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Status and determinants of other gainful activities by farmers in mountainous rural regions of Gilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第10期18卷 2520-2539页

作者： SHAHZAD muhammad Abid ahmed Vaqar FISCHEr Christian Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen-BolzanoBolzano 39100Italy Sustainable Development Policy Institute Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Non-farm income sources are important for livelihood sustenance,especially in the mountainous regions of developing *** implement effective policies to improve economic development,policymakers need insights at the grassroots ***,there is a lack of empirical evidence in the context of *** study examines the current situation and the factors influencing the decision by farmers to engage in other gainful activities(OGAs)such as farm diversification and off-farm work in the northern mountainous regions of *** study is based on quantitative survey data obtained from 459 farm managers and qualitative data from 24 key informants from five different districts in *** a logistic regression model,a statistical analysis is conducted on farmer and farm characteristics to investigate the probability of farm managers to engage in *** survey results show that around 71%of farm managers are engaged in OGAs(with 24%in farm diversification,61%in offfarm work and 15%in both).The share of female farm managers is 51%in farm diversification while male farm managers dominate off-farm activities(69%).The most prevalent types of farm diversification are the processing of farm products and tourism-related farm work,while the main off-farm activities are setting up grocery stores outside the farm,having salaried jobs or engaging in other non-agricultural *** are significant differences between farmers with and without OGAs particularly regarding farmer characteristics,agricultural income and some other *** logit model results show that farmer characteristics mainly determine off-farm work activities while farm(and other)characteristics mostly explain farm *** findings suggest that OGAs primarily exist as livelihood *** diversification is linked with the long-term sustenance of agricultural activities while off-farm work is predominantly driven by economic *** types of OGAs re

关键词： Other gainful activities Off-farm work Farm diversification Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan

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Density functional theory study of structural,electronic,and thermal properties of Pt,Pd,rh,Ir,Os and PtPdX(X=Ir,Os,and rh)alloys

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Chinese Physics B 2016年第3期25卷 298-306页

作者： Shabbir ahmed muhammad Zafar M Shakilt M A Choudhary Simulation Laboratory Department of Physicsthe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur 63100Pakistan o Department of Physics Hafiz Hayat CampusUniversity of GujratGujrat 50700Pakistan

The structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of Pt, Pd, rh, Ir, Os metals and their alloys PtPdX （X = Ir, Os and rh） are studied systematically using ab initio density functional theory. The groundstate properties such as lattice constant and bulk modulus are calculated to find the equilibrium atomic position for stable alloys. The electronic band structure and density of states are calculated to study the electronic behavior of metals on making their alloys. The electronic properties substantiate the metallic behavior for all studied materials. The firstprinciples density functional perturbation theory as implemented in quasi-harmonic approximation is used for the calculations of thermal properties. We have calculated the thermal properties such as the Debye temperature, vibrational energy, entropy and constant-volume specific heat. The calculated properties are compared with the previously reported experimental and theoretical data for metals and are found to be in good agreement. Calculated results for alloys could not be compared because there is no data available in the literature with such alloy composition.

关键词： electronic structural and thermal properties platinum group metals

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A Progressive Approach to Generic Object Detection: A Two-Stage Framework for Image recognition

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第6期75卷 6351-6373页

作者： muhammad Aamir Ziaur rahman Waheed ahmed Abro Uzair Aslam Bhatti Zaheer ahmed Dayo muhammad Ishfaq College of Computer Science Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggangHubei438000China FAST School of Computing National University of Computer&Emerging Science(NUCES)Karachi CampusKarachi75030Pakistan School of Information and Communication Engineering Hainan UniversityHaikou68000China

Object detection in images has been identified as a critical area of research in computer vision image *** has developed several novel methods for determining an object’s location and category from an ***,there is still room for improvement in terms of detection *** study aims to develop a technique for detecting objects in *** enhance overall detection performance,we considered object detection a two-fold problem,including localization and *** proposed method generates class-independent,high-quality,and precise proposals using an agglomerative clustering *** then combine these proposals with the relevant input image to train our network on convolutional ***,a network refinement module decreases the quantity of generated proposals to produce fewer high-quality candidate ***,revised candidate proposals are sent into the network’s detection process to determine the object *** algorithm’s performance is evaluated using publicly available the PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2007(VOC2007),VOC2012,and Microsoft Common Objects in Context(MS-COCO)*** only 100 proposals per image at intersection over union((IoU)=0.5 and 0.7),the proposed method attains Detection recall(Dr)rates of(93.17%and 79.35%)and(69.4%and 58.35%),and Mean Average Best Overlap(MABO)values of(79.25%and 62.65%),for the VOC2007 and MS-COCO datasets,***,it achieves a Mean Average Precision(mAP)of(84.7%and 81.5%)on both VOC *** experiment findings reveal that our method exceeds previous approaches in terms of overall detection performance,proving its effectiveness.

关键词： Deep neural network deep learning features agglomerative clustering localizations refinement region of interest(rOI) object detection

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Survey and technological analysis of laser and its defense applications

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2021年第2期17卷 583-592页

作者： Syed Affan ahmed Mujahid Mohsin Syed muhammad Zubair Ali Department of Avionics Engineering-College of Aeronautical Engineering(CAE) National University of Sciences and Technology(NUST)RisalpurKPKPakistan

The laser technology has made remarkable progress over the past couple of *** is being widely employed in diverse domains,such as holography,space sciences,spectroscopy,medical sciences,micro and power electronics,industrial engineering,and most distinctively,as directed energy military *** to their active transmissions,laser systems are similar to microwave radars to some extent;however,unlike conventional radars,the laser operates at very high frequencies thus making it a potent enabler of narrow-beam and high energy aerial deployments,both in offensive and defensive *** modern avionics systems,laser target indicators and beam riders are the most common devices that are used to direct the Laser Guided Weapons(LGW)accurately to the ground ***,compact size and outstanding angular resolution of laser-based systems motivate their use for drones and unmanned aerial ***,the narrow-beam divergence of laser emissions offers a low probability of intercept,making it a suitable contender for secure transmissions and safety-critical ***,the developments in space sciences and laser technology have given synergistic potential outcomes to use laser systems in space *** paper comprehensively reviews laser applications and projects for strategic defense actions on the ground or in ***,a detailed analysis has been done on recent advancements of the laser technology for target indicators and *** also reviews the advancements in the field of laser communications for surveillance,its earlier state of the art,and ongoing scientific research and advancements in the domain of high energy directed laser weapons that have revolutionized the evolving military *** offering a comprehensive taxonomy,the paper also critically analyzes some of the recent contributions in the associated domains.

关键词： Laser systems Laser military applications Directed energy weapons Non-lethal weapons Laser military projects Survey Taxonomy

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Fingerprint matching,spoof and liveness detection:classification and literature review

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2021年第1期15卷 179-196页

作者： Syed Farooq ALI muhammad Aamir KHAN ahmed Sohail ASLAM Department of Software Engineering University of Management and TechnologyLahore 54770Pakistan Department of Informatics and Systems University of Management and TechnologyLahore 54770Pakistan Department of Computer Science University of Management and TechnologyLahore 54770Pakistan

Fingerprint matching,spoof mitigation and liveness detection are the trendiest biometric techniques,mostly because of their stability through life,uniqueness and their least risk of *** recent decade,several techniques are presented to address these challenges over well-known *** study provides a comprehensive review on the fingerprint algorithms and techniques which have been published in the last few *** divides the research on fingerprint into nine different approaches including feature based,fuzzy logic,holistic,image enhancement,latent,conventional machine learning,deep learning,template matching and miscellaneous *** these,deep learning approach has outperformed other approaches and gained significant attention for future *** reviewing fingerprint literature,it is historically divided into four eras based on 106 referred papers and their cumulative citations.

关键词： computer society template matching fingerprint recognition survey deep learning machine learning

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Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced clay and their applications for removal of Pb(II)ions from aqueous media

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第4期34卷 454-461页

作者： Abdul Samad muhammad Imran Din Mahmood ahmed Saghir Ahmad Institute of Chemistry University of the PunjabLahore 54590Pakistan renacon Pharma Limited Lahore 54600Pakistan

The aim of the study was to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnONPs)composite with clay by a novel route and then to explore the capability of composite of ZnONPs and silty clay(SC)as adsorbents for Pb(II)eradication from aqueous media by batch adsorption *** effect of different operating factors like temperature,pH,dose and time of contact on the adsorption process were studied to optimize the ***,Freundlich,Dubinin-radushkevich(Dr)and Temkin isotherms were applied for the interpretation of the *** r^(2)and q values obtained from Langmuir model suggested that the process is best interpreted by this *** values of adsorption capacity(qm)noted were 12.43 mg·g^(-1) and 14.54 mg·g^(-1)on SC and ZnONPsSC *** kinetic studies exposed that pseudo second order(PSO)kinetics is followed by the processes suggesting that more than one steps are involved to control the rate of *** thermodynamic variables such as change in free energy(AGe),change in enthalpy(AH9)and change in entropy(ASe)were *** data suggested that Pb(II)adsorption on SC and ZnONPsSC are spontaneous,endothermic and feasible processes.

关键词： Adsorption Isotherm Kinetics Silty clay Thermodynamic

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Analysis of b→cτν¯_(τ)anomalies using weak effective Hamiltonian with complex couplings and their impact on various physical observables

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第8期48卷 56-75页

作者： muhammad Arslan Tahira Yasmeen Saba Shafaq Ishtiaq ahmed muhammad Jamil Aslam Department of Physics Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad 45320Pakistan Department of Physics International Islamic UniversityIslamabad 44000Pakistan National Center for Physics Islamabad 44000Pakistan

recently,the experimental measurements of the branching ratios and different polarization asymmetries for processes occurring through flavor-changing-charged current(b→cτν¯_(τ))transitions by BABAr,Belle,and LHCb have revealed some significant differences from the corresponding Standard Model(SM)*** has triggered an interest to search for physics beyond the SM in the context of various new physics(NP)models and using the model-independent weak effective Hamiltonian(WEH).Assuming left-handed neutrinos,we add the dimension-six vector,(pseudo-)scalar,and tensor operators with complex Wilson coefficients(WCs)to the SM *** 60%,30%,and 10%constraints resulting from the branching ratio of B_(c)→τν¯_(τ),we reassess the parametric space of these new physics WCs accommodating the current anomalies based on the most recent HFLAV data of r_(τ/μ,e)(D)and r_(τ/μ,e)(D^(*))and Belle data of F_(L)(D^(*))and P_(τ)(D^(*)).We find that the allowed parametric region of left-handed scalar couplings strongly depends on the constraints of the B_(c)→τν¯_(τ)branching ratio,and the maximum pull from the SM predictions results from theranching ratio ***,the parametric region changes significantly if we extend the analysis by adding LHCb data of r_(τ/μ)(J/ψ)and r_(τ/ℓ)(Λ_(c)).Furthermore,due to the large uncertainties in the measurements of r_(τ/μ)(J/ψ)and r_(τ/ℓ)(X_(c)),we derive the sum rules which complement them with r_(τ/μ,e)(D)and r_(τ/μ,e)(D^(*)).Using the best-fit points of the new complex WCs along with the latest measurements of r_(τ/μ,e)(D(^(*))),we predict the numerical values of the observable r_(τ/ℓ)(Λ_(c)),r_(τ/μ)(J/ψ),and r_(τ/ℓ)(X_(c))from the sum *** simultaneous dependence of abovementioned physical observables on the NP WCs is established by plotting their correlation with r_(D) and r_(D^(*)),which are useful to discriminate between various NP *** find that the most significant impact of NP results from the WC C^(S)_(L)=4C^(T).Fi

关键词： B meson anomalies new physics complex coupling HFLAV

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Aluminium and cerium co-doped ZnO nanoparticles:Facile and inexpensive synthesis and visible light photocatalytic performances

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Journal of rare Earths 2021年第2期39卷 151-159页

作者： Irshad Ahmad muhammad Shoaib Akhtar Ejaz ahmed Mukhtar Ahmad Department of Physics Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan School of Computer and Communication Lanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou 730000China

Facile combustion route synthesized Al and Ce co-doped ZnO nanoparticles photocatalysts were characterized using XrD,SEM,BET,EDS,UV-visible DrS,PL,photocurrent and EIS *** and SEM analyses identify that crystallite and particle size is reduced from 13.26 to 11.88 nm with introduction of Al and Ce into ZnO which assists inhibiting the recombination of photo generated charge *** DrS spectra indicate that optical assimilation of ZnO is significantly increased to visible region(-406 nm)and band gap reduces from 3.18 to 3.06 eV with introduction of Al and Ce *** impedance spectroscopy analysis under visible light illumination confirms the enhancement in visible light activity of Al and Ce co-doped ZnO nanoparticles as *** enhanced activity of Al and Ce co-doped ZnO photocatalyst can be ascribed to enhanced light assimilation,high surface area and efficient charge transfer *** results reveal that by incorporating precise amount of Al(~2%)and Ce(~2%)into ZnO,a highly efficient catalyst can be synthesized that have degraded almost 95%methyl orange(MO)dye in just 45 ***,the influence of various operational parameters such as solution pH,catalyst dose,dye concentration,airflow rate and light intensity on photodecomposition of MO was *** rmore,a possible mechanism for Al and Ce modified ZnO was proposed and designed photocatalysts demonstrates good stability in aqueous medium.

关键词： Nanoparticles ZnO Combustion MO decomposition PL rare earths

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Growth,yield and water productivity of dry direct seeded rice and transplanted aromatic rice under different irrigation management regimes

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第11期19卷 2656-2673页

作者： muhammad Ishfaq Nadeem Akbar Shakeel ahmed Anjum muhammad Anwar-Ul-haq Department of Agronomy University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040Pakistan Department of Plant Science University of CaliforniaCalifornia 95616-8780USA Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040Pakistan

Sustainability of traditionally cultivated rice in the rice-wheat cropping zone(rWCZ)of Pakistan is dwindling due to the high cost of production,declining water resources and escalating labour ***,farmers and researchers are compelled to find promising alternatives to traditional transplanted rice(TPr).A field study was conducted in Punjab,Pakistan,in 2017 and 2018 to explore the trade-offs between water saving and paddy yield,water productivity and economics of two aromatic rice varieties under dry direct seeded rice(DDSr)and *** experiment was comprised of three irrigation regimes on the basis of soil moisture tension(SMT)viz.,continuous flooded(>–10 kPa SMT),alternate wetting and drying(AWD)(–20 kPa SMT)and aerobic rice(–40 kPa SMT),maintained under TPr and DDSr *** aromatic rice verities:Basmati-515 and Chenab Basmati-2016 were used during both years of *** both years,DDSr produced higher yields(13–18%)and reduced the total water inputs(8–12%)in comparison to *** comparison to traditional continuous flooded(CF),AWD under DDSr reduced total water input by 27–29%and improved the leaf area index(LAI),tillering,yield(7–9%),and water productivity(44–50%).The performance of AWD with regard to water savings and increased productivity was much higher in DDSr system as compared to AWD in TPr *** of DDSr with aerobic irrigation improved water savings(49–55%)and water productivity(22–30%)at the expense of paddy yield reduction(36–39%)and spikelet *** regard to variety,the highest paddy yield(6.6 and 6.7 t ha–1)was recorded in DDSr using Chenab Basmati-2016 under AWD irrigation threshold that attributed to high tiller density and *** economic analysis showed DDSr as more beneficial rice establishment method than TPr with a high benefit-cost ratio(BCr)when the crop was irrigated with AWD irrigation *** results highlighted that with the use of short duration varieties,DDSr cultivation in conjunction wit

关键词： rice establishment aerobic alternate wetting and drying water input tillering yield

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Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Method for Nalbuphine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)Chloride-diperiodatocuprate(III)reaction

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Chemical research in Chinese Universities 2021年第3期37卷 629-638页

作者： ahmed Khan muhammad Asghar MOHAMMED Yaqoob MASOOD ahmed Siddiqui SAMAr Ali Department of Chemistry University of BalochistanSariab RoadQuetta87300Pakistan

A sensitive and selective method employing chemiluminescence(CL)coupled with flow injection(FI)is reported for nalbuphine hydrochloride(NAL)assay in pharmaceutical *** enhancement effect of NAL on the CL reaction between tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)chloride-diperiodatocuprate(III){ru[(bpy)_(3)]^(2+)-Cu(III)complex}in acidic medium is used as analytical *** optimal conditions of the CL reaction were sulfuric acid 1.0×10^(−3) mol/L,ru[(bpy)s]2+7.5×10^(−5) mol/L,Cu(III)/Ag(III)complexes 4.0×10^(−4)/5.0×10^(−4) mol/L,sample loop volume of 120µL and flow rate of 2.5 mL/*** sensitivities of the method in terms of detection(S/N=3)and quantification(S/N=10)limits are 5×10^(−4) and 0.001 ppm(1 ppm=1 mg/L),*** linear response of the instrument in the form of CL intensity with respect to NAL concentration is over the range 0.001-15.0 ppm(r^(2)=0.9999)with relative standard deviation from 0.8%to 3.2%and injection throughput of 120 injection/*** applications of the method include the quantitative analysis of NAL in pharmaceutical injection *** and the average results of the proposed method are not significantly different from the results of a reported method by applying F-and paired student *** most likely CL reaction mechanism is written in accordance with spectrophotometric and CL studies.

关键词： ru[(bpy)_(3)]^(2+) Cu(III)/Ag(III)complex Chemiluminescence Flow injection analysis Nalbuphine hydrochloride Pharmaceutical

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