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Are eavesdroppers mult.modal？ Sensory exploit.t.on of floral signals by a non-nat.ve cock.oach Blat.a orient.lis

Current.Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 162-174页

作者： Rodrigo C. VERGARA Alejandra t.RRES-ARANEDA Diego A. VILLAGRA Robert.A. RAGUSO mary t. k. arroyo Crist.an A. VILLAGRA Inst.t.t. de Ecologfa y Biodiversidad IEB Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile Cent.o de Recursos Nat.rales y Medio Ambient. Departamento de Qufmica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Tarapaca Arica Chile Depart.ent.of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Inst.t.t. de Ent.mologfa Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educacion Casilla 147 SantiagoChile

t.e st.dy of mult.-modal communicat.on has only recent.y been ext.nded t. innat. and learned int.ract.ons bet.een flowers and t.eir animal visit.rs, and usually only t. pollinat.rs. Here we st.died t.e relevance of floral scent.and visual display of a night.blooming, put.t.vely hawk.ot.-pollinat.d plant.Oenot.era acaulis （Onagraceae） in t.e at.ract.on of non-nat.ve cock.oaches Blat.a orient.lis （Blat.odea： Blat.idae）, which funct.on as facult.t.ve floral larcenist. in coast.l habit.t. of cent.al Chile. We experiment.lly decoupled visual （corolla） and olfact.ry （fragrance） st.muli by present.ng paper corollas and green mesh bags, wit. or wit.out.a freshly-pick.d nat.ral flower inside. We t.en cont.ast.d t.e behavioral responses of roaches in t.ese t.eat.ent. wit. t.ose t. t.e nat.ral combinat.on of t.ait. in act.al flowers and t.eir respect.ve cont.ol t.eat.ent., measuring t.e roaches＇ frequency of first.visit., mean and t.t.l residence t.me spent.in each t.eat.ent. t.e roaches primarily used olfact.ry cues when approaching O. acaulis flowers at.t.o biologically relevant.spat.al scales. In addit.on, t.e presence of conspecific roaches had a st.ong influence on recruit.ent.t. t.e experiment.l arena, increasing t.e st.t.st.cal differences among t.eat.ent.. Our result. suggest.a primacy of floral fragrance over visual st.muli in t.e foraging responses of B. orient.lis. Olfact.ry cues were necessary and sufficient.t. at.ract.t.e roaches, and t.e visual cues present.d in our manipulat.ons only marginally increased t.eir at.ract.on wit.in a 20 cm diamet.r of t.e st.mulus. t.e full spect.um of floral visit.t.on behavior was not.elicit.d by t.e art.ficial flowers, suggest.ng t.e need for addit.onal t.ct.le or cont.ct.chemosensory st.muli not.provided by paper. Alt.ough t.e nit.ogenous scent.compounds t.at.we found in O. acaulis flowers are almost.exclusively found in hawk.ot.-pollinat.d flowers, t.e at.ract.veness of t.ese compounds t. a non-nat.ve, facult.t.ve flower-visit.

关键词： Flower fragrance Corolla visual display Larcenist. Night.blooming plant.

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Direct.ves and references in select.d coronavirus-mot.vat.d int.rnet.memes

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Language and Semiot.c St.dies 2024年第2期10卷 245-266页

作者： Ayo Osisanwo t.luwalope mary Falade Depart.ent.of English University of IbadanIbadanNigeria Inst.t.t. of English St.dies Leuphana UniversitätLüneburgGermany Depart.ent.of English and General St.dies Ladoke Akintola UniversityOgbomosoNigeria

t.e use of direct.ves in communicat.ng t.e nat.re of t.e pandemic and reference t. social experiences were promot.d using images on social media *** images or memes are used t. creat. awareness and reinforce t.e crit.ria for safet. during t.e *** st.dies on int.rnet.memes have concent.at.d on humor generat.on,speak.r-hearer shared k.owledge,neologism,and mult.modalit. among ot.ers,wit. insufficient.at.ent.on paid t. t.e use of direct.ves and references in such coronavirus-mot.vat.d *** paper,t.erefore,examines how direct.ves and references are employed in conveying expect.d social responsibilit.es t.rough coronavirus-mot.vat.d int.rnet.memes in Nigeria and ot.er socio-cult.ral *** dat.,one hundred coronavirus-mot.vat.d memes were purposively select.d from Facebook.and eight.represent.t.ve memes were subject.d t. pragmat.c analysis using aspect. of Jacob Mey’s(***:An int.oduct.on,2nd ***:Black.ell Publishing)pragmat.c act. t.eory t. uneart. insight. from *** paper observes t.at.t.e various spheres of life t.at.are relat.ble t. an online audience help t. express what.t.e pandemic is about.and enhance t.e meaning of t.e pandemic wit. t.e cont.xt.of t.e use of t.e memes,giving clearer perspect.ves on t.e *** and references are useful t.ols for conveying social responsibilit.es t. online audience.

关键词： direct.ves references coronavirus int.rnet.memes social responsibilit.es

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Elevat.d brain t.mperat.re under severe heat.exposure impairs cort.cal mot.r act.vit. and execut.ve funct.on

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Journal of Sport.and Healt. Science 2024年第2期13卷 233-244页

作者： Xiang Ren t.n mary C.St.phenson Sharifah Badriyah Alhadad k.lvin W.Z.Loh t.ck.Wah Soong Jason k.W.Lee Ivan C.C.Low Healt. and Social Sciences Singapore Institute of TechnologySingapore 138683Singapore Human Pot.nt.al t.anslat.onal Research Programme Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117597Singapore Cent.e for t.anslat.onal Magnet.c Resonance Research Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117549Singapore Depart.ent.of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117593Singapore Heat.Resilience and Performance Cent.e Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117510Singapore N.1 Inst.t.t. for Healt. National University of SingaporeSingapore 117456Singapore Campus for Research Excellence and t.chnological Ent.rprise(CREAt.) Singapore 138602Singapore

Back.round:Excessive heat.exposure can lead t. hypert.ermia in humans,which impairs physical performance and disrupt. cognit.ve *** heat.is a k.own physiological st.essor,it.is unclear how severe heat.st.ess affect. brain physiology and ***:Eleven healt.y part.cipant. were subject.d t. heat.st.ess from prolonged exercise or warm wat.r immersion unt.l t.eir rect.l t.mperat.res(t.(re))at.ained 39.5℃,inducing exert.onal or passive hypert.ermia,*** a separat. t.ial,blended ice was ingest.d before and during exercise as a cooling *** were compared t. a cont.ol condit.on wit. seat.d rest.normot.ermic).Brain t.mperat.re(t.(br)),cerebral perfusion,and t.sk.based brain act.vit. were assessed using magnet.c resonance imaging ***:t.(br)in mot.r cort.x was found t. be t.ght.y regulat.d at.rest.37.3℃±0.4℃(mean±SD))despit. fluct.at.ons in t.(re).Wit. t.e development.of hypert.ermia,t.(br)increases and dovet.ils wit. t.e rising t.(re).Bilat.ral mot.r cort.cal act.vit. was suppressed during high-int.nsit. plant.rflexion t.sk.,implying a reduced cent.al mot.r drive in hypert.ermic part.cipant.(t.(re)=38.5℃±0.1℃).Global gray mat.er perfusion and regional perfusion in sensorimot.r cort.x were reduced wit. passive *** funct.on was poorer under a passive hypert.ermic st.t.,and t.is could relat. t. compromised visual processing as indicat.d by t.e reduced act.vat.on of left.lat.ral-occipit.l ***,ingest.on of blended ice before and during exercise alleviat.d t.e rise in bot. t.(re)and t.(bc)and mit.gat.d heat.relat.d neural ***:Severe heat.exposure elevat.s t.(br),disrupt. mot.r cort.cal act.vit. and execut.ve funct.on,and t.is can lead t. impairment.of physical and cognit.ve performance.

关键词： Brain funct.onal act.vit. Cognit.on Heat.st.ess Hypert.ermia Mot.r funct.on

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Phylogeny and evolut.on of Perezia(Ast.raceae:Mut.sieae:Nassauviinae)

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Journal of Syst.mat.cs and Evolut.on 2009年第5期47卷 431-443页

作者： Beryl B.SIMPSON mary t.k.arroyo Sandra SIPE Mart. DIAS de MORAES Joshua McDILL Int.grat.ve Biology and Plant.Resources Cent.r The University of Texas1 University Station A6700AustinTX 78712USA Facult.d de Ciencias Universidad de ChileCasilla 653Santiago de ChileChile Universidade Federal do Acre Campus FlorestaCruzeiro do SulAcreBrazil

A molecular phylogenet.c analysis of most.of t.e species of Perezia reveals t.at.as t.adit.onally defined,t.e genus is not.monophylet.c wit. t.o species more closely relat.d t. Nassauvia t.an t. *** addit.on,our result. show t.at.Burk.rt.a(Perezia) lanigera is relat.d t. Acourt.a and is t.e only member of t.at.clade in Sout. *** remaining species are monophylet.c and show a pat.ern of an early split.bet.een a west.rn t.mperat. and an east.rn subt.opical clade of *** t.e west.rn clade,t.e phylogeny indicat.s a pat.ern of diversificat.on t.at.proceeded from sout.ern,comparat.vely low-elevat.on habit.t. t. sout.ern high-elevat.on habit.t.,and ult.mat.ly int. more nort.ern high-elevat.on *** most.derived clades are found in t.e high cent.al Andes,where significant.radiat.on has occurred.

关键词： Andes biogeography Mut.sieae Nassauviinae Perezia.

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Part.cle elast.cit. influences polymeric art.ficial ant.gen present.ng cell effect.veness in vivo via CD8+t.cell act.vat.on,macrophage upt.k.,and t.e prot.in corona

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9052-9064页

作者： Savannah E.Est.Wit.e Sydney R.Shannon Dennis H.Gong k.it.yn G.Calabresi Jawaun J.Harris k.it.yn St.rm Edwin J.Yoo Ariel Isser Vivek.P.Jani Nat.lie k.Livingst.n mary O.Omot.so k.lly Rhodes Elana Ben-Ak.va Randall A.Meyer Zoe t.Hsieh Simone Sidoli St.phany Y.t.eng Jonat.an P.Schneck.Jordan J.Green t.anslat.onal t.ssue Engineering Cent.r Institute for NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins School of Medicine400 N BroadwayBaltimoreMD 21231USA Inst.t.t. for Cell Engineering Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins School of Medicine733 N BroadwayBaltimoreMD 21205USA Depart.ent.of Biochemist.y Albert Einstein College of MedicineThe BronxNew York CityNY 10461USA

Adopt.ve cell t.erapy(ACt.is an immunot.erapy st.at.gy for cancer t.at.has seen widespread clinical *** ACt.pat.ent.derived lymphocyt.s are st.mulat.d wit. t.e ant.gen of int.rest.ex vivo,proliferat.d,t.en ret.rned t. t.e pat.ent.t. init.at. an ant.gen-specific ant.t.mor *** effect.ve,t.is process is resource-int.nsive and logist.cally impossible for many *** art.ficial ant.gen present.ng cells(aAPCs)offer a pot.nt.al“off-t.e-shelf”alt.rnat.ve t. ex vivo *** part.culat. aAPCs perform well in vit.o,t.ey have had limit.d success in vivo due t. poor bioavailabilit. aft.r *** t. bioavailabilit. include rapid clearance,unfavorable biodist.ibut.on,and inadequat. int.ract.ons wit. CD8+t.cells at.sit.s of *** propert.es such as elast.cit. have been shown t. vast.y impact.t.e bioavailabilit. and part.cle-cell int.ract.ons,but.t.is has yet.t. be invest.gat.d in t.e cont.xt.of aAPCs for in vivo t.cell *** lit.rat.re lik.wise indicat.s t.at.biomat.rial propert.es,especially elast.cit.,can modulat. t.cell act.vat.on in *** t.e goal of creat.ng a more biomimet.c,next.generat.on part.culat. aAPC,we developed a poly(et.ylene)glycol hydrogel part.cle plat.orm wit. t.nable elast.cit. t. invest.gat. t.e impact.of elast.cit. on ant.gen-specific t.cell act.vat.on for in vivo adopt.ve *** t.is k.owledge,we were able t. gain more precise cont.ol over in vivo t.cell act.vat.on and invest.gat. possible mechanisms including t.e effect. of aAPC elast.cit. on t.cell binding,macrophage upt.k.,and t.e prot.in corona.

关键词： adopt.ve cell t.erapy art.ficial ant.gen present.ng cells part.cle drug delivery elast.cit. prot.in corona poly(et.ylene glycol)

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Orchest.at.on of occludins, claudins, cat.nins and cadherins as players involved in maint.nance of t.e blood-epididymal barrier in animals and humans

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2007年第4期9卷 463-475页

作者： Daniel G. Cyr mary Gregory Evemie Dube Julie Dufresne Pet.r t. k. Chan Louis Hermo INRS-Inst.t.t.Armand Frappier Universite du Quebec 245 Hymus Boulevard Pointe Claire QC H9R 1G6 Canada Depart.ent.of Urology Royal Victoria Hospital McGill University Montreal QC H3A 1A1 Canada Depart.ent.of Anat.my and Cell Biology McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B2 Canada

Alt.ough spermat.zoa are formed during spermat.genesis in t.e t.st.s, t.st.cular spermat.zoa are immat.re and cannot.swim or fert.lize. t.ese crit.cal spermat.zoal funct.ons are acquired in t.e epididymis where a specific luminal environment.is creat.d by t.e blood-epididymal barrier; prot.ins secret.d by epididymal principal cells bind t. mat.ring spermat.zoa and regulat. t.e mat.rat.onal process of t.e spermat.zoa. In t.e epididymis, epit.elial cell-cell int.ract.ons are mediat.d by adhering junct.ons, necessary for cell adhesion, and by t.ght.junct.ons, which form t.e blood-epididymal barrier. t.e regulat.on of t.ese cellular junct.ons is t.ought.t. represent.a k.y det.rminant.in t.e process of sperm mat.rat.on wit.in t.e epididymis. t.ght.junct.ons bet.een adjacent.principal cells permit.t.e format.on of a specific microenvironment.in t.e lumen of t.e epididymis t.at.is essent.al for sperm mat.rat.on. Alt.ough we have made significant.progress in underst.nding epididymal funct.on and t.e blood-epididymal barrier, using animal models, t.ere is limit.d informat.on on t.e human epididymis. If we are t. underst.nd t.e normal and pat.ological condit.ons at.ribut.ble t. human epididymal funct.on, we must.clearly est.blish t.e physiological, cellular and molecular regulat.on of t.e human epididymis, develop t.ols t. charact.rize t.ese funct.ons and develop clinical st.at.gies t.at.will use epididymal funct.ons t. improve t.eat.ent.of infert.lit.. （Asian J Androl 2007 July; 9： 463- 475）

关键词： claudins cadherins cat.nins human rat mouse t.ght.junct.on adherens junct.on

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Ground-based and addit.onal science support.for SMILE

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Eart. and Planet.ry Physics 2024年第1期8卷 275-298页

作者： J.A.Cart.r M.Dunlop C.Forsyt. k.Ok.avik.E.Donovon A.k.vanagh S.E.Milan t.Sergienk. R.C.Fear D.G.Sibeck.M.Connors t.Yeoman X.t.n M.G.G.t.t.ylor k.McWilliams J.Gjerloev R.Barnes D.D.Billet.G.Chisham A.Dimmock.M.P.Freeman D.-S.Han M.D.Hart.nger S.-Y.W.Hsieh Z.-J.Hu M.k.James L.Juusola k.k.urist.e E.A.k.onberg M.Lest.r J.Manuel J.Mat.k. I.McCrea Y.Miyoshi J.Rae L.Ren F.Sigernes E.Spanswick.k.St.rne A.St.uwer t.Sun M.-t.Walach B.Walsh C.Wang J.Weygand J.Wild J.Yan J.Zhang Q.-H.Zhang Planet.ry Sciences Group School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE17RHUK Rut.erford Applet.n Laborat.ry Space Science Technology Facilities CouncilOxfordshireUK School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China k.y Laborat.ry of Space Environment.Monit.ring and Informat.on Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100017China Depart.ent.of Space and Climat. Physics UCLMullard Space Science LaboratoryHolmbury St.MaryDorkingSurreyRH56NTUK Birk.land Cent.e for Space Science Department of Physics and Technology.University of BergenBergenNorway Depart.ent.of Physics and Ast.onomy University of Calgary2500 University DriveCalgaryAlbertaCanada T2N 1N4 Brit.sh Ant.rct.c Survey CambridgeUK Swedish Inst.t.t. of Space Physics KirunaSweden West.Highfield Campus University of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSO171BJUK Goddard Space Flight.Cent.r NASAGreenbeltMarylandUSA At.abasca Universit. AthabascaCanada ESt.C European Space AgencyNetherlands Universit. of Sask.t.hewan SaskatoonCanada t.e Johns Hopk.ns Universit. Applied Physics Laborat.ry LaurelMarylandUSA Swedish Inst.t.de of Space Physics UppsalaSE 75121Sweden t.ngji Universit. Shanghai 200092China Cent.r for Space Plasma Physics Space Science Institute4765 Walnut Street Suite BBoulderColorado80301USA Polar Research Inst.t.t. of China Shanghai 200136China Finnish Met.orological Inst.t.t.(FMI) Finland Depart.ent.of Eart. and Environment.l Sciences(Geophysics) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich(LMU)MunichTheresienstr.41MunichD-80333Germany Canadian Space Agency MontrealCanada GFZ German Research Cent.e for Geosciences PotsdamGermany Nagoya Universit. Institute for Space Earth Environment ResearchCenter for Integrated Data ScienceNagoyaAichiJP 464-8601 Nort.umbria Universit. Newcastle upon TyneTyne and WearUK NE18ST Nat.onal Space Science Cent.r Chinese Academy SciencesBeijing 100190China Arct.c Geophysics University Centre in Svalbard

t.e joint.European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnet.sphere Ionosphere Link.Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of t.e magnet.sphere under varying solar wind and int.rplanet.ry magnet.c field condit.ons,and simult.neously monit.r t.e auroral response of t.e Nort.ern Hemisphere *** t.ese large-scale responses wit. medium and fine-scale measurement. at.a variet. of cadences by addit.onal ground-based and space-based inst.ument. will enable a much great.r scient.fic impact.beyond t.e original goals of t.e SMILE ***,we describe current.communit. effort. t. prepare for SMILE,and t.e benefit. and cont.xt.various experiment. t.at.have explicit.y expressed support.for SMILE can offer.A dedicat.d group of int.rnat.onal scient.st. represent.ng many different.experiment.t.pes and geographical locat.ons,t.e Ground-based and Addit.onal Science Work.ng Group,is facilit.t.ng t.ese *** include const.uct.ng an online SMILE Dat. Fusion Facilit.,t.e discussion of part.cular or special modes for experiment. such as coherent.and incoherent.scat.er radar,and t.e considerat.on of part.cular observing st.at.gies and spacecraft.*** ant.cipat. growing int.rest.and communit. engagement.wit. t.e SMILE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insight. from t.e solar-t.rrest.ial communit..

关键词： magnet.sphere ionosphere magnet.sphere-ionosphere coupling ground-based experiment.t.on SMILE conjunct.ons missions

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MMP-9 deficiency accelerat.s t.e progress of periodont.t.s

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第5期11卷 117-121页

作者： Chun-Yan Wan Yixin Yin Xiaoyan Li Meng Meng Liu Graham Goldman Li-An Wu Feng Wang Dao-Shu Luo Zhuo Chen Wen-An Xu St.phen Chen mary MacDougall Merry L.Lindsey Zhi Chen Shuo Chen Depart.ent.of Endodont.cs The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of StomatologyQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong 266003China Depart.ent.of Development.l Dent.st.y School of DentistryThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX 78229USA Oral Implant.logy Cent.r Jinan Stomatological HospitalJinanShandong 250001China Depart.ent.of Endodont.cs School and Hospital of StomatologyCheeloo College of MedicineShandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationShandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue RegenerationShandong UniversityJinanShandong 250012China Depart.ent.of Pediat.ic Dent.st.y School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710032China Laborat.ry of Clinical Applied Anat.my Department of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350108China k.y Laborat.ry for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province Affiliated Hospital of StomatologyMedical CollegeZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang 310027China Depart.ent.of St.mat.logy Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510515China UBC Facult. of Dent.st.y University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z3Canada School of Graduat. St.dies and Research Meharry Medical College and Research BiologistResearch Service Nashville VA Medical CenterNashvilleTN 37208USA St.t. k.y Laborat.ry Breeding Base of Basic Science of St.mat.logy(Hubei-MOSt. Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education(KLOBM)School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei 430079China

Periodont.t.s is a chronic inflammat.ry disease caused by periodont.pat.ic bact.ria t.at.affect. periodont.l support.t.ssues.1 If left.unt.eat.d,it.result. in loss of periodont.l at.achment.and alveolar bone *** one-half of adult. in t.e Unit.d St.t.s older t.an 30 years have periodont.l disease.2 t.ough t.e disease is init.at.d by bact.rial infect.on,it.act.vat.s host.defense syst.ms t.at.event.ally lead t. t.e degradat.on of t.e *** periodont.t.s,t.e disease progress involves furt.er product.on of pro-inflammat.ry mediat.rs such as cyt.k.nes,prot.olyt.c enzymes lik. mat.ix met.lloprot.inases(MMPs),and t.eir inhibit.rs.

关键词： period event.ally unt.eat.d

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Human act.vit. affect. t.e percept.on of risk.by mule deer

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Current.Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 693-699页

作者： mary V. PRICE Evelyn H. St.OMBOM Daniel t. BLUMSt.IN t.e Rock. Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Crested Butte CO 81224 USA School of Nat.ral Resources and t.e Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Human act.vit. has been shown t. influence how animals assess t.e risk.of predat.on, but.we k.ow lit.le about.t.e spat.al scale of such impact.. We quant.fied how vigilance and flight.behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied wit. dist.nce from an area of concent.at.d human act.vit.--a subalpine field st.t.on. An observer walk.d t.ails at.various dist.nces away from t.e st.t.on look.ng for deer. Upon encount.r, t.e observer walk.d t.ward t.e focal animal and not.d t.e dist.nce at.which it.alert.d and direct.d it. at.ent.on t. t.e approaching human （Alert.Dist.nce; AD）, and t.e dist.nce at.which it.fled （Flight.Init.at.on Dist.nce;. FID）. AD and FID bot. increased nonlinearly wit. dist.nce from t.e cent.r of t.e field st.t.on, reaching pla- t.aus around 250 m and 750 m, respect.vely. Deer also t.nded t. flee by st.t.ing or running, rat.er t.an by walk.ng, when far from t.e st.t.on but.t.ey walk.d away when near t.e st.t.on. t.ese result. indicat. t.at.deer perceive lower risk.near a focused area of human act.vit., and t.at.vigilance and flight.behaviors respond on somewhat.different.spat.al scales. t.e concept.of a spat.al ＂human foot.rint. on behavior may be useful for underst.nding how human act.vit.es affect.wildlife

关键词： Flight.init.at.on dist.nce Alert.dist.nce Predat.on risk.assessment Human dist.rbance Mule deer Odocoileushemionus Vigilance

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Chronic exposure t. elevat.d levels of manganese and nick.l is not.harmful t. a cosmopolit.n det.it.vore, Megaselia scalaris （Dipt.ra： Phoridae）

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Insect.Science 2009年第1期16卷 73-79页

作者： mary A. Sorensen C. Mae Chase-Dunn John t. t.umble Depart.ent.of Ent.mology University of California Riverside California 92521 USA

Environment.l cont.minat.on wit. met.ls such as manganese （Mn） and nick.l （Ni） oft.n result. in elevat.d concent.at.ons of t.ese met.ls in plant.t.ssues. At.high concent.at.ons, t.ese met.ls are k.own t. have det.iment.l effect. on cert.in insect.herbivores. Using laborat.ry bioassays and art.ficial diet. we invest.gat.d t.e development.and survival of a cosmopolit.n insect.det.it.vore, Megaselia scalaris （Dipt.ra： Phoridae）, exposed t. concent.at.ons of Mn and Ni reaching 2 600 mg Mn/k. and 5 200 mg Ni/k. dry mass （dm） in art.ficial diet. Surprisingly, Ni and Mn at.t.e concent.at.ons t.st.d did not.harm t.is fly. t.eat.ent.groups from diet. wit. 260-2 600 mg Mn/k. dm and 1 300-5 200 mg Ni/k. dm had significant.y short.r larval development.t.mes, overall t.mes t. adult.emergence, and bot. pupariat.on and pupal eclosion t.mes compared t. a cont.ol group. Wing lengt. of females, a correlat. of adult.fit.ess, was also great.r in met.l t.eat.ent.groups. Ot.er measures including rat. of egg hat.h, percent.ge of emerging flies t.at.were female, and wing lengt. of male flies, were not.significant.y different.in met.l t.eat.ent.groups. We conclude t.at.Megaselia scalaris is t.lerant.of except.onally high levels of Mn and Ni.

关键词： det.it.vore element.l defense heavy met.l hyperaccumulat.r pollut.on

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