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Deep Reinforcement Lea.ning Ena.led Sma.t City Recycling Wa.te Object Cla.sifica.ion

Computers, Ma.eria.s & Continua 2022年第6期71卷 5699-5715页

作者： Mesfer a. Duha.yim Ta.seer abdalla Elfa.il Eisa.Fa.d Na.-Wesa.i a.delza.ir a.delma.oud Ma.a. a.med Ha.za.a.u Sa.wa. Za.a.i mohammed Rizwa.ulla. Ra.wa.Ma.zouk Depa.tment of Na.ura. a.d a.plied Sciences College of Community-AflajPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversitySaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems-Girls Section King Khalid UniversityMahayil62529Saudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer Science King Khalid UniversityMuhayel AseerSaudi Arabia Fa.ulty of Computer a.d IT Sana’a UniversitySana’aYemen Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems King Khalid UniversityMuhayel Aseer62529Saudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer a.d Self Development Preparatory Year DeanshipPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAlKharjSaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversitySaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Ma.hema.ics Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGiza12613Egypt Corresponding Author:Manar Ahmed Hamza.Email:ma.hamza@psau.edu.sa

The Sma.t City concept revolves a.ound ga.hering rea. time da.a.from citizen,persona. vehicle,public tra.sports,building,a.d other urba. infra.tructures like power grid a.d wa.te disposa. *** understa.dings obta.ned from the da.a.ca. a.sist municipa. a.thorities ha.dle a.sets a.d services *** the sa.e time,the ma.sive increa.e in environmenta. pollution a.d degra.a.ion lea.s to ecologica. imba.a.ce is a.hot resea.ch ***,the progressive development of sma.t cities over the globe requires the design of intelligent wa.te ma.a.ement systems to properly ca.egorize the wa.te depending upon the na.ure of *** of the commonly a.a.la.le wa.tes a.e pa.er,pa.er boxes,food,gla.s,*** order to cla.sify the wa.te objects,computer vision ba.ed solutions a.e cost effective to sepa.a.e out the wa.te from the huge dump of ga.ba.e a.d *** to the recent developments of deep lea.ning(DL)a.d deep reinforcement lea.ning(DRL),wa.te object cla.sifica.ion becomes possible by the identifica.ion a.d detection of *** this a.pect,this pa.er designs a. intelligence DRL ba.ed recycling wa.te object detection a.d cla.sifica.ion(IDRL-RWODC)model for sma.t *** goa. of the IDRLRWODC technique is to detect a.d cla.sify wa.te objects using the DL a.d DRL *** IDRL-RWODC technique encompa.ses a.twosta.e process na.ely Ma.k Regiona. Convolutiona. Neura. Network(Ma.k RCNN)ba.ed object detection a.d DRL ba.ed object *** a.dition,DenseNet model is a.plied a. a.ba.eline model for the Ma.k RCNN model,a.d a.deep Q-lea.ning network(DQLN)is employed a. a.***,a.dra.onfly a.gorithm(DFa.ba.ed hyperpa.a.eter optimizer is derived for improving the efficiency of the DenseNet *** order to ensure the enha.ced wa.te cla.sifica.ion performa.ce of the IDRL-RWODC technique,a.series of simula.ions ta.e pla.e on benchma.k da.a.et a.d the experimenta. results pointed out the better performa.ce over the recent techniques

关键词： Sma.t cities deep reinforcement lea.ning computer vision ima.e cla.sifica.ion object detection wa.te ma.a.ement

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Efficiency Effect of Obsta.le Ma.gin on Line-of-Sight in Wireless Networks

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Computers, Ma.eria.s & Continua 2022年第7期72卷 227-242页

作者： Mura. a.a.a.mekhla.i Ta.seer abdalla Elfa.il Eisa.Fa.d N.a.-Wesa.i a.delza.ir a.delma.oud Ma.a. a.med Ha.za.a.delwa.ed Motwa.el Ishfa. Ya.een mohammed Rizwa.ulla. Depa.tment of Electrica. Engineering–Communica.ion Engineering Sana’a University61101Yemen Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems-Girls Section King Khalid UniversityMahayil62529Saudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer Science King Khalid UniversityMuhayel Aseer62529Saudi Arabia Fa.ulty of Computer a.d IT Sana’a UniversitySana’a61101Yemen Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems King Khalid UniversityMuhayel Aseer62529Saudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer a.d Self Development Preparatory Year DeanshipPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAlKharj16278Saudi Arabia

Line-of-sight cla.ity a.d a.sura.ce a.e essentia. beca.se they a.e considered the golden rule in wireless network pla.ning,a.lowing the direct propa.a.ion pa.h to connect the tra.smitter a.d receiver a.d reta.n the strength of the signa. to be *** the increa.ing litera.ure on the line of sight with different scena.ios,no comprehensive study focuses on the multiplicity of pa.a.eters a.d ba.ic concepts tha. must be ta.en into a.count when studying such a.topic a. it a.fects the results a.d their ***,this resea.ch a.ms to find limited va.ues tha. ensure tha. the signa. rea.hes the future efficiently a.d enha.ces the a.cura.y of these va.ues’*** ha.e designed Ma.La. simula.ion a.d progra.ming progra.s by Visua. *** for a.semi-rea.istic communica.ion *** includes a.l the ba.ic pa.a.eters of this system,ta.ing into a.count the environment’s diversity a.d the cha.a.teristics of the obsta.le between the tra.smitting sta.ion a.d the receiving *** we verified the correctness of the system’s ***,we begin by a.a.yzing a.d studying multiple a.d bra.ching ca.es to a.hieve the *** get severa. va.ues from the results,which a.e finite va.ues,which a.e a.useful reference for engineers a.d designers of wireless networks.

关键词： Line of sight obsta.le ma.gin wireless networks communica.ion link ra.io wa.e propa.a.ion

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Ma.hine Lea.ning Ena.led e-Lea.ner Non-Verba. Beha.ior Detection in IoT Environment

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Computers, Ma.eria.s & Continua 2022年第7期72卷 679-693页

作者： a.delza.ir a.delma.oud Fa.d N.a.-Wesa.i Mesfer a. Duha.yim Ta.seer abdalla Elfa.il Eisa.Ma.a. a.med Ha.za.mohammed Rizwa.ulla. a.u Serwa. Za.a.i Ra.wa.Ma.zouk Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems College of Science and ArtsKing Khalid UniversityMahayil AsirSaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer Science College of Science&Art at MahayilKing Khalid UniversitySaudi Arabia Fa.ulty of Computer a.d IT Sana’a UniversitySana’aYemen Depa.tment of Na.ura. a.d a.plied Sciences College of Community-AflajPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversitySaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems College of Science and Arts-Girls SectionKing Khalid UniversityMahayil AsirSaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Computer a.d Self Development Preparatory Year DeanshipPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAlKharjSaudi Arabia Depa.tment of Informa.ion Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversitySaudi Arabia&Department of MathematicsFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGiza12613Egypt

Internet of Things(IoT)with e-lea.ning is widely employed to collect da.a.from va.ious sma.t devices a.d sha.e it with other ones for efficient e-lea.ning *** the sa.e time,ma.hine lea.ning(ML)a.d da.a.mining a.proa.hes a.e presented for a.complishing prediction a.d cla.sifica.ion *** this motiva.ion,this study focuses on the design of intelligent ma.hine lea.ning ena.led e-lea.ner non-verba. beha.iour detection(IML-ELNVBD)in IoT *** proposed IML-ELNVBD technique a.lows the IoT devices such a. a.dio sensors,ca.era.,*** a.e then connected to the cloud server for further *** a.dition,the modelling a.d extra.tion of beha.iour ta.e ***,extreme lea.ning ma.hine spa.se a.toencoder(ELM-Sa.)model is employed for the detection a.d cla.sifica.ion of non-verba. ***,the a.t Colony Optimiza.ion(a.O)a.gorithm is utilized to properly tune the weight a.d bia. pa.a.eters involved in the ELM-Sa. *** order to ensure the improved performa.ce of the IML-ELNVBD model,a.comprehensive simula.ion a.a.ysis is ca.ried out a.d the results highlighted the betterment compa.ed to the recent models.

关键词： Internet of things e-lea.ning ma.hine lea.ning non-verba. beha.ior extreme lea.ning ma.hine cla.sifica.ion pa.a.eter tuning

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Effect of sma.t sprinkler irriga.ion utiliza.ion on wa.er use efficiency for whea. crops in a.id regions

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Interna.iona. Journa. of a.ricultura. a.d Biologica. Engineering 2014年第1期7卷 26-35页

作者： Hussein mohammed a.-Ghoba.i Moha.ed Sa.d abdalla El Ma.a.ky Depa.tment of a.ricultura. Engineering College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The sma.t irriga.ion system(SIS)developed in this resea.ch is a.va.ua.le tool for scheduling irriga.ion a.d qua.tifying wa.er required by *** wa. implemented a.d tested under sprinkler irriga.ion system to irriga.e whea. crops(Yecora.ojo).Results obta.ned from this system were compa.ed with the control irriga.ion system(CIS),whose scheduling method wa. ba.ed on da.a.from a. a.toma.ic wea.her *** indica.ed significa.t sa.ings in a.plied wa.er using the *** a.dition,the use of the SIS conserved 12%of irriga.ion wa.er compa.ed to CIS a.d obta.ned a. economica. *** wa.er use efficiency(WUE)under SIS ha. genera.ly higher va.ues(1.64 kg/m^(3))compa.ed to CIS(1.46 kg/m^(3)).Hence,the a.plica.ion of SIS technology provides significa.t a.va.ta.es on WUE a.d irriga.ion wa.er use efficiency(IWUE).Rela.ively high WUE a.d IWUE were found for the irriga.ion trea.ment(80%of eva.otra.spira.ion under SIS).Results showed tha. the irriga.ion requirements of whea. increa.ed(100%of ETc under CIS)with increa.ing eva.otra.spira.ion(ETc)but excessive irriga.ion could decrea.e WUE a.d *** results indica.ed tha. extreme irriga.ion might not produce higher yield or optima. economic benefit,thus,suita.le irriga.ion schedules by using SIS must be esta.lished a.d extenda.le to other a.ricultura. crops.

关键词： sma.t irriga.ion system(SIS) sprinkler irriga.ion scheduling wa.er use efficiency a.id region eva.otra.spira.ion gra.n yield

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Study the Rela.ionship between the Nicotine a.d Lipid Profile with Some Hema.ology Pa.a.eters in Serum of Smoker a.d Non-Smoker Blood Sa.ples

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Journa. of Biosciences a.d Medicines 2022年第6期10卷 20-36页

作者： Ha.a. M. a.ress Ha.a. Ta.fa.a.a. a.houma.Mona.M. abdalla Kha.fa. mohammed. a. a.za. Chemistry Depa.tment Faculty of Science Omar Al-Mukhtar University Al Bayda Libya Chemistry Depa.tment Faculty of Arts and Science Derna University Dérna Libya

The effect of ciga.ette smoking on lipid profile a.d CBC (Complete Blood Count) of blood wa. investiga.ed in this study. Spectrophotometric methods were used to estima.e the a.ounts of nicotine, cholesterol, triglycerides, a.d HDL-cholesterol. The findings revea.ed tha. ciga.ette smokers a.d the dura.ion of smoking ha. significa.tly higher levels of nicotine a.d cholesterol when compa.ed to non-smokers. The da.a.a.so revea.ed differences in the contents of hema.ologica. pa.a.eters between smokers’ a.d non-smokers’ blood sa.ples, with high counts of WBC, MCHC, HGB, a.d PLT clea.ly visible in the smokers’ sa.ples. However, there wa. no discernible effect on RBC, MCV, or MCH counts in the tria.. Smoker sa.ples ha. high PLT va.ues (243.8 ± 84.26), while non-smoker sa.ples ha. lower PLT va.ues (229.3 ± 30.07 on a.era.e).

关键词： Non-Smoker Smoker Rela.ionship between the Nicotine a.d Lipid

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Rena. Function in Preecla.ptics versus Norma. Pregna.t Women

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Journa. of Biosciences a.d Medicines 2022年第5期10卷 169-178页

作者： Rema. Ma.moud a.delra.ma. mohammed Suleima. Za.oog Ba.reldin Elsonni abdalla mohammed a.delrhim Ha.za.Moha.ed Elsa.ousi Moha.ed Depa.tment of Biochemistry a.d Nutrtion Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Biochemistry Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Obstetrics a.d Gynecology Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan

Ba.kground: Pregna.cy is implica.ed in nota.le physiologica. cha.ges a.d the extra.rdina.y kidney physiology during pregna.cy is believed to ha.e a. effect on kidney functions. However, during pregna.cy the glomerula. filtra.ion ra.e (GFR) increa.es its work ra.e up to 50%, on the contra.y, in preecla.psia.the GFR turns ba.k to decline. Objectives: This study a.ms to mea.ure a.d compa.e kidney function between preecla.ptic a.d norma. pregna.t women. Ma.eria.s a.d Methods: a.cross-sectiona. hospita.-ba.ed study wa. conducted in the period from Ma.ch to Ma. 2021 in Wa. Meda.i Obstetrics a.d Gynecology Tea.hing Hospita.. a.tota. of 100 pregna.t women, 50 a.pa.ently hea.thy pregna.t women a.d 50 pregna.t la.ies proved to ha.e preecla.ptic toxemia. their a.es ra.ged from 18 to 44 yea.s old a.d a. the third trimester of pregna.cy. Blood sa.ples were ta.en a.d serum wa. sepa.a.ed, then urea. crea.inine, uric a.id, sodium a.d pota.sium were determined. Da.a.were a.a.yzed using Sta.istica. Pa.ka.e for Socia. Science (SPSS). Results: The results of this study revea.ed tha. 92% of preecla.ptic pregna.t women ha. the first time of the incidence a.d 8% were fa.ily inherited preecla.psia.a.d injured multiple times. The preecla.ptic pregna.t women showed eleva.ion in both systolic a.d dia.tolic blood pressure compa.ed to the norma. pregna.t women. a.though the crea.inine va.ues of a.l study subjects were in the norma. ra.ge, the mea. of its serum level wa. found to be higher in norma. pregna.t women tha. tha. in preecla.ptic women. The study a.so showed urea.level wa. eleva.ed in the preecla.psia.group in compa.ison to the norma. one, while a.l va.ues were in the norma. ra.ge. In a.dition to the significa.t difference tha. observed in the uric a.id mea. between preecla.ptic (higher) a.d norma. pregna.t groups, a.norma. va.ues were only noticed with ma.y preecla.ptic pa.ients. The levels of electrolytes (sodium a.d pota.sium) were eleva.ed in the preecla.psia.women group, wherea. a

关键词： Preecla.psia Pregna.t Women Rena. Function Gezira.Sta.e Suda.

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The Expression of miRNa. in Suda.ese Pa.ients with Systemic Lupus Erythema.osus in Kha.toum Sta.e

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Open Journa. of Rheuma.ology a.d a.toimmune Disea.es 2022年第4期12卷 128-136页

作者： Sa.a. mohammed Da.a.la.a.med Elha.i Elsa.ig Ta.ig a. M. Ha.id Huda.Moha.ed Ha.oun Sa.a.Elta.ir abdalla Depa.tment of Ha.ma.ology Medical Laboratory Sciences Program Alyarmouk College Khartoum Sudan Depa.tment of Ha.ma.ology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences Alzaiem Al Azhari University Khartoum Sudan Depa.tment of Ha.ma.ology a.d Immunohema.ology Sharq El Nile College Khartoum North Sudan Depa.tment of Ha.ma.ology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Pa.hology Faculty of Medicine Al Neelain University Khartoum Sudan

Ba.kground: MicroRNa. (miRs) a.e noncoding gene regula.ors tha. ma. ha.e a.role a. dia.nostic or prognostic bioma.kers in systemic lupus erythema.osus (SLE). a.m: To mea.ure the blood levels of miR-146a. miR-126 a.d miR-30a.in Suda.ese SLE pa.ients a.d to investiga.e their potentia. role in disea.e pa.hogenesis a.d utility a. bioma.kers for SLE. Ma.eria. a.d Methods: a.tota. of 48 SLE pa.ients a.d 20 ma.ched hea.thy individua.s were enrolled in this study. SLE disea.e a.tivity index (SLEDa.) wa. a.sessed. The blood levels of miR-146a. miR-126 a.d miR-30a.were determined by Rea.-time polymera.e cha.n rea.tion (PCR) in a.l pa.ticipa.ts. Γ-INF a.d IL-2 were a.a.yzed by ELISa. a.d CD ma.kers were used in flow cytometry. Results: The mea. a.e of the pa.ients wa. 31.5 ± 8.5 yea.s with disea.e dura.ion > 5 yea.s. In SLE pa.ients, the mea. blood level fold cha.ges of miR-146a.(0.33 ± 0.277;P a.d miR-30a.(1.56 ± 1.40;P > 0.305) compa.ed to controls. Down regula.ion of miR-146a.increa.e expression of γ-INF (P a. the up regula.ion of miR-126 increa.e expression of CD ma.kers (P MiR-126 a. a.cut-off va.ue 1.209 a.d miR-146a.a. cut-off va.ue of 0.9233 which ca. discrimina.e between SLE pa.ients significa.tly a.socia.ed with SLE disea.e. Conversely, miR-30a.wa. insignifica.tly a.socia.ed with SLE disea.e (P va.ue > 0.05) a. no differences between the SLE pa.ients a.d hea.thy control. Conclusion: Circula.ing miR-146a.a.d miR-126 could be a.potentia. noninva.ive bioma.ker in SLE. This study provides a. overview of the current sta.e of resea.ch on the role of miRNa. in the immune pa.hogenesis a.d regula.ion of SLE. Further studies a.e needed in miRNa. profiling expressions of SLE disea.es.

关键词： Systemic Lupus Erythema.osus (SLE) MicroRNa.

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Occult Hepa.itis B Virus Infection: a.Killer Hidden in Tra.sfused Blood, Suda.

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Journa. of Biosciences a.d Medicines 2022年第10期10卷 173-181页

作者： Elha.i abdalla a.med a.delra.ma. Elda. mohammed Muba.a. a.med Elsha.ia.Ba.ri Yousif Moha.ed Nour Depa.tment of Medica. Microbiology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira Wad Medani Sudan Depa.tment of Ha.ma.ology & Immunoha.ma.ology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira Wad Medani Sudan Depa.tment of Medica. Pa.a.itology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira Wad Medani Sudan

Introduction: Tra.smission of hepa.itis B virus (HBV) through the blood is a.significa.t risk, especia.ly in poor countries with high endemicity. Occult tra.smission of HBV (OBI) is a. importa.t a.quisition scena.io. Objective: a.cross-sectiona. la.ora.ory-ba.ed study followed to detect OBI in blood of a.cepted donors a.mitted to Ma. Meda.i Blood Ba.k, Suda.. Methods: During the study, 200 a.cepted blood units were exa.ined for HBsa. by ELISa.technique a.d nega.ive sa.ples were tested for tota. a.ti-HBc a.tibodies using electroluminescence immunoa.sa. (ECLIa.). HBV DNa.a.plifica.ion wa. performed for units tha. showed tota. a.ti-Hbc positivity. Results: Of the 200 blood units, 3 a.pea.ed positive by ELISa. Tota. a.ti-HBc a.tibodies were present in 34% (67/197) of blood units. HBV DNa.wa. successfully a.plified in 52.2% (35/67) of tota. a.ti-HBc positive sa.ples. a.significa.t a.socia.ion wa. observed between rea.tive tota. a.ti-HBc a.d a.e group (p Conclusion: OBI wa. recorded a. a.high ra.e in the blood of donors, which necessita.es the implementa.ion of detection methods to protect the recipients.

关键词： OBI Blood Donors Nested-PCR Suda.

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The Influence of Wea.her a.d Clima.e Va.ia.ility on Groundwa.er Qua.ity in Za.ziba.

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a.mospheric a.d Clima.e Sciences 2022年第4期12卷 613-634页

作者： Leluu Ra.a.ha. mohammed Kombo Ha.a. Ka. a.nes La.rence Kija.i Sa.d Suleima. Ba.a. Sa.a.abdalla Kha.is Ta.za.ia.Meteorologica. a.thority (TMa. Kisauni Zanzibar Sta.e University of Za.ziba. Tunguu Campus Zanzibar

Clima.e cha.ge a.d va.ia.ility ha.e been inducing a.broa. spectrum of impa.ts on the environment a.d na.ura. resources including groundwa.er resources. The study a.med a. a.sessing the influence of wea.her, clima.e va.ia.ility, a.d cha.ges on the qua.ity of groundwa.er resources in Za.ziba.. The study used the clima.e da.a.ets including ra.nfa.l (RF), Ma.imum a.d Minimum Tempera.ure (Tma. a.d Tmin), the records a.quired from Ta.za.ia.Meteorologica. a.thority (TMa. Za.ziba. office for 30 (1989-2019) a.d 10 (2010-2019) yea.s periods. a.so, the Za.ziba. Wa.er a.thority (Za.a. monthly records of Tota. Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrica. Conductivity (EC), a.d Ground Wa.er Tempera.ure (GWT) were used. Interpola.ion techniques were used for controlling outliers a.d missing da.a.ets. Indeed, correla.ion, trend, a.d time series a.a.yses were used to show the rela.ionship between clima.e a.d wa.er qua.ity pa.a.eters. However, simple sta.istica. a.a.yses including mea., percenta.e cha.ges, a.d contributions to the a.nua. a.d sea.ona. mea. were ca.cula.ed. Moreover, t a.d pa.red t-tests were used to show the significa.t cha.ges in the mea. of the va.ia.les for two defined periods of 2011-2015 a.d 2016-2020 a. p ≤ 0.05. Results revea.ed tha. sea.ona. va.ia.ility of groundwa.er qua.ity from Ma.ch to Ma. (Ma.) ha. shown a.significa.t cha.ge in trends ra.ging from 0.1 to 2.8 mm/L/yr, 0.1 to 2.8 μS/cm/yr, a.d 0.1 to 2.0℃/yr for TDS, EC, a.d GWT, respectively. The cha.ges in clima.e pa.a.eters were 0.1 to 2.4 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.3℃/yr a.d 0.1 to 2.5℃/yr in RF, Tma., a.d Tmin, respectively. From October to December (OND) cha.ges in groundwa.er pa.a.eters ra.ged from 0.2 to 2.5 mm/L/yr 0.1 to 2.9 μS/cm/yr, a.d 0.1 to 2.1℃/yr for TDS, EC, a.d GWT, wherea. RF, Tma., a.d Tmin cha.ged from 0.3 to 1.8 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.9℃/yr a.d 0.2 to 2.0℃/yr, respectively. Moreover, the study ha. shown strong c

关键词： Qua.ity of Groundwa.er Pa.a.eters Clima.e Va.ia.ility Mea. Cha.ges of Clima.e a.d Wa.er Qua.ity Pa.a.eters

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Huma. Ka.likrein-2 a.d Free Prosta.e Specific a.tigen a. Bioma.kers for Ea.ly Detection of Prosta.e Ca.cer, Suda.: a.Ca.e-Control Study

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Open Journa. of Clinica. Dia.nostics 2023年第1期13卷 9-21页

作者： Osma. Kha.id Yousif Ba.reldin Elsonni abdalla mohammed a.ima. M. a.med Sa.i Ma.joub Ta.a.a.med a. Siddiq Ebra.eem Mua.ia.Moha.ed a.med Elha.i abdalla a.med Depa.tmentof Biochemistry a.d Nutrition Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Interna. Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Ba.ic Sciences Depa.tment Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Depa.tment of Medica. Microbiology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan

Ba.kground: Prosta.e ca.cer (PCa. is considered one of the ma.or hea.th threa.s fa.ing ma.es in Suda.. Prosta.e-specific a.tigen (PSa. test is the most importa.t la.ora.ory test used in the dia.nosis of prosta.e ca.cer, the ma.n disa.va.ta.e of PSa.is its limited specificity, which triggered a.lot of interest in development, more resea.ch on other ma.kers such a. serum huma. ka.likrein-2 (KLK-2) a.d free prosta.e specific a.tigen (fPSa.. Objectives: To eva.ua.e the va.idity of serum ka.likrein-2 (KLK-2) a.d free prosta.e specific a.tigen (fPSa. in the ea.ly detection of prosta.e ca.cer a.ong Suda.ese pa.ients. Method: In this study seventy men were considered a. a.ca.e subject, who were dia.nosed a. ca.cer prosta.e a. Gezira.Hospita. for Rena. Disea.e a.d Surgery (GHRDS), Suda. during the period Februa.y 2018 to July 2019. Ra.domly selected sixty pa.ients of BPH pa.ients a.d forty-five a.pa.ently hea.thy men a. control subject. KLK-2, fPSa.a.d PSa.estima.ions were performed from serum sa.ples using the principle of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent a.sa. (ELISa.. Results: The results revea.ed a.highly significa.t difference between the serum levels individua. bioma.kers (KLK-2, fPSa. PSa. a.d multiple bioma.kers (fPSa.PSa. KLK-2/fPSa. KLK-2/PSa. for pa.ients with prosta.e ca.cer when compa.ed with the control groups. Furthermore, the fPSa.PSa.ra.io wa. lower in the pa.ients with prosta.e ca.cer (P va.ue = 0.00) tha. in the control group, the fPSa.PSa.ra.io showed tha. best a.cura.y to differentia.e prosta.e ca.cer from control group, fPSa.cut-off va.ue wa. found to be more tha. (18 ng/ml), with sensitivity (93%), specificity (80%), a.d odds ra.io (55). Conclusions: The use of multiple bioma.kers ra.her tha. individua. bioma.kers especia.ly fPSa.PSa.ra.io improves the specificity a. well a. ma.ntena.ce of higher sensitivity for ea.ly dia.nosis of the prosta.e ca.cer.

关键词： Ka.likrein-2 PSA fPSA Prosta.e Ca.cer Suda.

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