast and slow inhibition in the visual thalamus is influenced by allocating GABAA receptors with different gamma subunit identity to selective synapses

Fast and slow inhibition in the visual thalamus is influence...

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中国生理学会第24届全国会员代表大会暨生理学学术大会

作者：叶智文 Xiao Yu Catriona M Houston Zahra Aboukhalil William Foster nicholas p franks William Wisden Stephen G Brickley Imperial College London/Sleep anaesthesia and pain London SW7 2AZ

Cell-type specific differences in the kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic conductances（IpSCs）impact upon network dynamics throughout the *** attention has been focused on how GABAA receptor alpha and beta subunit diversity can influence IpSC kinetics,but little is known about the influence of different gamma *** have examined whether GABAA receptor gamma subunit heterogeneity influences IpSC properties in the *** gamma2 subunit gene was deleted from GABAA receptors selectively in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus（d LGN）and whole-cell recording was then combined with imaging to enable a functional and morphological classification of relay neuron *** removal of the gamma2 subunit from the d LGN reduced the overall s IpSC frequency across all relay cells and produced an absence of IpSCs in a subset of Y-type relay *** remaining slower IpSCs associated with X-type relay neurons were both insensitive to diazepam and zinc indicating the absence of the gamma2 *** these slower IpSCs were potentiated by beta-carbolines,we propose these IpSCs involve gamma1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor ***,gamma subunit heterogeneity appears to influence the kinetics of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the visual thalamus in a cell-type and synapse-selective *** suggest that d LGN GABAergic interneurons generate the slower IpSCs following activation of gamma1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors within X-type relay *** reticular GABAergic input that generates the faster IpSCs involves activation of gamma2 subunit-containing GABAA receptors that dominate Y-type relay neurons.

关键词： thalamus vision synapse GABAA receptors inhibition

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氙气在小鼠大脑中动脉短暂性梗塞模型上的神经元保护作用

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国外医学（麻醉学与复苏分册） 2004年第1期25卷 60-63页

作者： H.Mayumi Homi Noriko Yokoo DaqingMa David S.Warner nicholas p.franks MervynMaze M.B.Ch.B. F.R.C.p. F.R.C.A. Hilaryp.Grocott F.R.C.p.C. 朱珊珊曾因明 DepartmentofAnesthesiology（MultidisciplinaryNeuroprotectionLaboratories） DukeUniversityMedicalCenter. DepartmentsofAnestheticsandBiologicalSciences ImperialCollegeofScienceTechnologyandMedicineLondonUaitedKingdom. 徐州医学院江苏省麻醉学重点实验室221002

麻醉气体，其特性包括相对较高的心血管安全性(同等或优于传统麻醉药)，与其他大多数气体相比较好的药物动力学或药效学特点。越来越多的临床和实验研究表明，氙气作为一种气体麻醉药，具有镇痛、诱导苏醒迅速和对心血管影响小的特点。... 详细信息

麻醉气体，其特性包括相对较高的心血管安全性(同等或优于传统麻醉药)，与其他大多数气体相比较好的药物动力学或药效学特点。越来越多的临床和实验研究表明，氙气作为一种气体麻醉药，具有镇痛、诱导苏醒迅速和对心血管影响小的特点。另外，由于其对环境影响小，因此适用于吸入麻醉。但是，由于其价格昂贵，在临床应用中也因此受到了限制。

关键词：氙气小鼠大脑动脉短暂性梗塞动物模型神经元保护麻醉

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Neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal cancer

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第30期16卷 3793-3803页

作者： nicholas p Campbell Victoria M Villaflor Section of Hematology/Oncology Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicagoIL 60637United States

The management of esophageal cancer has been evolving over the past 30 years. In the United States, multimodality treatment combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) prior to surgical resection has come to be accepted by many as the standard of care, although debate about its overall effect on survival still exists, and rightfully so. Despite recent improvements in detection and treatment, the overall survival of patients with esophageal cancer remains lower than most solid tumors, which highlights why further advances are so desperately needed. The aim of this article is to provide a complete review of the history of esophageal cancer treatment with the addition of chemotherapy, RT, and more recently, targeted agents to the surgical management of resectable disease.

关键词： Esophageal cancer Multimodality therapy Neoadjuvant therapy Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Targeted agents Disease management

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Shaping Taste: The Molecular Discovery of Rice Genes Improving Grain Size, Shape and Quality

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2015年第11期42卷 597-599页

作者： nicholas p.Harberd Department of plant Sciences University of Oxford

Modern-day human life is absolutely dependent upon the food that we derive from our crop plants. We eat grains, fruits, roots, tubers and other structures, all of which are constructed via coordinated organ growth. Whilst plant organ identity is first established in apical meristems （vegetative and floral shoot meristems and root meristems）, and in other meristematic regions, the final size and shape of organs are defined by subsequent coordination of organ expansion in longitudinal and transverse axes.

关键词： QTLs Shaping Taste The Molecular Discovery of Rice Genes Improving Grain Size Shape and Quality gene

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Anthropogenic Influence on Decadal Changes in Concurrent Hot and Dry Events over China around the Mid-1990s

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 233-246页

作者： Qin SU Buwen DONG Fangxing TIAN nicholas p.KLINGAMAN Yunnan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters and Climate Resources in the Great Mekong Subregion Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China Department of Atmospheric Sciences Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China National Centre for Atmospheric Science Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingRG66BBUK Geofysisk Institut University of BergenBergen 5007Norway Citadel Investment Group Moor House120 London WallLondonRG66BBUK

The frequency and duration of observed concurrent hot and dry events(HDEs) over China during the growing season(April–September) exhibit significant decadal changes across the mid-1990s. These changes are characterized by increases in HDE frequency and duration over most of China, with relatively large increases over southeastern China(SEC), northern China(NC), and northeastern China(NEC). The frequency of HDEs averaged over China in the present day(pD,1994–2011) is double that in the early period(Ep, 1964–81);the duration of HDEs increases by 60%. Climate experiments with the Met Office Unified Model(MetUM-GOML2) are used to estimate the contributions of anthropogenic forcing to HDE decadal changes over China. Anthropogenic forcing changes can explain 60%–70% of the observed decadal changes,suggesting an important anthropogenic influence on HDE changes over China across the mid-1990s. Single-forcing experiments indicate that the increase in greenhouse gas(GHG) concentrations dominates the simulated decadal changes,increasing the frequency and duration of HDEs throughout China. The change in anthropogenic aerosol(AA) emissions significantly decreases the frequency and duration of HDEs over SEC and NC, but the magnitude of the decrease is much smaller than the increase induced by GHGs. The changes in HDEs in response to anthropogenic forcing are mainly due to the response of climatological mean surface air temperatures. The contributions from changes in variability and changes in climatological mean soil moisture and evapotranspiration are relatively small. The physical processes associated with the response of HDEs to GHG and AA changes are also revealed.

关键词： concurrent hot and dry events decadal variation greenhouse gases aerosol emissions

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On Northern Hemisphere Wave patterns Associated with Winter Rainfall Events in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第8期35卷 125-138页

作者： Claudia Christine STEpHAN Yan Ho NG nicholas p. KLINGAMAN National Centre for Atmospheric Science - Climate Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading RG6 6BB United Kingdom Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading RG6 6BB United Kingdom

During extended winter （November-April）, 43% of the intraseasonal rainfall variability in China is explained by three spatial patterns of temporally coherent rainfall, These patterns were identified with empirical orthogonal teleconnection （EOT） analysis of observed 1982-2007 pentad rainfall anomalies and connected to midlatitude disturbances. However, ex- amination of individual strong EOT events shows that there is substantial inter-event variability in their dynamical evolution, which implies that precursor patterns found in regressions cannot serve as useful predictors. To understand the physical nature and origins of the extratropical precursors, the EOT technique is applied to six simulations of the Met Office Unified Model at horizontal resolutions of 200-40 km, with and without air-sea coupling. All simulations reproduce the observed precursor patterns in regressions, indicating robust underlying dynamical processes. Further investigation into the dynamics associated with observed patterns shows that Rossby wave dynamics can explain the large inter-event variability. The results suggest that the appaxently slowly evolving or quasi-stationaxy waves in regression analysis are a statistical amalgamation of more rapidly propagating waves with a variety of origins and properties.

关键词： rainfall in China spring flooding Rossby wave dynamics EOT analysis predictability teleconnections

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A polarizing situation： Taking an in-plane perspective for next-generation near-field studies

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Frontiers of physics 2016年第2期11卷 1-17页

作者： p. James Schuck Wel Bao nicholas J. Borys Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1760 USA

By enabling the probing of light-matter interactions at the functionally relevant length scales of most materials, near-field optical imaging and spectroscopy accesses information that is unobtainable with other methods. The advent of apertureless techniques, which exploit the ultralocalized and enhanced near-fields created by sharp metallic tips or plasmonic nanoparticles, has resulted in rapid adoption of near-field approaches for studying novel materials and phenomena, with spatial resolution approaching sub-molecular levels. However, these approaches are generally limited by the dominant out-of-plane polarization response of apertureless tips, restricting the exploration and discovery of many material properties. This has led to recent design and fabrication breakthroughs in near-field tips engineered specifically for enhancing in-plane interactions with near-field light components. This mini-review provides a perspective on recent progress and emerging directions aimed at utilizing and controlling in-plane optical polarization, highlighting key application spaces where in-plane near-field tip responses have enabled recent advancements in the understanding and development of new nanostructured materials and devices.

关键词： near-field optical microscopy nano-optics TERS plasmonics optical antenna 2D materials

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Green Revolution DELLAs: From translational reinitiation to future sustainable agriculture

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Molecular plant 2021年第4期14卷 547-549页

作者： Qian Liu Kun Wu nicholas p.Harberd Xiangdong Fu State Key Laboratory of plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Department of plant Sciences University of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford 0X13RBUK College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

The Green Revolution(GR)of the 1960s saw spectacular increases in cereal crop yields,enabled by widespread adoption of high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties and increased fertilizer ***-dwarfism is caused by mutant wheat Reduced height-1(Rht-1)and rice semi-dwarf1(sd1)alleles,respectively,which confer increased harvest index(grain to straw ratio)and reduced yield loss from“lodging”(flattening of crops by wind or rain).However,despite their obvious global food security benefits,the underlying mechanisms via which GR dwarfing alleles actually work remained *** began to change with the molecular discovery of Rht1(peng et al.,1999).

关键词： dwarf crops cereal

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Travellers:Design Collaboration and Digital Media

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2008年第S1期13卷 234-240页

作者： J. Bahoric p. nicholas G. Ormston Arup pty Ltd Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory RMIT University Melbourne 3000 Australia City of Melbourne

This paper examines the use of 3D electronic medium as a tool for procuring detailed design information for the Sandridge Bridge Travellers project. The Sandridge Bridge Travellers project required the production of 10 7.5 m of tall × 5 ― 12 m of wide figures under very tight programme and budget constraints. This was achieved through a synthesis of art and engineering, whereby structure and sculpture become one and the same. Traditional procurement routes would have entailed the production and interpretation of drawings and design details at all discipline interfaces before fabrication; an approach that was unfeasible given the constraints. Instead, The Travellers project saw a single electronic file pass backwards and forwards from client to architect, engineer, and fabricator, with information from the initial artistic concept work phases through to analysis, design, member scheduling and fabrication all integrated and facilitated by a single electronic medium. Key to the delivery was the use of 3D modeling and scripting programs that enabled the efficient use and development of design information through all stages of the design process. This enabled total integration of all trades requiring a collaborative approach where each party maintained joint ownership of the 3D design information from inception to conception.

关键词： Sandridge Bridge Travellers sculpture 3-D modeling collaborative approach 3-D electronic medium AutoCAD R2004TM RhinoTM formats spline rationalization

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Designing the new generation of intelligent biocompatible carriers for protein and peptide delivery

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Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B 2018年第2期8卷 147-164页

作者： Angela M.Wagner Margaret p.Gran nicholas A.peppas McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Institute for Biomaterials Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine The University of Texas at Austin Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Department of pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin Department of Surgery and perioperative Care Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin Division of pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy The University of Texas at Austin

Therapeutic proteins and peptides have revolutionized treatment for a number of diseases, and the expected increase in macromolecule-based therapies brings a new set of challenges for the pharmaceutics field. Due to their poor stability, large molecular weight, and poor transport properties,therapeutic proteins and peptides are predominantly limited to parenteral administration. The short serum half-lives typically require frequent injections to maintain an effective dose, and patient compliance is a growing issue as therapeutic protein treatments become more widely available. A number of studies have underscored the relationship of subcutaneous injections with patient non-adherence, estimating that over half of insulin-dependent adults intentionally skip injections. The development of oral formulations has the potential to address some issues associated with non-adherence including the interference with daily activities, embarrassment, and injection pain. Oral delivery can also help to eliminate the adverse effects and scar tissue buildup associated with repeated injections. However, there are several major challenges associated with oral delivery of proteins and peptides, such as the instability in the gastrointestinal(GI)tract, low permeability, and a narrow absorption window in the intestine. This review provides a detailed overview of the oral delivery route and associated challenges. Recent advances in formulation and drugdelivery technologies to enhance bioavailability are discussed, including the co-administration of compounds to alter conditions in the GI tract, the modification of the macromolecule physicochemical properties, and the use of improved targeted and controlled release carriers.

关键词： Oral delivery Hydrogels protein delivery peptide delivery Carbohydrates Mucoadhesion

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