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Global concerns related to water biology and security:The need for language and policies that safeguard living resources versus those that dilute scientific knowledge

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Water Biology and Security 2023年第4期2卷 136-146页

作者： Robert M.Hughes James R.Karr Robert L.Vadas Dominick A.DellaSala Marcos Callisto Maria Joao Feio Teresa Ferreira neels kleynhans Renata Ruaro Chris O.Yoder J.Hal Michael Amnis Opes Institute 2895 SE GlennCorvallisOR97333USA Department of Fisheries Wildlife&Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWA98915USA Karr Consulting 102 Galaxy View CourtSequimWA98382USA 2909 Boulevard Rd.SE OlympiaWA98501-3971USA Wild Heritage a Project of Earth Island Institute2150 Allston WayBerkeleyCA94704-1346USA Departamento de Genetica Ecologia e EvolucaoInstituto de Ciencias BiologicasUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAvenida Antonio Carlos 6627CEP 31270-901Belo HorizonteMGBrazil Associate Laboratory ARNET Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreDepartment of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal Forest Research Centre&Associate Laboratory TERRA University of LisbonTapada da Ajuda1349-017LisbonPortugal Department of Water Affairs and Forestry(retired) 8th Avenue 771Wonderboom South0084PretoriaSouth Africa Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology Federal Technological University of Parana81280-340CuritibaPRBrazil Midwest Biodiversity Institute 4673 Northwest ParkwayHilliardOH43026USA Ecologists Without Borders OlympiaWAUSA

Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental *** use recent publications to provide examples of vague language versus examples of strong language when authors write about regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural *** language is common in agency reports,policy documents,and even scientific papers published by *** language limits success in regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural *** challenge must be recognized and countered as a driver of the condition of water and associated *** also list sources of vague wording,provide global examples of how ambiguous language and political influences have contributed to water resource degradation,discuss the recent history of science censorship,and offer possible solutions for more direct scientific *** found that:(1)equivocal language was especially common in concluding statements and not only by government employees;(2)authors discussed confusing language concerns in an agency publication;and(3)agency employees sometimes used active,strong *** drivers of weak language include:(1)holding on to old paradigms and resisting new knowledge;(2)scientific uncertainty;(3)institutional manuscript review policies;(4)employment and funding insecurity;and(5)avoiding the appearance of *** associated with euphemistic language included climate change,flow and physical habitat alteration,dams,agriculture,mining,forestry,and fisheries,as well as resistance towards monitoring,assessing,and reporting ecological *** for mitigating equivocal language involve employment protections and greater focus on scientific *** conclude that natural resource scientists should resist calls to employ imprecise ***,they should be strong advocates for prescriptive and protective natura

关键词： Corruption Ethics Science censoring Science policy Water resource degradation

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New approach for time-resolved and dynamic investigations on nanoparticles agglomeration

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Nano Research 2020年第10期13卷 2847-2856页

作者： Neda Iranpour Anaraki Amin Sadeghpour Kamran Iranshahi Claudio Toncelli Urszula Cendrowska Francesco Stellacci Alex Dommann Peter Wick Antonia neels Center for X-ray Analytics EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St.Gallen 9014Switzerland Laboratory of Particles Biology Interactions EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologySt.Gallen 9014Switzerland Department of Chemistry University of FribourgChemin du MuseeFribourg 1700Switzerland Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologySt.Gallen 9014Switzerland Department of Environmental Systems Science Swiss FPederal Institute of TechnologyETH-ZurichZurich 8092Switzerland Institute of Materials EPFLLausanne 1015Switzerland Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BernBern 3012Swizerland

Nanoparticle (NP) colloidal stability plays a crucial role in biomedical application not only for human and environmental safety but also for NP efficiency and functionality. NP agglomeration is considered as a possible process in monodispersed NP colloidal solutions, which drastically affects colloidal stability. This process is triggered by changes in the physicochemical properties of the surrounding media, such as ionic strength (IS), pH value, or presence of biomolecules. Despite different available characterization methods for nanoparticles (NPs), there is a lack of information about the underlying mechanisms at the early stage of dynamic behaviors, namely changing in NP size distribution and structure while placing them from a stable colloidal solution to a new media like biological fluids. In this study, an advanced in situ approach is presented that combines small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and microfluidics, allowing label-free, direct, time-resolved, and dynamic observations of the early stage of NP interaction/agglomeration initiated by environmental changes. It is shown for silica NPs that the presence of protein in the media enormously accelerates the NP agglomeration process compared to respective changes in IS and pH. High IS results in a staring agglomeration process after 40 min, though, in case of protein presence in media, this time decreased enormously to 48 s. These time scales show that this method is sensitive and precise in depicting the dynamics of fast and slow NP interactions in colloidal conditions and therefore supports understanding the colloidal stability of NPs in various media concluding in safe and efficient NP designing for various applications.

关键词： microfluidic small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS) in situ dynamic measurements nanoparticle agglomeration biological environment label-free

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