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Identification of Software Bugs by Analyzing Natural Language-Based Requirements Using Optimized Deep Learning Features

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 4379-4397页

作者： Qazi Mazhar ul Haq Fahim Arif Khursheed Aurangzeb Noor ul Ain Javed Ali Khan Saddaf Rubab muhammad shahid anwar Department of Computer Science and Engineering and International Bachelor’s Program in Informatics Yuan Ze UniversityZhongliTaoyuan320315Taiwan Department of Computer Science National University of PakistanRawalpindiPunjab46000Pakistan Department of Computer Software Engineering MCSNational University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad44000Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 51178Riyadh11543Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science School of PhysicsEngineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldAL109ABUK Department of Computer Engineering College of Computing and InformaticsUniversity of SharjahSharjah27272United Arab Emirates Department of AI and Software Gachon UniversitySeongnam-SI13120South Korea

Software project outcomes heavily depend on natural language requirements,often causing diverse interpretations and issues like ambiguities and incomplete or faulty *** are exploring machine learning to predict software bugs,but a more precise and general approach is *** bug prediction is crucial for software evolution and user training,prompting an investigation into deep and ensemble learning ***,these studies are not generalized and efficient when extended to other ***,this paper proposed a hybrid approach combining multiple techniques to explore their effectiveness on bug identification *** methods involved feature selection,which is used to reduce the dimensionality and redundancy of features and select only the relevant ones;transfer learning is used to train and test the model on different datasets to analyze how much of the learning is passed to other datasets,and ensemble method is utilized to explore the increase in performance upon combining multiple classifiers in a *** National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)and four Promise datasets are used in the study,showing an increase in the model’s performance by providing better Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve(AUC-ROC)values when different classifiers were *** reveals that using an amalgam of techniques such as those used in this study,feature selection,transfer learning,and ensemble methods prove helpful in optimizing the software bug prediction models and providing high-performing,useful end mode.

关键词： Natural language processing software bug prediction transfer learning ensemble learning feature selection

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Measuring quality of experience for 360-degree videos in virtual reality

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第10期63卷 108-122页

作者： muhammad shahid anwar Jing WANG Asad ULLAH Wahab KHAN Sadique AHMAD Zesong FEI School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology Iqra University

In recent years, we witness dramatic growing attention in immersive media technologies like 360-degree videos and virtual reality(VR). However, measuring the quality-of-experience(QoE) for 360-degree VR videos is not a trivial task. Streaming such videos to head mounted displays(HMDs) is extremely bandwidth-demanding when compared to traditional 2D videos. In HTTP adaptive streaming, QoE tends to deteriorate significantly during fluctuating network conditions, which results in various bitrate changes and causes multiple stalling events during playback. Thus, understanding how the human visual system perceives 360-degree video with the effect of stalling and different bitrate levels becomes inevitable. In this paper, we investigate the impact of stalling on users QoE under different bitrate levels and the interaction between stalling event and bitrate level for 360-degree videos in VR. To aim this, we first build a 360-degree videos database by encoding videos in three different bitrate levels(1, 5, and 15 Mbps) with 4 K resolutions(3840×1920 pixels). We then simulate various stalling events in the videos and conduct a subjective experiment in a virtual reality environment to investigate the human responses. Finally, we use a Bayesian method to estimate and predict the QoE while measuring the quality drop owing to various stalling events and bitrate changes. Proposed solution and prediction results show a strong dependency between playback stalling and bitrate of 360-degree video in VR. Stalling always impacts the QoE of 360-degree videos, but the strength of this negative impact depends on the video bitrate level. The adverse effect of stalling events is more profound when bitrate level approaches to the high and low end, which is in close agreement with subjective opinion.

关键词： quality of experience stalling virtual reality 360-degree video

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NPBMT: A Novel and Proficient Buffer Management Technique for Internet of Vehicle-Based DTNs

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第10期77卷 1303-1323页

作者： Sikandar Khan Khalid Saeed muhammad Faran Majeed Salman A.AlQahtani Khursheed Aurangzeb muhammad shahid anwar Department of Computer Science Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University SheringalDir(U)Khyber Pakhtunkhwa18200Pakistan Department of Computer Science Kohsar University MurreePunjab47150Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 51178Riyadh11543Saudi Arabia Department of AI and Software Gachon UniversitySeongnam-si13120South Korea

Delay Tolerant Networks(DTNs)have the major problem of message delay in the network due to a lack of endto-end connectivity between the nodes,especially when the nodes are *** nodes in DTNs have limited buffer storage for storing delayed *** instantaneous sharing of data creates a low buffer/shortage ***,buffer congestion would occur and there would be no more space available in the buffer for the upcoming *** address this problem a buffer management policy is proposed named“A Novel and Proficient Buffer Management Technique(NPBMT)for the Internet of Vehicle-Based DTNs”.NPBMT combines appropriate-size messages with the lowest Time-to-Live(TTL)and then drops a combination of the appropriate messages to accommodate the newly arrived *** evaluate the performance of the proposed technique comparison is done with Drop Oldest(DOL),Size Aware Drop(SAD),and Drop Larges(DLA).The proposed technique is implemented in the Opportunistic Network Environment(ONE)*** shortest path mapbased movement model has been used as the movement path model for the nodes with the epidemic routing *** the simulation results,a significant change has been observed in the delivery probability as the proposed policy delivered 380 messages,DOL delivered 186 messages,SAD delivered 190 messages,and DLA delivered only 95 messages.A significant decrease has been observed in the overhead ratio,as the SAD overhead ratio is 324.37,DLA overhead ratio is 266.74,and DOL and NPBMT overhead ratios are 141.89 and 52.85,respectively,which reveals a significant reduction of overhead ratio in NPBMT as compared to existing *** network latency average of DOL is 7785.5,DLA is 5898.42,and SAD is 5789.43 whereas the NPBMT latency average is *** reveals that the proposed policy keeps the messages for a short time in the network,which reduces the overhead ratio.

关键词： Delay tolerant networks buffer management message drop policy ONE simulator NPBMT

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Attention-based neural network for end-to-end music separation

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CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 2023年第2期8卷 355-363页

作者： Jing Wang Hanyue Liu Haorong Ying Chuhan Qiu Jingxin Li muhammad shahid anwar Beijing Institute of Technology BeijingChina Communication University of China BeijingChina China Electronics Standardization Institute BeijingChina Gachon University SeongnamSouth Korea

The end-to-end separation algorithm with superior performance in the field of speech separation has not been effectively used in music ***,since music signals are often dual channel data with a high sampling rate,how to model longsequence data and make rational use of the relevant information between channels is also an urgent problem to be *** order to solve the above problems,the performance of the end-to-end music separation algorithm is enhanced by improving the network *** main contributions include the following:(1)A more reasonable densely connected U-Net is designed to capture the long-term characteristics of music,such as main melody,tone and so on.(2)On this basis,the multi-head attention and dualpath transformer are introduced in the separation *** attention units are applied recursively on the feature map of each layer of the network,enabling the network to perform long-sequence *** results show that after the introduction of the channel attention,the performance of the proposed algorithm has a stable improvement compared with the baseline *** the MUSDB18 dataset,the average score of the separated audio exceeds that of the current best-performing music separation algorithm based on the time-frequency domain(T-F domain).

关键词： channel attention densely connected network end-to-end music separation

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Towards Cache-Assisted Hierarchical Detection for Real-Time Health Data Monitoring in IoHT

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第11期77卷 2529-2544页

作者： muhammad Tahir Mingchu Li Irfan Khan Salman AAl Qahtani Rubia Fatima Javed Ali Khan muhammad shahid anwar School of Software Technology Dalian University of Technology(DUT)Dalian116621China School of Software Technology Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning ProvinceDalian116650China Department of Computer Engineering King Saud UniversityRiyadh11543Saudi Arabia School of Software Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China Department of Software Engineering University of Science and TechnologyBanu28100Pakistan Department of AI and Software Gachon UniversitySeongnamsi13120Korea

Real-time health data monitoring is pivotal for bolstering road services’safety,intelligence,and efficiency within the Internet of Health Things(IoHT)***,delays in data retrieval can markedly hinder the efficacy of big data awareness detection *** advocate for a collaborative caching approach involving edge devices and cloud networks to combat *** strategy is devised to streamline the data retrieval path,subsequently diminishing network *** an adept cache processing scheme poses its own set of challenges,especially given the transient nature of monitoring data and the imperative for swift data transmission,intertwined with resource allocation *** paper unveils a novel mobile healthcare solution that harnesses the power of our collaborative caching approach,facilitating nuanced health monitoring via edge *** system capitalizes on cloud computing for intricate health data analytics,especially in pinpointing health *** the dynamic locational shifts and possible connection disruptions,we have architected a hierarchical detection system,particularly during *** system caches data efficiently and incorporates a detection utility to assess data freshness and potential lag in response ***,we introduce the Cache-Assisted Real-Time Detection(CARD)model,crafted to optimize *** the inherent complexity of the NP-hard CARD model,we have championed a greedy algorithm as a *** reveal that our collaborative caching technique markedly elevates the Cache Hit Ratio(CHR)and data freshness,outshining its contemporaneous benchmark *** empirical results underscore the strength and efficiency of our innovative IoHT-based health monitoring *** encapsulate,this paper tackles the nuances of real-time health data monitoring in the IoHT landscape,presenting a joint edge-cloud caching strategy paired with a hierarchical detection *** methodology yields enh

关键词： Real-time health data monitoring Cache-Assisted Real-Time Detection(CARD) edge-cloud collaborative caching scheme hierarchical detection Internet of Health Things(IoHT)

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Security Monitoring and Management for the Network Services in the Orchestration of SDN-NFV Environment Using Machine Learning Techniques

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2024年第2期48卷 363-394页

作者： Nasser Alshammari Shumaila Shahzadi Saad Awadh Alanazi shahid Naseem muhammad anwar Madallah Alruwaili muhammad Rizwan Abid Omar Alruwaili Ahmed Alsayat Fahad Ahmad Department of Computer Science College of Computer and Information SciencesJouf UniversitySakakaAl Jouf72341Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Sciences Kinnaird College forWomenLahorePunjab54700Pakistan Department of Information Sciences Division of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahore54770Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering and Networks College of Computer and Information SciencesJouf UniversitySakaka72341Saudi Arabia Computer Science Florida Polytechnic UniversityLakelandFlorida33805USA Delta3T LahorePunjab54700Pakistan Department of Basic Sciences Common First YearJouf UniversitySakaka72341Saudi Arabia

Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies *** vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end *** anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network *** enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)*** anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation *** classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.

关键词： Software defined network network function virtualization network function virtualization management and orchestration virtual infrastructure manager virtual network function Kubernetes Kubectl artificial intelligence machine learning

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Predicting short-term thromboembolic risk following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass using supervised machine learning

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第4期16卷 1097-1108页

作者： Hassam Ali Faisal Inayat Vishali Moond Ahtshamullah Chaudhry Arslan Afzal Zauraiz Anjum Hamza Tahir muhammad Sajeel anwar Dushyant Singh Dahiya muhammad Sohaib Afzal Gul Nawaz Amir H Sohail muhammad Aziz Department of Gastroenterology East Carolina University Brody School of MedicineGreenvilleNC 27834United States Department of Internal Medicine Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeLahorePunjab 54550Pakistan Department of Internal Medicine Saint Peter's University Hospital and Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNJ 08901United States Department of Internal Medicine St.Dominic's HospitalJacksonMS 39216United States Department of Internal Medicine Rochester General HospitalRochesterNY 14621United States Department of Internal Medicine Jefferson Einstein HospitalPhiladelphiaPA 19141United States Department of Internal Medicine UHS Wilson Medical CenterJohnsonNY 13790United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and MotilityThe University of Kansas School of MedicineKansasKS 66160United States Department of Internal Medicine Louisiana State University HealthShreveportLA 71103United States Department of Surgery University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87106United States Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology The University of ToledoToledoOH 43606United States

BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB)is a widely recognized bariatric procedure that is particularly beneficial for patients with class III *** aids in significant weight loss and improves obesity-related medical *** its effectiveness,postoperative care still has *** evidence shows that venous thromboembolism(VTE)is a leading cause of 30-d morbidity and mortality after ***,a clear unmet need exists for a tailored risk assessment tool for VTE in RYGB *** To develop and internally validate a scoring system determining the individualized risk of 30-d VTE in patients undergoing *** Using the 2016–2021 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation Quality Improvement Program,data from 6526 patients(body mass index≥40 kg/m^(2))who underwent RYGB were analyzed.A backward elimination multivariate analysis identified predictors of VTE characterized by pulmonary embolism and/or deep venous thrombosis within 30 d of *** resultant risk scores were derived from the coefficients of statistically significant *** performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating curves through 5-fold *** Of the 26 initial variables,six predictors were *** included a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a regression coefficient(Coef)of 2.54(P7%(Coef 1.19,P<0.001),venous stasis history(Coef 1.43,P<0.001),and preoperative anticoagulation use(Coef 1.24,P<0.001).These variables were weighted according to their regression coefficients in an algorithm that was generated for the model predicting 30-d VTE risk *** risk model's area under the curve(AUC)was 0.79[95%confidence interval(CI):0.63-0.81],showing good discriminatory power,achieving a sensitivity of 0.60 and a specificity of *** training,the same model performed satisfactorily

关键词： Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Venous thromboembolism Machine learning Bariatric surgery Predictive modeling

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Experimental and computational study of annealed nickel sulfide quantum dots for catalytic and antibacterial activity

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Nano Materials Science 2024年第3期6卷 355-364页

作者： muhammad Ikram Sawaira Moeen Ali Haider anwar Ul-Hamid Haya Alhummiany Hamoud H.Somaily Souraya Goumri-Said Mohammed Benali Kanoun Solar Cell Applications Research Lab Department of PhysicsGovernment College University LahoreLahore54000PunjabPakistan Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Animal SciencesMuhammad Nawaz ShareefUniversity of Agriculture66000MultanPunjabPakistan Core Research Facilities King Fahd University of Petroleum&MineralsDhahran31261Saudi Arabia Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of JeddahP.O.Box 13151Jeddah21493Saudi Arabia Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityP.O.Box 9004AbhaSaudi Arabia Physics Department College of Science and General StudiesAlfaisal UniversityP.O.Box 50927Riyadh11533Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics and Sciences College of Humanities and SciencesPrince Sultan UniversityP.O.Box 66833Riyadh11586Saudi Arabia

This research investigates the hydrothermal synthesis and annealing duration effects on nickel sulfide(NiS_(2) quantum dots(QDs)for catalytic decolorization of methylene blue(MB)dye and antimicrobial *** size increased with longer annealing,reducing catalytic ***–vis,XRD,TEM,and FTIR analyses probed optical structural,morphological,and vibrational *** confirmed NiS2's anorthic structure,with crystallite size growing from 6.53 to 7.81 nm during extended ***–Vis exhibited a bathochromic shift,reflecting reduced band gap energy(Eg)in NiS_(2).TEM revealed NiS_(2)QD formation,with agglomerated QD average size increasing from 7.13 to 9.65 nm with prolonged *** NiS_(2) showed significant MB decolorization(89.85%)in acidic *** NiS_(2) QDs demonstrated notable antibacterial activity,yielding a 6.15mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli(***)compared to ***-principles computation supported a robust interaction between MB and NiS_(2),evidenced by obtained adsorption *** study highlights the nuanced relationship between annealing duration,structural changes,and functional properties in NiS_(2)QDs,emphasizing their potential applications in catalysis and antibacterial interventions.

关键词： NiS_(2) antibacterial quantum dots dye degradation DFT

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Visible light-driven photo remediation of hazardous cationic dye via Ce-doped WO_(3) nanostructures

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第5期42卷 869-878,I0003页

作者： Azra Haroon Kaseed anwar Arham S.Ahmed Department of Physics Aligarh Muslim University202002AligarhIndia Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre Aligarh Muslim University202002AligarhIndia

Ce-doped WO_(3) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized through advanced characterization *** high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results show a reduction in the agglomeration of nanoparticles upon *** energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)analysis validates the existence of the Ce element in all the doped samples.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and Raman spectra justify the presence of structural defects(oxygen vacancies)and successful formation of the monoclinic WO_(3) phase,*** Kubelka-Munk function indicates a decrease in band gap with doping,while photoluminescence(PL)spectra show intense visible and UV emissions,Significantly,all doped samples exhibit higher photocatalytic performance than pure WO_(3) nanoparticles,with the 6 wt%Ce-doped sample displaying the highest degradation *** with Ce can help to increase the surface area of WO_(3),thereby improving its photoactivity,Moreover,a correlation between PL and photocatalysis is established in the light of oxygen vacancies suggesting a direct dependence of high photocatalytic activity on strong PL signals of WO_(3) *** experiments further reveal that the degradation process is primarily driven by active species,providing insight into a plausible photocatalytic mechanism.

关键词： WO_(3) Rare-earth element Environmental crisis Oxygen vacancies Luminescence Photocatalysis

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Thermal pyrolysis conversion of methane to hydrogen(H_(2)):A review on process parameters,reaction kinetics and techno-economic analysis

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第8期35卷 62-73页

作者： Yi Herng Chan Zhe Phak Chan Serene Sow Mun Lock Chung Loong Yiin Shin Ying Foong Mee Kee Wong muhammad anwar Ishak Ven Chian Quek Shengbo Ge Su Shiung Lam PETRONAS Research Sdn.Bhd.(PRSB) Kawasan Institusi BangiLot 3288&3289Off Jalan Ayer ItamKajang 43000Malaysia PETRONAS Carbon Capture&Storage(CCS)Enterprise PETRONAS Twin TowersKuala Lumpur City CentreKuala Lumpur 50088Malaysia CO_(2)Research Center(CO2RES) Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar 32610Malaysia Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS)Kota Samarahan 94300Malaysia Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy(ISuRE) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS)Kota Samarahan 94300Malaysia Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICoE) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries(AKUATROP)Universiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala Nerus 21030Malaysia Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China Center for Global Health Research(CGHR) Saveetha Medical CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS)Saveetha UniversityChennai 602105India

Hydrogen(H_(2))is a promising renewable energy which finds wide applications as the world gears toward low-carbon ***,current H_(2) production via steam methane reforming of natural gas or gasification of coal are laden with high CO_(2) ***,methane(CH_(4))pyrolysis has emerged as a potential technology to generate low-carbon H_(2) and solid *** this review,the current state-of-art and recent progress of H_(2) production from CH_(4) pyrolysis are reviewed in *** such as funda-mental mechanism and chemistry involved,effect of process parameters on the conversion efficiency and reaction kinetics for various reaction media and catalysts are elucidated and critically ***-ature,among other factors,plays the most critical influence on the methane pyrolysis *** metal/salt could lower the operating temperature of methane pyrolysis to1000℃.Based on the reaction kinetics,metal-based cata-lysts were more efficient in lowering the activation energy of the reaction to 29.5-88 kJ/mol from that of uncatalyzed reaction(147-420.7 kJ/mol).Besides,the current techno-economic performance of the pro-cess reveals that the levelized cost of H_(2) is directly influenced by the sales price of carbon(by-product)generated,which could offset the overall ***,the main challenges of reactor design for efficient product separation and retrieval,as well as catalyst deactivation/poisoning need to be debottlenecked.

关键词： Pyrolysis Methane Hydrogen Reaction kinetics Techno-economic analysis

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