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Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations

journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第2期6卷 162-178页

作者： Charlotte L.Edwardson Elisabeth A.H.Winkler Danielle H.Bodicoat Tom Yates melanie j.davies David W.Dunstan Genevieve N.Healy diabetes research centre leicester general hospitaluniversity of leicesterLeicester LE5 4PWUK nihr leicester-loughborough diet lifestyleand physical activity biomedical research unitLeicester LE5 4PWUK school of population health the university of queenslandBrisbaneQLD 4006Australia baker idi heart and diabetes institute MelbourneVIC 3004Australia school of exercise and nutrition sciences deakin universityBurwoodVIC 3125Australia department of epidemiology and preventive medicine monash universityMelbourneVIC 3800Australia school of sport science exercise and healththe university of western australiaPerthWA 6009Australia central clinical school monash universityMelbourneVIC 3800Australia school of physiotherapy and exercise science curtin universityPerthWA 6102Australia

Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior(and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activP AL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activP AL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activP AL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activP AL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.

关键词： populations monitor lying collection accelerometer expenditure Australia stepping currently intended

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Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor profile:A pooled analysis

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World journal of Diabetes 2022年第3期13卷 260-271页

作者： Mary M Barker Francesco Zaccardi Emer M Brady Gaurav S Gulsin Andrew P Hall joseph Henson Zin ZinHtike Kamlesh Khunti Gerald P McCann Emma L Redman David R Webb Emma G Wilmot Tom Yates jian Yeo melanie j davies jack A Sargeant Diabetes Research Centre University of LeicesterLeicester General HospitalLeicester LE54PWUnited Kingdom Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Glenfield HospitalUniversity of LeicesterLeicester LE39QPUnited Kingdom The Hanning Sleep Laboratory University Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustUniversity of LeicesterLeicester LE54PWUnited Kingdom National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicester LE54PWUnited Kingdom Leicester Diabetes Centre University Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester LE54PWUnited Kingdom National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East MidlandsLeicester LE54PWUnited Kingdom Department of Diabetes University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation TrustDerby DE223NEUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes(T2D)in younger adults,an increasingly common public health issue,is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality,which may be due to a more adverse cardiovascular risk profile in individuals diagnosed at a younger *** To investigate the association between age at diagnosis and the cardiovascular risk profile in adults with *** A pooled dataset was used,comprised of data from five previous studies of adults with T2D,including 1409 participants of whom 196 were diagnosed with T2D under the age of 40 *** and blood biomarker measurements included body weight,body mass index(BMI),waist circumference,body fat percentage,glycaemic control(HbA1c),lipid profile and blood *** and multivariable linear regression models,adjusted for diabetes duration,sex,ethnicity and smoking status,were used to investigate the association between age at diagnosis and each cardiovascular risk *** A higher proportion of participants diagnosed with T2D under the age of 40 were female,current smokers and treated with glucose-lowering medications,compared to participants diagnosed later in *** diagnosed with T2D under the age of 40 also had higher body weight,BMI,waist circumference and body fat percentage,in addition to a more adverse lipid profile,compared to participants diagnosed at an older *** results showed that each one year reduction in age at diagnosis was significantly associated with 0.67 kg higher body weight[95%confidence interval(CI):0.52-0.82 kg],0.18 kg/m^(2) higher BMI(95%CI:0.10-0.25)and 0.32 cm higher waist circumference(95%CI:0.14-0.49),after adjustment for duration of diabetes and other *** age at diagnosis was also significantly associated with higher HbA1c,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and *** The diagnosis of T2D earlier in life is associated with a worse cardi

关键词： Type 2 diabetes mellitus Early-onset adult type 2 diabetes Age of onset Cardiovascular risk Young adults Glycaemic control Obesity

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成人2型糖尿病不同筛查及预防策略成本效益分析

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英国医学杂志中文版 2008年第5期11卷 278-282页

作者： Clare L Gillies Paul C Lambert Keith R Abrams Alex j Sutton Nicola j Cooper Ron T Hsu melanie j davies Kamlesh Khunti 张晓梅(译) 纪立农(校) Centre for Biostatistics and Genetic Epidemiology Department of Health Sciences University of LeicusterLeicester LE1 7RH Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of leicester Division of General Practice and Primary Health Care Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Leicester

目的比较针对2型糖尿病预防及治疗的4种筛查策略及随后予以的干预措施：（a）筛查2型糖尿病患者使其能接受早期检查及治疗，（b）筛查2型糖尿病和糖耐量受损患者，对糖耐量受损的人群予以生活方式干预以延缓或预防糖尿病的发生，（c）... 详细信息

目的比较针对2型糖尿病预防及治疗的4种筛查策略及随后予以的干预措施：（a）筛查2型糖尿病患者使其能接受早期检查及治疗，（b）筛查2型糖尿病和糖耐量受损患者，对糖耐量受损的人群予以生活方式干预以延缓或预防糖尿病的发生，（c）同（b）但予以药物干预措施，（d）不筛查。设计成本效益决策分析建立在对概率的发展和评估基础上，是从筛查到死亡的综合性经济决策分析模型。研究对象一组假设人群，筛查时年龄45岁，高于平均糖尿病风险水平。数据来源电子书目数据库收录的已发表的临床试验和流行病学研究；补充数据分别来自英国和威尔士健康统计署、风险筛查（STAR）研究和ADDITION研究的Leicester部分。方法建立一种决策树／Markov混合模型，以模拟每一种筛查策略的长期效用，包括临床和成本效益终点。该模型假设水平跨度为50年时间，其成本效益折损率为3．5％。采用敏感度分析以验证模型假设及确定哪种模型数据输入对结果的影响最大。结果与不筛查策略比较，筛查2型糖尿病、筛查糖尿病和糖耐量受损并予以生活方式干预、筛查糖尿病和糖耐量受损并予以药物干预治疗3种策略，每获得一个质量调整生命年（QALY）估计所需成本分别为（每年成本效益贴现率为3．5％）14150英镑（17560欧元；27860美元）、6242英镑和7023英镑。在支付意愿阈值为20000英镑时，各主动筛查策略通过干预产生的成本效益概率分别为49％，93％和85％。结论对年龄45岁、高于平均风险水平的人群进行2型糖尿病和糖耐量受损的筛查，并对糖耐量受损人群予以适当的干预似乎具有很好的成本效益。单独筛查糖尿病而不对糖耐量受损人群予以干预的策略具有的成本效益仍不确定，需要进一步研究确定早期检测糖尿病的作用。

关键词：成本效益分析 2型糖尿病预防策略筛查药物干预治疗糖耐量受损生活方式干预质量调整生命年

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复合胰岛素疗法在2型糖尿病患者中的3年有效性研究

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中国处方药 2009年第12期8卷 59-59页

作者： Rury R. Holman Andrew j. Farmer melanie j. davies

背景及目的：支持给2型糖尿病患者在口服治疗的基础上添加特殊胰岛素方案的证据有限。在这项3年非盲法多中心临床试验中，本试验评估了708例二甲双胍和磺脲类治疗未达到最佳糖化血红蛋白水平的患者，添加特殊胰岛素后的治疗效果。

关键词：胰岛素疗法糖尿病患 2型有效性多中心临床试验复合血红蛋白水平口服治疗

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水果及蔬菜的摄入与2型糖尿病：系统回顾与荟萃分析

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英国医学杂志中文版 2011年第5期14卷 303-303页

作者： Patrice Carter Laura j Gray jacqui Tmughton Kanflesh Khunti melanie j davies 郝亚平（译）包玉倩（校） Diabetes Research Department ofCardiovascularSciences University ofLeicester LeicesterLE1 5WW Clinical Division ofGeneral Practice and Priraary Health Siences University ofLeicester LeicesterLEI 7RH Diabetes ResearchDepartment UniversityHospitals of Leicester NHS Trust LeicesterRoyal InfirmaryLeicester LE1 5WW 上海交通大学附属第六人民医院

目的探讨摄入水果与蔬菜在2型糖尿病发病中的独立作用设计系统回顾与荟萃分析

关键词： 2型糖尿病荟萃分析系统回顾蔬菜水果

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Higgs boson searches at the Tevatron

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Frontiers of physics 2013年第3期8卷 270-284页

作者： Gavin j. davies Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom

This article reviews the Higgs searches at the Tevatron, as presented over the summer of 2012; both standard model （SM） and beyond the standard model （BSM） results are discussed as detailed （arXiv： 1207.0449; Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 109： 071804; Phys. Rev. D, 2012, 85： 032005）. We discuss the combination of searches by the CDF and DO Collaborations for the standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 100-200 GeV/c2 produced in the the gg →H, WH, ZH, tfH, and vector boson fusion production modes, and decaying in the H → bb, H → W＋W-, H → ZZ, H →π＋π-, and H →γγ modes. The data, collected at the Fermilab Tevatron collider in p/5 collisions at √s = 1.96 TeV, correspond to integrated luminosities of up to 10 fb^-1. In the absence of signal, we expect to exclude the regions 100 〈 mH 〈 120 GeV/c2 and 139 〈 mH 〈 184 GeV/c2. We exclude, at the 95% C.L., two regions： 100 〈 mH 〈 103 GeV/c2, and 147 〈 mH 〈 180 GeV/c2. We observe a significant excess of events in the mass range between 115 and 140 GeV/c2. The local significance corresponds to 3.0 standard deviations at mH = 120 GeV/ce; the global significance （incorporating the lookelsewhere effect） for such an excess anywhere in the full mass range investigated is approximately 2.5 standard deviations. Furthermore, we separately combine searches for H→ bb-, H → W＋W- and H →γγ. We find that the excess is concentrated in the H →bb channel, appearing in the searches over a broad range of raN; the maximum local significance of 3.3 standard deviations corresponds to a global significance of approximately 3.1 standard deviations. The observed signal strengths in all channels are consistent with the expectation for a standard model Higgs boson at mH = 125 GeV/c2. The production of neutral Higgs bosons in association with b-quarks can be significantly enhanced in various beyond the standard model scenarios, including Supersymmetry. The recent combination of such searches from the two collaborations is discussed.

关键词： Higgs Tevatron

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Effect of carrier gases on the entrainment defects within AZ91 alloy castings

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journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第1期10卷 142-159页

作者： Tian Li j.M.T.davies Xiangzhen Zhu University of Birmingham Birmingham 8152TTUnited Kingdom Grainger and Worrall Ltd Bridgnorth WV155HPUnited Kingdom Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology Brunel University LondonKingston LnLondonUxbridge UB83PHUnited Kingdom

An entrainment defect(also known as a double oxide film defect or bifilm) acts a void containing an entrapped gas when submerged into a light-alloy melt, thus reducing the quality and reproducibility of the final castings. Previous publications, carried out with Al-alloy castings, reported that this trapped gas could be subsequently consumed by the reaction with the surrounding melt, thus reducing the void volume and negative effect of entrainment defects. Compared with Al-alloys, the entrapped gas within Mg-alloy might be more efficiently consumed due to the relatively high reactivity of magnesium. However, research into the entrainment defects within Mg alloys has been significantly limited. In the present work, AZ91 alloy castings were produced under different carrier gas atmospheres(i.e., SF6/CO2, SF6/air).The evolution processes of the entrainment defects contained in AZ91 alloy were suggested according to the microstructure inspections and thermodynamic calculations. The defects formed in the different atmospheres have a similar sandwich-like structure, but their oxide films contained different combinations of compounds. The use of carrier gases, which were associated with different entrained-gas consumption rates, affected the reproducibility of AZ91 castings.

关键词： Magnesium alloy Casting Oxide film,Bifilm,Entrainment defect,Reproducibility

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Developing a new agenda for increased food and climate security

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2024年第1期11卷 35-54页

作者： William j.davies Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancasterLA14YQUK

In many countries, political and environmental pressures are currently combining to generate a perfect storm of circumstances that is reducing food availability, increasing food costs and thereby reducing the availability of food to many. The UK is currently considering new national food and land management policies, and attention is also being given to legislation to address diet-related health issues. Many now argue for a revolution in UK farming practices to reduce their impact on the natural environment. The UK is not alone in facing these and other challenges. Both the contribution of agriculture to greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and the effects of climate change on food production are issues receiving worldwide *** agricultural practices can result in greater C capture, reduced GHG emissions, enhanced soil quality and enhanced biodiversity. However, it is questioned if such farming systems will be productive enough to feed a growing population with the food required for social and health benefits. To fully exploit the impact of new plant science in farmer fields, it is imperative to effectively link science to farming practices and conduct a broader conversation around the food revolution with social scientists and with the general public.

关键词： Climate resilience food security human health planetary health regenerative agriculture

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High-resolution two-photon polymerization:the most versatile technique for the fabrication of microneedle arrays

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2021年第5期7卷 1-17页

作者： Zahra Faraji Rad Philip D.Prewett Graham j.davies School of Mechanical and Elearical Engineering University of Southern QueenslandSpringfield CentralQLD 4300Australia Department of Mechanical Engineering University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUK Oxacus Ltd Dorchester-on-Thames 0X107HNUK Faculty of Engineering UNSW AustraliaKensingtonNSW 2052Australia College of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUK

Microneedle patches have received much interest in the last two decades as drug/vaccine delivery or fluid sampling systems for diagnostic and monitoring *** are manufactured using a variety of additive and subtractive micromanufacturing *** the last decade,much attention has been paid to using additive manufacturing techniques in both research and industry,such as 3D printing,fused deposition modeling,inkjet printing,and two-photon polymerization(2PP),with 2PP being the most flexible method for the fabrication of microneedle arrays.2PP is one of the most versatile and precise additive manufacturing processes,which enables the fabrication of arbitrary three-dimensional(3D)prototypes directly from computer-aided-design(CAD)models with a resolution down to 100 *** to its unprecedented flexibility and high spatial resolution,the use of this technology has been widespread for the fabrication of bio-microdevices and bio-nanodevices such as microneedles and microfluidic *** is a pioneering transformative technology that facilitates the fabrication of complex miniaturized structures that cannot be fabricated with established multistep manufacturing methods such as injection molding,photolithography,and ***,microstructures are designed according to structural and fluid dynamics considerations rather than the manufacturing constraints imposed by methods such as machining or etching *** article presents the fundamentals of 2PP and the recent development of microneedle array fabrication through 2PP as a precise and unique method for the manufacture of microstructures,which may overcome the shortcomings of conventional manufacturing processes.

关键词： resolution needle additive

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Minimising the spread of residence-time distribution for flat and heaped powders in a wedge-shaped planar hopper

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Particuology 2017年第1期15卷 102-110页

作者： Luke Fullard Clive davies Institute of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North Campus Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Massey University Polmerston North Campus Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand

A wedge-shaped planar mass-flow hopper system was modelled using stress-field theory as found in the literature, The authors present governing equations for stress and velocity fields under a radial- flow assumption in a converging hopper. The velocity in the silo above the hopper is modelled as plug flow, Two set-ups are modelled, one where powder layers in the hopper are assumed to be flat, and the second in which the layers are heaped at some characteristic angle, The ejection times and residence-time distributions are calculated and presented for a range of heap angles. For realistic heap angles, the spread of the residence-time distribution decreases with increasing heap angle; in one case, the spread is halved to a well-defined limit. At this limit （the critical heap angle） the geometry of the hopper can be optimised to minimise the spread of the residence-time distribution, and hence to minimise predicted mixing in the system. We present examples of curves for a variety of parameters that minimise the predicted mixing in the hopper-silo system.

关键词： Residence-time distribution Radial stress field Hopper Heaped layers Granular

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