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Vertically-Suspended Environmental Enrichment Alters the Velocity Profiles of Circular Fish Rearing Tanks

World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2019年第1期7卷 208-226页

作者： Alissa M. Muggli Joseph M. barnes michael E. barnes School of Engineering Benedictine College Atchison KS USA South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish SD USA

The inclusion of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment in circular tanks has produced substantial benefits during fish rearing. This study examined the tank water velocity profiles of four different vertically-suspended structures?(rod array, extended rod array, single angle array, double angle array) and a control (no environmental enrichment) at two incoming water velocities (18.3 cm/s and 54.9 cm/s) in 1.8-m diameter circular tanks. At both of the incoming water velocities, overall water velocities throughout the tank were significantly reduced with the addition of any environmental enrichment in comparison to the control. In addition, the overall water velocities in the double angle array were significantly lower than the other three enrichment treatments. The pattern of significant reductions in velocity with the use of any environmental enrichment, with further significant velocity reductions in the double angle treatment, was repeated when the data were?combined for each sampling depth, radius from the center, and degree (circular arc). Although considerable variation in water velocity was observed at each specific sampling location with both incoming velocities, significantly lower velocities?were observed at nearly every sampling location with the addition of any environmental enrichment to the circular tank. In addition, the double angle array consistently produced the lowest velocities among the environmental enrichment treatments. The changes in velocity profiles from vertically-suspended?environmental enrichment may be at least partially-responsible for the frequently-observed improvements in fish growth.

关键词： Environmental Enrichment Vertically-Suspended Structure Circular Tank Water Velocity

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Impact of Vertically-Suspended Environmental Enrichment and Two Densities of Fish on Circular Tank Velocity Profiles

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Engineering（科研） 2020年第10期12卷 723-738页

作者： Joshua M. A. Caasi Joseph M. barnes michael E. barnes Benedictine College School of Engineering Atchison Kansas USA South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA

Vertically-suspended environmental enrichment has been shown to produce improvements in fish growth during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. This study documented the effects of a novel suspended structure on the velocity profile of a 3.63-m diameter circular tank containing juvenile landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at two different densities (9.0 and 34.3 kg/m3). The addition of vertically-suspended structure to the tank significantly decreased velocities at nearly every sampling point, with velocities typically dropping from 15 cm/s without structure to less than 6 cm/s when structure was present. Fish density also significantly impacted in-tank velocities, with an inverse relationship observed between the density of fish and water velocity. Significant interactions were present among the presence or absence of structure and fish density. When structure and fish were absent, the velocity at the edge of the tank was 15.63 cm/s, which was significantly higher than the 4.75 cm/s velocity when both structure and the lower fish density were added, which was in turn significantly higher than the 2.29 cm/s velocity observed with structure and higher fish density. Despite the potentially unique features of this study, vertically-suspended environmental enrichment and the presence of fish clearly alter circular tank water velocities, which may at least partially explain the improvements in fish rearing performance observed with the use of suspended structure.

关键词： Circular Tank Velocity Environmental Enrichment Fish Density

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Rearing Velocity Impacts on Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) Growth, Condition, and Survival

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 244-252页

作者： Timothy M. Parker michael E. barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Spearfish McNenny State Fish Hatchery South Dakota USA

Juvenile landlocked Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (mean ± SD initial weight 2.6 ± 0.7 g, fork length 6.3 ± 0.5) were reared in three different water velocities [0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 body length/s (BL/s)] for four weeks to determine possible effects of water velocity on growth, condition, and survival. Fish were sampled for weight, fork length, condition factor, hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), and fin erosion after four weeks of feeding to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were handled and transported to simulate stocking, with survival observed over the following 10 d. Following four weeks of feeding, fish reared in 0.5 and 1.5 BL/s had the same growth and food conversion ratio, but fish reared at 3.0 BL/s had a significant reduction in both metrics. Furthermore, fish reared at 1.5 BL/s had a significantly higher condition factor than fish reared in other treatments. No significant differences were found for HSI, VSI, fin erosion, or survival. The results from this study indicate that a moderate velocity (1.5 BL/s), which is necessary for circular tanks to be self-cleaning, is not detrimental to fish growth or condition, but a faster water velocity (3.0 BL/s) negatively affects fish growth and food utilization.

关键词： Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Velocity Circular Tanks

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Trout Redd Locations in Two Streams in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA

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Natural Resources 2017年第2期8卷 94-102页

作者： Bailey Ketelsen Greg Simpson michael E. barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Rapid City SD USA McNenny State Fish Hatchery South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Spearfish SD USA

This study examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta redds in two sites from two creeks in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. Spawning began in both streams in early October and continued through mid-November. Significant spatial clustering was only observed on both Rapid Creek sites, where-as random redd development was observed in both of the sites on Box Elder Creek. Based on visual observations, brown trout redds were more abundant in Rapid Creek, where-as brook trout redds were more abundant in Box Elder Creek. Differences in redd clustering could be due to species-specific, geological, or hydrological differences between the

关键词： South Dakota Brook Trout Brown Trout Redds Spawning

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Juvenile rainbow trout responses to diets containing distillers dried grain with solubles, phytase, and amino acid supplements

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2012年第2期2卷 69-77页

作者： michael E. barnes michael L. Brown Kurt A. Rosentrater Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University Ames USA Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences South Dakota State University Brookings USA South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was evaluated in juvenile Shasta-strain rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss diets during a 36-day feeding trial. Two experimental diets containing either 10% or 20% DDGS with supplemented amino acids (lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and his-tidine) and phytase were compared to a fish meal-only control diet. Tanks of trout receiving diets containing either concentration of DDGS weighed significantly less at the end of the trial and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios than tanks of fish being fed the fish meal- only control. There was no significant difference in individual fish length, weight, condition factor, or any fish health measurements among diet treatments. Both the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were significantly less in the fish fed 10% DDGS than those fed the control diet. Body fat was significantly greater in the fish receiving 20% DDGS compared to fish fed either of the other two diets. Fillet composition, as determined by crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and water, was not significantly different among fish reared on any of the diets. There was also no significant difference in estimated protein digestibility coefficients among fish receiving any of the diets. The results suggest that DDGS, even if supplemented with essential amino acids and phytase, will lead to decreased juvenile rainbow trout growth at dietary concentrations of at 10% or greater.

关键词： Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss DDGS Diet Alternative Proteins

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Covering Rearing Tanks Improves Brown Trout Growth and Feed Conversion

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第12期7卷 869-878页

作者： Eric Krebs michael E. barnes Patrick A. Nero South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish SD USA

Although an important part of the natural environment of fish, overhead cover is usually absent during hatchery rearing. To evaluate the possible influence of overhead cover on juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta hatchery rearing performance, this study compared three different cover treatments: near-full (98%) cover, partial (65%) cover, and no cover (completely open). After 12 weeks of rearing in 1.8 m-diameter circular tanks, total tank weight gain was significantly greater and feed conversion ratios were significantly less in tanks of brown trout that were either partially or near-totally covered, in comparison to those tanks that were completely open. The viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and splenosomatic index values were not significantly different among any of the treatments. Fin condition indices were also not significantly different. The use of either partial or full covers is recommended to maximize brown trout rearing efficiencies, with full covers providing the additional benefit of preventing fish from jumping out of the tanks.

关键词： Brown Trout Overhead Cover Salmo trutta Circular Tanks

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Impacts of Zebra Mussel Veliger Control Treatments on the Survival of Water-Hardened Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Eggs

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Natural Resources 2019年第4期10卷 115-120页

作者： Sierra Hillard Nathan Huysman michael E. barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA

Several treatment options have been developed to minimize the spread of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorphaveligers (larvae) during fish transportation. However, the effect of these treatments on the survival of newly-fertilized salmonid eggs has not been evaluated. This study examined the survival of water-hardened landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha eggs after one of four different treatments: 1) Control (no chemicals), 2) 100 mg/L formalin for two hours, 3) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for two hours, and 4) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours. The 100 mg/L formalin treatment produced complete egg mortality. Survival to hatch was not significantly different among the other three treatments. Based on these results, the use of 750 mg/L potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours is recommended when moving Chinook salmon eggs from waters potentially infested with zebra mussels to hatcheries for incubation.

关键词： Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

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Non-invasive determination of murine placental and foetal functional parameters with multispectral optoacoustic tomography

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Light(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 553-562页

作者： Kausik Basak Xose Luis dean-Ben Sven Gottschalk michael Reiss Daniel Razansky Faculty of Medicine Technical University MunichMunichGermany Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging Helmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland Institute of Advanced Studies and Research JIS UniversityKolkataWest BengalIndia

Despite the importance of placental function in embryonic development,it remains poorly understood and challenging to characterize,primarily due to the lack of non-invasive imaging tools capable of monitoring placental and foetal oxygenation and perfusion parameters during *** developed an optoacoustic tomography approach for real-time imaging through entire ~4 cm cross-sections of pregnant *** changes in both maternal and embryo regions were studied at different gestation days when subjected to an oxygen breathing challenge and perfusion with indocyanine *** phenotyping of the cross-sectional scans highlighted different internal organs,whereas multi-wavelength acquisitions enabled non-invasive label-free spectroscopic assessment of blood-oxygenation parameters in foeto-placental regions,rendering a strong correlation with the amount of oxygen ***,the placental function in protecting the embryo from extrinsically administered agents was *** proposed methodology may potentially further serve as a probing mechanism to appraise embryo development during pregnancy in the clinical setting.

关键词： rendering placental sectional

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Brown Trout Redd Locations in the Northernmost Section of Spearfish Creek in Spearfish, South Dakota, USA

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Natural Resources 2022年第1期13卷 1-15页

作者： michael J. Robidoux Jill M. Voorhees Abigail Domagall michael E. barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish South Dakota USA School of Natural Sciences Environmental Physical Science Black Hills State University Spearfish South Dakota USA

Salmonid fish are known to reproduce throughout the Black Hills in South Dakota, however, it is not known when or where they are spawning or how successful their spawning is. This study documented for the first-time brown trout (Salmo trutta) redd locations and redd construction timing in a 1.6 km reach of Spearfish Creek, within the northern most part of the city of Spearfish, South Dakota, USA in 2020. Redds were first observed on October 13, 2020, with observations continuing until November 17 when no new redds were spotted. Redd construction peaked during the first week of November, with 52 observed. A total of 146 redds was recorded over the course of the study, resulting in a density of 91 redds/km. This is the first study to document redds in this section of Spearfish Creek. These observations will allow for comparisons to future spawning activity which may be impacted by the increased urbanization likely along this section of the creek. Hopefully, This study can also guide future research and habitat projects throughout this section of Spearfish Creek, and potentially throughout this region.

关键词： Brown Trout Redds Spawning Spearfish South Dakota

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Exercise and Structure Improve Juvenile Chinook Salmon Rearing Performance

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2021年第2期11卷 80-91页

作者： Jill M. Voorhees Nathan Huysman Eric Krebs michael E. barnes South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish SD USA

This experiment evaluated the use of an exercise routine and vertically-sus-pended structure during juvenile landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; mean ± SE, initial weight 1.47 ± 0.03 g, total length 56.4 ± 0.4 mm) rearing. Four treatments were used: 1) no exercise routine nor vertically-suspended structure, 2) exercise and structure, 3) exercise and no structure, and 4) no exercise and structure. Water velocities in tanks without exercise were 12 cm/s, where-as the exercise routine consisted of seven days at 12 cm/s followed by seven days at 18 cm/s. The structure was an array consisting of four vertically-suspended aluminum angles. Total tank gain and percent gain were significantly greater after 50 days in the tanks of salmon subjected to the exercise routine and structure compared to the three other treatments. Gain and percent gain were also significantly greater in the tanks receiving structure without exercise compared to tanks with exercise and no structure or tanks with neither exercise nor structure. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved in the salmon tanks w

关键词： Environmental Enrichment Salmonid Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Vertically-Suspended

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