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Feeding ecology and interactions with mammal hosts in a symbiotic genus of birds(Buphagus spp.) in Namibia

Avian Research 2024年第3期 336-344页

作者： michael S.Lukubwe Daniel Velarde-Garcéz Fernando Sequeira Susana Lopes Adrian J.F.K.Craig Vanessa A.Mata Department of Zoology and entomology Rhodes University Department of Wildlife Management and Tourism Studies University of Namibia Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade do Porto CIBIO Centro de Investiga??o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos In BIO Laboratório AssociadoCampus de Vair?o BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land Planning CIBIOCampus de Vair?o

As the sole obligate symbiotic birds in Africa, oxpeckers offer a unique model for studying symbiotic relationships. Due to the multitrophic level they occupy and the context dependent foraging behavior they exhibit, the type of symbiotic relationship can be variable. In addition to providing a cleaning service to the host by removing ticks, oxpeckers frequently feed on blood, mucus, and saliva, inflicting potential damage on the host. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples to analyze the taxonomic composition of the trophic interactions of the Yellow-billed Oxpecker(Buphagus africanus) and Red-billed Oxpecker(B. erythrorhynchus) in northeastern Namibia. In contrast to conventional methods, DNA metabarcoding allows for a detailed identification of dietary resources encompassing both mammal hosts and consumed arthropods within the same samples. With this information, we examined differences in the diet composition between oxpecker species and localities, as well as the co-occurrence between host and arthropod species. Our findings revealed that oxpeckers predominantly source their diet from mammals, ticks, and flies; however, ticks and flies rarely co-occur in the diet of an individual. We observed variability among individuals in their feeding ecology, which is strongly correlated with locality and, to a lesser extent, with the mammal host. We noted a high degree of mobility between hosts within relatively short periods, with 32% of the samples showing traces of at least two mammal hosts. This study illustrates the dynamic foraging behavior of these specialized symbiotic birds, shedding light on their potential role in pest control services and disease transmission.

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Oligodendrocyte pathology in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第3期17卷 497-502页

作者： Nune Darbinian michael e.Selzer Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation(Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center) Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA

The pathology of fetal alcohol syndrome and the less severe fetal alcohol spectrum disorders includes brain *** studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying these white matter *** models of fetal alcohol syndrome and human studies have shown suppressed oligodendrocyte differentiation and apoptosis of oligodendrocyte precursor *** exposure led to reduced expression of myelin basic protein and delayed myelin basic protein expression in rat and mouse models of fetal alcohol syndrome and in human histopathological *** studies have reported increased expression of many chemokines in dysmyelinating disorders in central nervous system,including multiple sclerosis and fetal alcohol *** ethanol exposure reduced levels of the neuroprotective insulin-like growth factor-1 in fetal and maternal sheep and in human fetal brain tissues,while ethanol increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor α in mouse and human *** matter lesions have been induced in the developing sheep brain by alcohol exposure in early *** fetal alcohol syndrome models have shown reduced axon diameters,with thinner myelin sheaths,as well as reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes,which were also morphologically aberrant *** of markers for mature myelination,including myelin basic protein,also were *** accumulating knowledge concerning the mechanisms of ethanol-induced dysmyelination could lead to the development of strategies to prevent dysmyelination in children exposed to ethanol during fetal *** studies using fetal oligodendrocyte-and oligodendrocyte precursor cell-derived exosomes isolated from the mother's blood may identify biomarkers for fetal alcohol syndrome and even implicate epigenetic changes in early development that affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell and oligodendrocyte function in *** combining various imaging modalities with mo

关键词： alcohol development dysmyelination ethanol fetal alcohol syndrome fetal brain myelin basic protein neurodegeneration oligodendrocyte injury oligodendrocyte precursor cells

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ecological restoration for sustainable development in China

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National Science Review 2023年第7期10卷 60-71页

作者： Bojie Fu Yanxu Liu michael e.Meadows State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of earth Surface Processes and Resource ecology Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University College of Geography and environmental Sciences Zhejiang Normal University Department of environmental and Geographical Science University of Cape Town

Facing the need for transdisciplinary research to promote ecological restoration that achieves both social and ecological benefits,research on past restoration efforts that have directly or indirectly contributed to regional or national sustainable development warrants *** China as an example,in this review,we address three basic research questions that can be summarized as follows:ecological restoration—of what,for whom and to what purpose?Accordingly,a landscape pattern—ecosystem service—sustainable development’ co-evolutionary framework is proposed here to describe landscape-scale ecological restoration and its impact on landscape patterns and ecological processes,ecosystem services for human well-being,sustainable livelihoods and socioeconomic *** the strategic pattern of national ecological security to the pattern of major projects to protect and restore major national ecosystems,the spatial pattern of China’ s ecological restoration is more geographically *** major function-oriented zoning to systematic ecological protection and restoration,and for the purpose of achieving the Beautiful China Initiative,there are three stages of ecosystem services management:classification,synergy and integration,*** difference in geographic processes should be considered in the key re quirements of ecological restoration for China’ s five national strategies for regional sustainable-development *** understanding of the relationship between humans and nature in different geographical contexts is a scientific prerequisite to support policymaking related to ecological *** promote greater harmony between humans and nature,we propose four important research directions:(ⅰ) understanding coupling processes among key components,(ⅱ) identifying ecosystem service flows,(ⅲ) evaluating social-ecological benefits and(ⅳ) supporting adaptive management for regional sustainable development.

关键词： social-ecological system landscape pattern ecological process ecosystem services sustainable livelihoods policymaking

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Role of axon resealing in retrograde neuronal death and regeneration after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第3期14卷 399-404页

作者： William Rodemer michael e.Selzer Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research (Center Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation) Department of Neurology the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Spinal cord injury leads to persistent behavioral deficits because mammalian central nervous system axons fail to regenerate. A neuron's response to axon injury results from a complex interplay of neuron-intrinsic and environmental factors. The contribution of axotomy to the death of neurons in spinal cord injury is controversial because very remote axotomy is unlikely to result in neuronal death, whereas death of neurons near an injury may reflect environmental factors such as ischemia and inflammation. In lampreys, axotomy due to spinal cord injury results in delayed apoptosis of spinal-projecting neurons in the brain, beyond the extent of these environmental factors. This retrograde apoptosis correlates with delayed resealing of the axon, and can be reversed by inducing rapid membrane resealing with polyethylene glycol. Studies in mammals also suggest that polyethylene glycol may be neuroprotective, although the mechanism(s) remain unclear. This review examines the early, mechanical, responses to axon injury in both mammals and lampreys, and the potential of polyethylene glycol to reduce injury-induced pathology. Identifying the mechanisms underlying a neuron's response to axotomy will potentially reveal new therapeutic targets to enhance regeneration and functional recovery in humans with spinal cord injury.

关键词： axon resealing regeneration retrograde neuronal death spinal cord injury sea lamprey PeG mitochondrial dysfunction calcium signaling

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不同含水率下的生活垃圾气化特性模拟

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化工进展 2024年第9期43卷 4900-4908页

作者：陈巨辉王振名李丹王柏森 ZHURAVKOV michael SIARHeI Lapatsin 于广滨哈尔滨理工大学机械动力工程学院黑龙江哈尔滨150080 北京清新环境技术股份有限公司北京100142 海空装备齿轮传动国际合作黑龙江省重点实验室黑龙江哈尔滨150001 哈尔滨工业大学机电工程学院黑龙江哈尔滨150001

我国不同地区的垃圾含水率有很大差异,为了探究垃圾含水率对气化特性的影响,更进一步地实现生活垃圾资源化利用,本文基于Aspen Plus建立了垃圾气化的工艺流程模型,分析了不同含水率下的温度对气化合成气组分、碳转化率(CCe)、低位热值(L... 详细信息

我国不同地区的垃圾含水率有很大差异,为了探究垃圾含水率对气化特性的影响,更进一步地实现生活垃圾资源化利用,本文基于Aspen Plus建立了垃圾气化的工艺流程模型,分析了不同含水率下的温度对气化合成气组分、碳转化率(CCe)、低位热值(LHV)、气体产率的影响,气化温度提高促进CCe、LHV先降低后升高。结果表明升温和增加含水率可提高CCe、降低LHV,温度小于650℃时,增加含水率可促进气体产率,温度大于650℃时,增加含水率会降低气体产率;通过诸多气化指标得出垃圾含水率为25%、气化温度为850℃时为最优工况,在此基础上,40.63%的产气燃烧比例放热可以为干燥、热解、气化阶段提供热量,实现系统的热量自给。当气化温度和产气燃烧比例不变时,随着垃圾含水率的提高,气化系统对外界放出的热量先增加后减小。

关键词：气化模拟含水率热平衡 Aspen Plus 生活垃圾

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RhoA as a target to promote neuronal survival and axon regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第4期12卷 525-528页

作者： Jianli Hu michael e. Seizer Shriners Hospitals for Children Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation) Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia PA USA Department of Neurology Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia PA USA

Paralysis following spinal cord injury （SCI） is due to failure of axonal regeneration. It is believed that the capacities of neurons to regrow their axons are due partly to their intrinsic characteristics, which in turn are greatly influenced by several types of inhibitory molecules that are present, or even increased in the extracellular environment of the injured spinal cord. Many of these inhibitory molecules have been studied extensively in recent years. It has been suggested that the small GTPase RhoA is an intracellular convergence point for signaling by these extracellular inhibitory molecules, but due to the complexity of the central nervous system （CNS） in mammals, and the limitation of pharmacological tools, the specific roles of RhoA are unclear. By exploiting the anatomical and technical advantages of the lamprey CNS, we recently demonstrated that RhoA knockdown promotes true axon regeneration through the lesion site after SCI. In addition, we found that RhoA knockdown protects the large, identified reticulospinal neurons from apoptosis after their axons were axotomized in spinal cord. Therefore, manipulation of the RhoA signaling pathway may be an important approach in the development of treatments that are both neuroprotective and axon regeneration-promoting, to enhance functional recovery after SCI.

关键词： RhoA spinal cord injury neuronal survival apoptosis axon regeneration morpholino C3 transferase

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Heterogeneity in the regenerative abilities of central nervous system axons within species: why do some neurons regenerate better than others?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第6期15卷 996-1005页

作者： William Rodemer Jianli Hu michael e.Selzer michael I.Shifman Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center(Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation) the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA Department of Neurology the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA

Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to *** is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve ***-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to *** least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian *** mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical ***,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ***,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single *** review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.

关键词： axonal regeneration identifiable neurons intrinsic factors lamprey Mauthner cell Müller cell neuronal death non-mammalian model organisms spinal cord injury zebrafish

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Measurements of a 2-Stage Axial Turbine with Shrouded Rotor Cavities

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Journal of Thermal Science 2004年第4期13卷 310-314页

作者： Dieter e. BOHN Franz KReITMeIeR michael SeLL Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines Technical University of Aachen GermanyALSTOM Power CH-5401 Baden SwitzerlandALSTOM Power CH-5401 Baden Switzerland

This paper presents preliminary measurements of a 2-stage axial turbine with shrouded rotor cavities. The research facility and measurement techniques are reported. The flow field at both inlet and outlet was measured using 5-hole probes as well as temperature probes. The measurement results indicate that the inlet flow field is periodical in the tangential direction due to the influence of the first-stator leading-edge. The horse-shoe vortexes cause substantial flow blockage and turbulence near the endwall. Unsteady measurements of the rotor radial tip clearance show that one of the second-rotor blades has a little bigger clearance than the others.

关键词： axial turbine shrouded rotor measurement.

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Forecast Hesitancy: Why are People Reluctant to Believe, Accept, or Respond to Various Weather, Water, and Climate Hazard-Related Forecasts?

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第4期12卷 600-609页

作者： michael H.Glantz Gregory e.Pierce Consortium for Capacity Building(CCB) Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research(INSTAAR)University of ColoradoBoulderCO80301USA

Current discussions of the social phenomenon of“vaccine hesitancy”with regard to Covid-19 provide an opportunity to use hesitancy as a means to shift thinking about untimely and delayed responses to forecasts of hydrometeorological ***,that is,provides a paradigm through which such regrettably delayed responses to hydromet hazards might be better understood and effectively *** exaggeration,just about every hydromet event provides an example of how hesitancy hinders individual,community,and national government risk-reducing preventive and mitigative responses to forecasts of foreseeable,relatively near-term climate,water,or weather *** for such hesitancy(for vaccine and forecast use alike)include—among others—lack of trust in the science,lack of confidence in government,and persistent concern about the uncertainties that surround forecasting—both meteorological and public *** such,a better understanding of the causes that lead to individual and group hesitancy can better inform hydromet forecasters and affected communities about ways in which beneficial actions in response to timely forecasts are often *** better understanding will facilitate,where necessary,targeted interventions to enhance the societal value of forecasting by reducing this long-observed challenge of“forecast hesitancy.”First,this article focuses on incidents of“vaccine hesitancy”that,for various reasons,people around the world are even now experiencing with regard to several now-available,and confirmed efficacious,Covid-19 *** of such incidents of indecisiveness first increased dramatically over the first few months of 2021,despite the strong scientific confidence that vaccination would significantly lower personal risk of contracting as well as spreading the ***,the notion of forecast hesitancy with regard to hydrometeorological hazards is discussed.

关键词： Disaster risk reduction Forecast Forecast hesitancy Hesitancy Hydromet hazards Vaccine hesitancy

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56 Years of the Marburg Virus—A Review of Therapeutics

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Open Journal of epidemiology 2024年第2期14卷 273-283页

作者： michael M. Toza emmanuel Imangolwa Natalia Shakela Ferdinand Ndubi Hanzoma Hatwiko Christabel N. Hikaambo Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Biology Chemistry and Physics School of Health and Applied Sciences Namibia University of Science and Technology Windhoek Namibia Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy Kabarak University Nakuru Kenya Department of Physiological Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Livingstone Zambia

Background: The Marburg virus (MARV) is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD). This filovirus first appeared in 1967 and has since caused several outbreaks with case fatality rates between 23% and 90%. The earliest cases of MVD are thought to be caused by exposure to an infected animal, either a reservoir host (some bat species, e.g., Rousettus aegyptiacus) or a spill-over host, such as non-human primates. The virus is spread between people by direct contact with blood or other bodily fluids (including saliva, sweat, faeces, urine, tears, and breast milk) from infected individuals. Despite the high fatality rate, the Marburg virus has no vaccine or drug treatment. Recent outbreaks of the virus in 2023 in Tanzania and equatorial Guinea have reignited the need to develop effective therapeutics, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose: This review seeks to highlight the drug discovery efforts aimed at developing vaccines or possible treatments as potential therapeutics. Several existing antiviral agents are being probed, and vaccines are in pre-clinical and clinical stages. Natural products are also an important source of possible drugs or lead compounds and when coupled with computational techniques, these strategies offer possible therapeutics for the Marburg virus, especially in Africa, which has a high disease burden. Methods: Using the search engines Google Scholar and PubMed;keywords e.g. Marburg virus, Marburg treatments, Marburg virus drug discovery were utilized. Several results were yielded, and articles published in recent years were accepted into the final *** and Conclusion: This study shows there is a growing interest in therapeutics for the Marburg virus, especially with the recent outbreaks and pandemic preparedness. Initiatives that to support vaccine development and access like the MARVAC consort time are critical to fighting this public health threat.

关键词： Marburg Virus Vaccines Antivirals Viruses Drug Discovery

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