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The Impact of Solid Waste Generation, Storage and Separation Practices among Households on the Environment in Freetown

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第8期12卷 219-238页

作者： abdul Malik Bangura Patrick Fayia Kanty College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China

As urbanization and population growth continue to increase in Freetown, due to changes in economic, social, environmental, political, and demographic factors, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation also continues to increase, making its management difficult for the municipal authority. Efficient separation and storage of solid waste at the source of generation can boost resource and energy recovery from MSW. This study examines the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) process, focusing on generation, storage and separation practices among households and their impact on the environment in Freetown. It emphasizes the inclusion of MSWM programs in primary schools to raise public awareness, the implementation of effective waste management practices, and the enforcement of related policies to enhance the MSWM sector, contributing to sustainable MSWM in Freetown. By utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, 393 structured questionnaires were administered across three selected sections to collect data on household solid waste storage and separation practices. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, using Origin-Pro9 and MS Excel. The findings show that with a population of 1.53 million people in Freetown, the per capita solid waste generation is 0.58 kg per day. The findings also show that 97% of the households have storage facilities as a result of the increase in awareness and education about the proper storage of solid waste. However, 96% of respondents do not practice separation of solid waste at the source of generation, which has become a concern among researchers in Sierra Leone. Additionally, 88% of respondents are unaware of ISWM principles, with only 12% aware, most of whom have received some education on proper solid waste management. The study recommends improving MSWM in Freetown to protect public health and the environment.

关键词： Generation Storage Separation Household Municipal Solid Waste Freetown

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Identifying Malaria Hotspots Regions in Ghana Using Bayesian Spatial and Spatiotemporal Models

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Infectious Diseases & Immunity 2024年第2期4卷 69-78页

作者： abdul-Karim Iddrisu Dominic Otoo Gordon Hinneh Yakubu Dekongmene Kanyiri Kanimam Yaaba Samuel Cecilia Kubio Francis Balungnaa Dhari Veriegh Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyani 233Ghana Department of Statistical Service Ghana Statistical ServiceBono RegionSunyani 233Ghana Department of Mathematics and ICT Gambaga College of EducationSunyani 233Ghana Human Resources Division University of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyani 233Ghana Department of Biological Science University of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyani 233Ghana.

Background:Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Ghana,with varying risk levels across different geographical *** affects millions of people each year and imposes a substantial burden on the health care system and *** risk estimation and mapping are crucial for effectively allocating resources and implementing targeted interventions to identify regions with disease *** study aimed to identify regions exhibiting elevated malaria risk so that public health interventions can be implemented,and to identify malaria risk predictors that can be controlled as part of public health interventions for malaria ***:The data on laboratory-confirmed malaria cases from 2015 to 2021 were obtained from the Ghana Health Service and Ghana Statistical *** studied the spatial and spatiotemporal patterns of the relative risk of malaria using Bayesian spatial and spatiotemporal *** malaria risk for each region was mapped to visually identify regions with malaria *** and heterogeneity of disease risks were established using correlated and uncorrelated structures via the conditional autoregressive and Gaussian models,*** estimates from the marginal posterior distribution were estimated within the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation using the R ***:The spatial model indicated an increased risk of malaria in the North East,Bono East,Ahafo,Central,Upper West,Brong Ahafo,Ashanti,and Eastern *** spatiotemporal model results highlighted an elevated malaria risk in the North East,Upper West,Upper East,Savannah,Bono East,Central,Bono,and Ahafo *** spatial and spatiotemporal models identified the North East,Upper West,Bono East,Central,and Ahafo Regions as hotspots for malaria *** variations in risk were evident across regions(H=104.9,P<0.001).Although climatic and economic factors influenced malaria infection,statistical significance was not

关键词： Malaria Disease hotspot Bayesian modeling Conditional auto-regressive Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation Spatial and spatiotemporal models

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Growth performance,fatty acid profile,gut,and muscle histo-morphology of Malaysian mahseer,Tor tambroides post larvae fed short-term host associated probiotics

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2024年第1期9卷 35-45页

作者： Mohammod Kamruzzaman Hossain Sairatul Dahlianis Ishak Shumpei Iehata Mat Noordin Noordiyana Md abdul Kader Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi Department of Fisheries(DoF) Matshya BhabonRamnaDhaka1000Bangladesh Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICoE) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries(AKUATROP)Universiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala Nerus21030Malaysia Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences Universiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala Nerus21030Malaysia Alternative Aquatech Victoria3029Australia

Host associated probiotics(HAPs)provide health benefits to the host when administered as dietary ***,a short-term probiotics application strategy has yet to be optimized.A 90-days study was conducted to evaluate the response of Malaysian mahseer,Tor tambroides post larvae fed with basal diet enriched HAPs for 30-days,and its response following another 60-days feeding with only basal *** experimental diets(Enterococcus faecalis strain 2674(T1),Aeromonas *** A8-29(T2)and *** strain FC11682(T3))were prepared by spray-coating each HAPs on a basal diet at 1×108 CFU/g *** in growth performances,whole-body proximate and fatty acid composition,muscle morphometry,and gut morphology were *** showed that after 30 days,T3 fish produced highest *** HAP treatment groups showed better muscle distribution profile,improved fatty acid composition,and higher villus length,width and area,than control *** 90 days,the growth of T3 fish was still the *** distribution profile and villus growth were higher in HAP treatments,although only total n-6 PUFA,total MUFA,linoleic acids,and linolenic acids in HAP treated fish remained high after probiotics *** difference in whole-body proximate composition was observed in both 30 and 90 *** findings demonstrated that short-term application of HAPs at an early stage could be used to boost *** growth,with *** strain FC11682 showing the best efficacy.

关键词： Enhance culture Enterococcus faecalis Aeromonas sp. Muscle hypertrophy Short-term feeding Tor tambroides

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Malaysia-China Relations:Exemplary Model for ASEAN

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China Report ASEAN 2024年第6期9卷 48-51页

作者： Dato'abdul Majid Ahmad Khan Malaysia-China Friendship Association

Five Decades(1974-2024)of Harmonious and Mutually Beneficial Partnership Fifty years ago in May 1974,the second Prime Minister of Malaysia,Tun abdul Razak,journeyed to Beijing,China,to start a new and strategic chapter in Malaysia-China *** was a visionary and courageous initiative by Malaysia that commenced resetting Malaysia's foreign policy towards non-alignment and building mutual trust with China.

关键词： Malaysia mutual policy

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Explore Regional Characteristics and Design to Enhance New Elements of Brand Packaging--Taking Moutai as an Example

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Journal of Sustainable Business and Economics 2024年第2期7卷 62-68页

作者： Zongshe Kang Dahlan Bin abdul Ghani Faculty Of Creative Industries City University MalaysiaTaman KemacahayaBatu 943200 CherasSelangorMalaysia

Taking ethnic minority culture as the starting point,this paper explores the possibility of artistic expression of elements in different regions,and explores how regional brands can combine regional culture to create market effects and public *** field research,literature research,and market case comparison,the aesthetic symbols of different cultural and artistic forms of the Dong ethnic group are refined and expressed,and their application in the development of local brand design is *** expression elements such as patterns,colors,and materials are extracted from the architectural culture,ethnic art,and daily food customs of the Dong ethnic group,and used in the design of regional wine products,deeply connecting regional culture and regional *** the design,we should pay attention to national characteristics and brand effects,and carry out the design from a multi-dimensional design perspective,which will help to enhance brand competitiveness and achieve a win-win situation under the long-term goal of promoting national self-confidence and inheriting the essence of national culture.

关键词： Moutai liquor Dongsu brand Characteristic design Competitiveness enhancement

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上海合作组织在巴印冲突缓和中的作用：挑战与展望

上海合作组织在巴印冲突缓和中的作用：挑战与展望

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作者： HAQ abdul 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

上海合作组织(SCO)在缓和成员国之间的冲突方面发挥着至关重要的作用,特别是在印度和巴基斯坦之间错综复杂的安全动态方面。这一区域多边外交论坛在思考这一区域历史背景和当代地缘政治复杂性以促进区域和平与稳定方面面临挑战,但也有... 详细信息

上海合作组织(SCO)在缓和成员国之间的冲突方面发挥着至关重要的作用,特别是在印度和巴基斯坦之间错综复杂的安全动态方面。这一区域多边外交论坛在思考这一区域历史背景和当代地缘政治复杂性以促进区域和平与稳定方面面临挑战,但也有着发展前景。它是地区和全球政治舞台进程中的一个关键点,除了单纯的经济和科技合作外,还为消除地区三害(即分裂主义、极端主义和恐怖主义)带来了希望。根据巴基斯坦外交政策的观点,巴基斯坦面临着重大障碍,如西方和美国在该地区原有的影响力、该地区的恐怖主义危机和克什米尔问题。为了克服这些问题,巴基斯坦作为成员国认真、积极参与上海合作组织,寻求并促使上合组织成员国通过这一多边外交论坛解决地区安全问题,如阿富汗问题、地区安全危机,尤其是巴基斯坦与印度之间的顽固困境。2017年6月在哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳举行的上合组织第17次会议期间,巴基斯坦和印度被接纳为正式成员。自2001年6月15日成立以来,这是该组织在地理、经济和安全方面重大发展。目前上合组织将巴基斯坦和印度视为南亚地区最强大的两个国家并给与了它们双倍的关注。上合组织的长期扩张计划取得了成功,这一增长将在科技、经济、安全等领域取得发展势头,这表明上合组织的内部发展已基本完成。地区主义的产生通常是由地理特征、社会文化背景、经济合作、安全等多种变量和因素共同作用的结果。基于地区主义的特点、地区安全关切以及对当前复杂安全危机和地区问题的集体和平管理,本研究采用安全治理与地区主义的方法,分析以上海合作组织为代表的欧亚地区主义的显著特征。上合组织的地区性质可以从接纳巴基斯坦和印度为成员国的过程以及地区安全问题中观察到。本研究将涉及三个方面,即上海合作组织在解决地区安全相关问题方面的性质和演变;安全治理:上海合作组织应对当代地区安全挑战的方式;以及通过对上海合作组织成员资格的扩大研究来识别地区主义。本研究的重点和主题是通过定性研究方法评估巴基斯坦与上合组织、印度与上合组织、上合组织及其在巴基斯坦和印度之间冲突缓和中的[潜在]作用以及挑战和前景,强调通过这一多边外交平台解决这些问题、促进协作、合作和实现地区和平的重要性。本文探讨了上海合作组织在缓和包括巴基斯坦和印度在内的成员国之间的竞争和争执方面所发挥的作用。为了全面解释上合组织缓和紧张局势的能力,本文仔细研究了该组织以地区主义为基础的政策,以及巴里·布赞(Barry Buzan)和奥利·维夫(Ole Waever)提出的区域安全复合体理论。此外,本研究还采用建构主义的观点来阐明影响上合组织解决印巴冲突机制的意识形态因素。本文共分五章。第一章提供了研究的基本结构。该章以详尽的导言开篇,概述了研究的背景和意义,介绍了研究方法问题,包括研究设计、数据收集技术和扩展分析策略。通过明确提出的研究问题,文章将分析引向特定和有针对性的调查。研究的目的是清晰的阐述,使人对预期结果和结论一目了然。研究的重要意义在于其对当代国际关系研究和实践领域可能做出的贡献。这一章包含理论方法的一部分,其为后续研究中使用的理论框架提供了背景。此外,在缓和冲突、建立信任与合作的框架内,本节批判性地分析了国际关系中的新自由主义和新现实主义范式,对新自由主义和新现实主义的缺点进行了深入研究和透彻分析,提出了详尽的论据,最终对其观点进行了批判性的分析。作为一种替代性的观察角度,建构主义被强调用来阐释其如何通过强调概念、惯例和身份等因素对国际关系的影响,为国家行为提供了更为深入和复杂的解读。这一部分还旨在将区域安全复合体理论(RSCT)与建构主义联系起来。这一探讨试图通过将这些理论框架联系起来,揭示意识形态因素与地区安全动态之间的相互作用。这种细致的分析有助于更透彻地理解构成地缘政治环境的错综复杂的关系,为国际关系研究中更全面、更符合历史的理论框架打开大门。本研究的第二章探讨了上海合作组织的建立和运作,强调了该组织对解决该地区错综复杂的安全问题所做出的贡献。在上海合作组织的框架内,本章探讨了地区主义和地区化的思想,深入探讨了这些因素如何影响该组织的目标和运作。通过仔细研究该组织的历史演变、程序和结构,本章深入探讨了该组织在地区安全中的作用是如何随着时间的推移而变化的。对话还涉及上海合作组织内部信任的维护,探讨了如何培养和维护成员国的信任。此外,本章还探讨了上合组织的早期程序,特别是与建立信任和缓和冲突有关的程序。本章通过案例研究的方式,旨在从更为细致的角度,深入剖析上合组织在处理地区安全问题时所展现的效率。在这一过程中,特别关注了中国与俄罗斯、乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦以及乌兹别克斯坦等特定成员国。本论文的第三章对上合组织参与化解巴基斯坦和印度之间的紧张局势进行了细致的研究。第一节探讨了国际关系中冲突的复杂性,区分了冲突升级和冲突降级两种

关键词：上海合作组织地区安全多边外交冲突缓和巴基斯坦印度

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National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第9期30卷 1018-1042页

作者： Faisal Saud Dar Zaigham Abbas Irfan Ahmed Muhammad Atique Usman Iqbal Aujla Muhammad Azeemuddin Zeba Aziz Abu Bakar Hafeez Bhatti Tariq Ali Bangash Amna Subhan Butt Osama Tariq Butt abdul Wahab Dogar Javed Iqbal Farooqi Faisal Hanif Jahanzaib Haider Siraj Haider Syed Mujahid Hassan Adnan abdul Jabbar Aman Nawaz Khan Muhammad Shoaib Khan Muhammad Yasir Khan Amer Latif Nasir Hassan Luck Ahmad Karim Malik Kamran Rashid Sohail Rashid mohammad Salih abdullah Saeed Amjad Salamat Ghias-un-Nabi Tayyab Aasim Yusuf Haseeb Haider Zia Ammara Naveed Department of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplant Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Liver Transplantation Dr.Ziauddin University HospitalKarachi 75600SindhPakistan University of Aberdeen Aberdeen B243FXUnited Kingdom Department of Pathology Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology&Hepatology Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Radiology Aga Khan UniversityKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Oncology Hameed Latif HospitalLahore 54000Pakistan Division of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplantation Shifa International HospitalIslamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplant Shaikh Zayed Hospital and Post Graduate Medical InstituteLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Medicine Aga Khan University HospitalKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Liver Transplant Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical SciencesGambat 66020Pakistan Department of Medicine&Gastroenterology Lifecare Hospital and Research CentrePeshawar 25000Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary&Liver Transplant Bahria International HospitalLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Surgery Hepatopancreatobiliary&Liver TransplantDow University of Health SciencesKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology&NutritionPir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical SciencesGambat 66020Pakistan Department of Oncology Dr.Ziauddin HospitalKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Radiology Rehman Medical InstitutePeshawar 25000Pakistan Army Liver Transplant Unit Pak Emirates Military HospitalRawalpindi 46000Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology Sindh Institute of Urology and TransplantationKarachi 75500Pakistan Rashid Nursing Home and Cancer Clinic Rashid Nursing Home and Cancer ClinicRawalpindi 46000Pakistan Department of Gastroentero

A consensus meeting of national experts from all major national hepatobiliary centres in the country was held on May 26,2023,at the Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research Centre(PKLI&RC)after initial consultations with the *** Pakistan Society for the Study of Liver Diseases(PSSLD)and PKLI&RC jointly organised this *** effort was based on a comprehensive literature review to establish national practice guidelines for hilar cholangiocarcinoma(hCCA).The consensus was that hCCA is a complex disease and requires a multidisciplinary team approach to best manage these *** coordinated effort can minimise delays and give patients a chance for curative treatment and effective *** diagnostic and staging workup includes high-quality computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,and magnetic resonance *** cytology or biopsy utilizing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a mainstay for ***,histopathologic confirmation is not always required before *** ultrasound with fine needle aspiration of regional lymph nodes and positron emission tomography scan are valuable adjuncts for *** only curative treatment is the surgical resection of the biliary tree based on the Bismuth-Corlette *** patients with unresectable hCCA can be considered for liver *** chemotherapy should be offered to patients with a high risk of *** use of preoperative biliary drainage and the need for portal vein embolisation should be based on local multidisciplinary *** with acute cholangitis can be drained with endoscopic or percutaneous biliary *** chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine has shown improved survival in patients with irresectable and recurrent hCCA.

关键词： Hilar cholangiocarcinoma Bismuth-Corlette classification Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre Staging Preoperative biliary drainage Portal vein embolisation Surgical resection Hepatectomy

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Microplastic Can Decrease Enzyme Activities and Microbes in Soil

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 1-12页

作者： Tazeen Fatima Khan abdul Halim Farhad Sikder Department of Soil Water and Environment University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services Dhaka Bangladesh

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the impacts of microplastics on enzyme activities and soil bacteria. The study included four different treatments of microplastics including a control. Different levels of microplastics were applied to the soil ranging from 0% to 5%, to assess the impacts of microplastics on soil enzymes and subsequent soil bacteria. After 30 days of incubation, the soil samples were collected and growth parameters of bacteria were assessed. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase enzymes were also determined. Our results showed that the presence of microplastics in the soil significantly reduced bacterial population together with bacterial strains. The activities of β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase enzymes were reduced significantly to approximately 32%, 40% and 50% in microplastics treated soils respectively. Concentration of microplastic has a role to play towards this direction;the higher the concentration of microplastic the greater is the impact on enzymes and soil bacteria. The present study on the microbial soil health vis-à-vis microplastic application indicates that the material can have negative effect on the soil bacterial population of and thus ultimately may jeopardize soil health and crop production.

关键词： Microplastic Concentration Enzyme Activity Bacteria Crop Production

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Development of a Lightweight Model for Handwritten Dataset Recognition: Bangladeshi City Names in Bangla Script

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第8期80卷 2633-2656页

作者： MdMahbubur Rahman Tusher Fahmid Al Farid MdAl-Hasan Abu Saleh Musa Miah Susmita Roy Rinky Mehedi Hasan Jim Sarina Mansor MdAbdur Rahim Hezerul abdul Karim Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology(BAUST)Saidpur5310Bangladesh Faculty of Engineering Multimedia UniversityCyberjaya63100Malaysia Pabna University of Science and Technology Pabna6600Bangladesh

The context of recognizing handwritten city names,this research addresses the challenges posed by the manual inscription of Bangladeshi city names in the Bangla *** today’s technology-driven era,where precise tools for reading handwritten text are essential,this study focuses on leveraging deep learning to understand the intricacies of Bangla *** existing dearth of dedicated datasets has impeded the progress of Bangla handwritten city name recognition systems,particularly in critical areas such as postal automation and document ***,no prior research has specifically targeted the unique needs of Bangla handwritten city name *** bridge this gap,the study collects real-world images from diverse sources to construct a comprehensive dataset for Bangla Hand Written City name *** emphasis on practical data for system training enhances *** research further conducts a comparative analysis,pitting state-of-the-art(SOTA)deep learning models,including EfficientNetB0,VGG16,ResNet50,DenseNet201,InceptionV3,and Xception,against a custom Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)model named“Our CNN.”The results showcase the superior performance of“Our CNN,”with a test accuracy of 99.97% and an outstanding F1 score of 99.95%.These metrics underscore its potential for automating city name recognition,particularly in postal *** study concludes by highlighting the significance of meticulous dataset curation and the promising outlook for custom CNN *** encourages future research avenues,including dataset expansion,algorithm refinement,exploration of recurrent neural networks and attention mechanisms,real-world deployment of models,and extension to other regional languages and *** recommendations offer exciting possibilities for advancing the field of handwritten recognition technology and hold practical implications for enhancing global postal services.

关键词： Handwritten recognition Bangladeshi city names Bangla handwritten city name automated postal services

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Zoonotic human liver flukes,a type 1 biocarcinogen,in freshwater fishes:genetic analysis and confirmation of molluscan vectors and reservoir hosts in Bangladesh

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第3期13卷 73-88页

作者： Sharmin Shahid Labony Md.abdul Alim Muhammad Mehedi Hasan Md.Shahadat Hossain Sharmin Akter Joydeep Paul Thahsin Farjana Md.Haydar Ali mohammad Zahangir Alam Takeshi Hatta Hayato Kawada Keiko Mizutani Naotoshi Tsuji null Anisuzzaman Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh 2202Bangladesh Department of Fisheries Technology Faculty of FisheriesBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh 2202Bangladesh Department of Biotechnology School of Life Sciences&BiotechnologyAdamas UniversityBarasat-Barrackpore RdJagannathpurKolkataWest Bengal 700126India Department of Pathology and Parasitology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpur 5200Bangladesh Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine Kitasato University School of Medicine1-15-1 KitasatoMinamiSagamiharaKanagawa 252-0374Japan Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences1-15-1 KitasatoMinamiSagamiharaKanagawa 252-0373Japan

Background Opisthorchiid flukes,particularly Opisthorchis viverrini,Opisthorchis felineus,Clonorchis sinensis,and Metorchis *** the most common fish-borne zoonotic human liver flukes(hLFs).Liver fluke infections are more prevalent in resource-deprived and underprivileged *** herein estimated the prevalence of the metacercariae(MC)of major hLFs in common large freshwater fishes(lFWF)marketed for human consumption from some selected areas of Bangladesh along with detection of their molluscan vectors and *** The current status of fish-borne zoonotic hLF infections in lFWF was investigated along with their molluscan vectors and mammalian reservoir hosts in Mymensingh and Kishoreganj in Bangladesh from July 2018-June 2022 using conventional and multiple molecular techniques,such as PCR,PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP),sequencing,and bioinformatic *** infection rate of fishes was analyzed using the Z-test and the loads of MC were compared using the chi-squared(χ^(2))*** The MC of ***,Opisthorchis spp.,and Metorchis *** detected in 11 species of common and popular *** lFWF,the estimated prevalence was 18.7%and the mean load was 137.4±149.8 MC per 100 g of *** prevalence was the highest(P0.05)distributed between the head and body of *** infection rate was slightly higher in cultured(19.6%)*** MC of ***,***,***,and Metorchis orientalis in fishes were confirmed using PCR,PCR-RFLP and *** cercariae of opisthorchiid(Pleurolophocercus cercariae)flukes were only recovered from Bithynia spp.(3.9%,42 out of 1089).The ova of hLFs from dogs(4.3%,5 out of 116)and cats(6.0%,6 out of 100),and adult flukes(***)from ducks(41.1%113 out of 275)were *** The MC of

关键词： Human liver fluke Freshwater fish Molluscan vector Reservoir host Bangladesh

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