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Heterogeneity in the regenerative abilities of central nervous system axons within species: why do some neurons regenerate better than others?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第6期15卷 996-1005页

作者： William Rodemer Jianli Hu michael E.Selzer michael i.Shifman Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center(Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation) the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA Department of Neurology the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA

Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to *** is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve ***-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to *** least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian *** mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical ***,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ***,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single *** review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.

关键词： axonal regeneration identifiable neurons intrinsic factors lamprey Mauthner cell Müller cell neuronal death non-mammalian model organisms spinal cord injury zebrafish

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immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:Current and future

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第24期25卷 2977-2989页

作者： michael P Johnston Salim i Khakoo Department of Hepatology Southampton General HospitalUniversity Hospital SouthamptonSouthampton SO16 6YDUnited Kingdom Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences Faculty of MedicineSouthampton General HospitalUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton SO16 6YDUnited Kingdom

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)arises on the background of chronic liver *** the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics HCC is continuing to rise,in part driven by the epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver *** patients present with advanced disease out with the criteria for transplant,resection or even locoregional *** available therapeutics for HCC are effective in a small minority of ***,there has been a major global interest in immunotherapies for cancer and although HCC has lagged behind other cancers,great opportunities now exist for treating HCC with newer and more sophisticated *** checkpoint inhibitors are at the forefront of this revolution,other therapeutics such as inhibitory cytokine blockade,oncolytic viruses,adoptive cellular therapies and vaccines are *** these may be categorized as either boosting existing immune response or stimulating de novo immune *** some of these agents have shown promising results as monotherapy in early phase trials it may well be that their future role will be as combination therapy,either in combination with one another or in combination with treatment modalities such as locoregional *** these agents are likely to generate new and exciting opportunities for treating HCC,which are summarized in this review.

关键词： Adoptive cell therapy Cancer vaccine Checkpoint inhibitor Hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy Liver cancer Oncolytic virus

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High-repetition-rate source of nanosecond duration kA-current pulses driven by relativistic laser pulses

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2024年第3期12卷 106-115页

作者： michael Ehret Jakub Cikhardt Philip Wykeham Bradford iuliana-Mariana Vladisavlevici Tomas Burian Diego de Luis Jose Luis Henares Rubén Hernández Martín Jon imanol Apiñaniz Roberto Lera JoséAntonio Pérez-Hernández João Jorge Santos Giancarlo Gatti Centro de Láseres Pulsados(CLPU) VillamayorSpain Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Electrical EngineeringPragueCzech Republic Univ.Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications(CELIA)UMR 5107TalenceFrance Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics FZU-Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic

We report the first high-repetition-rate generation and simultaneous characterization of nanosecond-scale return currents of kA-magnitude issued by the polarization of a target irradiated with a PW-class high-repetition-rate titanium:sapphire laser system at relativistic *** present experimental results obtained with the VEGA-3 laser at intensities from5×10^(18)to 1.3×10^(20)W cm^(-2).A non-invasive inductive return-current monitor is adopted to measure the derivative of return currents of the order of kA ns-1and analysis methodology is developed to derive return *** compare the current for copper,aluminium and Kapton targets at different laser *** data show the stable production of current peaks and clear prospects for the tailoring of the pulse shape,which is promising for future applications in highenergy-density science,for example,electromagnetic interference stress tests,high-voltage pulse response measurements and charged particle beam *** compare the target discharge of the order of hundreds of nC with theoretical predictions and a good agreement is found.

关键词： current pulses electromagnetic pulse application high-power laser relativistic laser plasma

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MicroRNAs, development of Barrett’s esophagus, and progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第5期16卷 531-537页

作者： Cameron M Smith David i Watson michael Z michael Damian J Hussey Department of Surgery Flinders University Room 3D211 Flinders Medical Centre Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia

Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition caused by gastroesophageal reflux. Once developed, it can progress through varying grades of dysplasia to esoph-ageal adenocarcinoma. Whilst it is well accepted that Barrett's esophagus is caused by gastroesophageal reflux, the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis and progression to cancer remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short segments of RNA that have been shown to control the expression of many human genes. They have been implicated in most cellular processes, and the role of miRNAs in disease development is be-coming increasingly evident. Understanding altered miRNA expression is likely to help unravel the molecular mechanisms that underpin the development of Barrett's esophagus and its progression to cancer.

关键词： Barrett’s esophagus MicroRNA Esophageal adenocarcinoma Transdifferentiation Tumour suppressor

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谁拍了这张照片? 让人的元素回归摄影

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空中英语教室（高级版．彭蒙惠英语） 2024年第5期 34-36,49,50页

作者： michael Grothaus 不详

传统胶片摄影的回归。我很喜欢用我的iPhone 15 Pro拍出的照片,但我知道这主要不是我的功劳。当然,我负责构图选景。但是,一旦按下快门按钮,iPhone就会对图像进行数万次处理,尽可能为我呈现最好的照片。这就是所谓的“计算摄影”,虽然... 详细信息

传统胶片摄影的回归。我很喜欢用我的iPhone 15 Pro拍出的照片,但我知道这主要不是我的功劳。当然,我负责构图选景。但是,一旦按下快门按钮,iPhone就会对图像进行数万次处理,尽可能为我呈现最好的照片。这就是所谓的“计算摄影”,虽然它能让我的照片看起来令人惊叹,但也意味着拍出来的照片只有10%是我的,另外90%是属于iPhone的。

关键词： iPhone 快门按钮计算摄影回归照片

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Endoscopic ultrasound and paracentesis in the evaluation of small volume ascites in patients with intra-abdominal malignancies

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第30期20卷 10219-10222页

作者： Marissa M Montgomery i michael Leitman Department of Surgery Beth Israel Medical CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkNY 10003United States

The evaluation of ascites in patients with known or suspected malignancy is a critical aspect of preoperative staging. Endoscopic evaluation by ultrasound of low volume ascites and sampling of the ascitic fluid by endoscopic ultrasound guided paracentesis (EUS-P) is both a sensitive and specific modality for the determination of peritoneal implants, which is not only an important prognostic indicator but a crucial factor in determining treatment strategy. it is common practice to utilize EUS for gastrointestinal malignancies such as pancreatic or gastric masses, with the performance of paracentesis during the same procedure for the purpose of imaging the abnormality and possibly performing fine needle aspiration for biopsy of the neoplasm itself. However, given the ability of EUS-P to adequately sample even minimal ascites, detecting much smaller volumes than traditional computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, EUS-P may be a useful modality for the standard metastatic workup of any newly diagnosed or suspected malignancy. in this “Field of Vision” commentary, we discuss the role of EUS-P, including the article by Suzuki et al reporting their experience with EUS-P using an automated spring-loaded needle device. We also review the utility of EUS-P for non-gastrointestinal malignancies, such as ovarian cancer, which has a high incidence of malignant ascites.

关键词： Ascites Malignancy Endoscopic ultrasound Paracentesis Fine needle aspiration

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Precise role of H pylori in duodenal ulceration

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第40期12卷 6413-6419页

作者： michael Hobsley Frank i Tovey John Holton Department of Surgery Royal Free and University College Medical School London United Kingdom Department of Microbiology Royal Free and University College Medical School London United Kingdom

The facts that H pylori infection is commoner in duodenal ulcer (DU) patients than in the normal population, and that eradication results in most cases being cured, have led to the belief that it causes DU. However, early cases of DU are less likely than established ones to be infected. H pylori-negative cases are usually ascribed to specific associated factors such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAiDs), Crohn’s disease, and hypergastrinaemia, but even after excluding these, several H pylori-negative cases remain and are particularly common in areas of low prevalence of H pylori infection. Moreover, this incidence of H pylori negative DU is not associated with a fall in overall DU prevalence when compared with countries with a higher H pylori prevalence. in countries with a high H pylori prevalence there are regional differences in DU prevalence, but no evidence of an overall higher prevalence of DU than in countries with a low H pylori prevalence. There is no evidence that virulence factors are predictive of clinical outcome. After healing following eradication of H pylori infection DU can still recur. Medical or surgical measures to reduce acid output can lead to long-term healing despite persistence of H pylori infection. Up to half of cases of acute DU perforation are H pylori negative. These findings lead to the conclusion that H pylori infection does not itself cause DU, but leads to resistance to healing, i.e., chronicity. This conclusion is shown not to be incompatible with the universally high prevalence of DU compared with controls.

关键词： Duodenal ulceration H pylori infection Not causal Delays healing

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Delayed assessment and eager adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy:implications for developing surgical technologies

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第33期16卷 4115-4122页

作者： Alexander C Allori i michael Leitman Elizabeth Heitman Department of Surgery Beth Israel Medical Center Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Despite the prevailing emphasis in the medical literature on establishing evidence,many changes in the practice of surgery have not been achieved using proper evidence-based *** paper examines the adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)into regular use for the treatment of cholecystitis and the process of its acceptance,focusing on the limited role of technology assessment in its appraisal.A review of the published medical literature concerning LC was *** 3000 studies of LC have been conducted since 1985,and there have been nearly 8500 publications to *** LC was adopted enthusiastically into practice,the results of outcome studies generally showed that it compared favorably with the traditional,open cholecystectomy with regard to mortality,complications,and length of hospital ***,despite the rapid general agreement on surgical technique,efficacy,and appropriateness,there remained lingering doubts about safety,outcomes,and cost of the procedure that suggested that essential research questions were ignored even as the procedure became *** LC as a case study,there are important lessons to be learned about the need for important guidelines for surgical innovation and the adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques into current clinical and surgical *** highlight one recent example,natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery and how necessary it is to properly evaluate this new technology before it is accepted as a safe and effective surgical option.

关键词： Laparoscopy Endoscopy Minimally invasive surgery Cholecystectomy Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery Evidence-based medicine Technol- ogy assessment Comparative effectiveness research

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Textbook outcomes in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第15期27卷 1524-1530页

作者： Diamantis i Tsilimigras Timothy michael Pawlik Dimitrios Moris Department of Surgery Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210United States Department of Surgery Duke University Medical CenterDuke UniversityDurhamNC 27710United States

The concept of textbook outcome (TO) has recently gained popularity in surgicalresearch and has been used to evaluate the quality or success of different surgicalprocedures, including hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) operations. TO consists ofindividual outcome parameters that each reflect different domains of careincluding structure, process, and individual outcomes;in turn, the composite TOmetric represents the optimal course after a surgical episode. TO can be used toassess patient-level outcomes, hospital performance, center designation andquality metrics. in addition to being an outcome measurement, TO may also belinked to healthcare costs. Future efforts should be directed towards establishing auniversal definition of TO in HPB surgery so that surgeons and hospitals canassess and compare outcomes, identify shortcomings and improve real worldpatient outcomes.

关键词： Textbook Outcome Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery

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Harvesting of forest products and implications for Afrotemperate bird communities in a montane forest of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第4期6卷 352-366页

作者： Jessica Leaver Johann C.Carstens michael i.Cherry Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University

Background: Harvesting of forest products is a widespread driver of disturbance in developing nations, where policies are increasingly aimed at managing natural forests for sustainable use. There is thus need for research aimed at understanding the impact of resource use on forest habitats and concomitant effects on *** forests in the Eastern Cape, South Africa are harvested informally for poles and medicinal bark and occur along elevational gradients of 800–1600 m above sea level. Patterns of spatial diversity and human disturbance are expected to be affected by elevation. Furthermore, species’ responses to disturbance are expected to vary depending on their level of habitat specialisation. Understanding harvest impacts on forest biodiversity thus requires disentangling the separate effects of elevation and disturbance, and considering forest-specialist and forest-generalist species separately. This study comprises two components. First, harvest activities, resultant harvestmediated habitat heterogeneity, and avifaunal species richness, composition and beta-diversity were compared across two elevational zones in a harvested forest. Second, the role of harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity in driving patterns of avifaunal diversity were assessed, while controlling for elevation, and considering forest-specialist and forest-generalist species ***: Harvest rates were higher, and activities more varied in the lower elevation zone, with significant impacts of harvesting on habitat features resulting in higher harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity at lower ***-mediated increases in habitat heterogeneity positively affected forest-generalist species richness, while forest-specialist richness was negatively affected. While species composition of both groups differed across elevational zones, variation in harvest-mediated habitat heterogeneity did not fully account for this, suggesting that factors other than disturbance

关键词： Human disturbance Habitat heterogeneity Habitat modification Beta-diversity Elevation Generalist species Forest-specialist species

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