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Technological Gap： The Education Case of the State of Puebla, Mexico

通讯和计算机（中英文版） 2013年第10期10卷 1312-1320页

作者： Juan Carlos Botello martin davila School of Business UPAEP Santiago C.P. 72410 Mexico Department of Social Sciences UPAEP Santiago C.P. 72410 Mexico

The teaching-learning process may have several obstacles; one of those would be a cultural situation of students but also the ICT (information and communication technologies) resource distribution per children. When we refer to cultural situation, we mean the language or dialect that they speak. In the state of Puebla, Mexico, there are primary schools in which courses are taught to students who do not speak Spanish and they only speak their own dialect. On the other hand, the use of information and communication technologies in primary schools in Puebla is a fact but a main concern in schools is that the languages in which are operated is Spanish. The present article will also deal with the distribution of enciclomedia sets per children population in the 217 communities of the state of Puebla. To analyze this situation, we find that turns out to be very important and with a negative effect on both the implementation and acceptance of a multimedia program in these schools, generating a technological gap between students. The government efforts are being decimated because of this cultural divide prevalent in many communities in the state of Puebla, Mexico.

关键词：通信技术墨西哥教育案例差距西班牙语多媒体程序资源分配 ICT

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Biological therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases:Access in Central and Eastern Europe

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第6期21卷 1728-1737页

作者： Fanni Rencz Márta Péntek martin Bortlik Edyta Zagorowicz Tibor Hlavaty Andrzej Sliwczyński Mihai M Diculescu Limas Kupcinskas Krisztina B Gecse László Gulácsi Peter L Lakatos Department of Health Economics Corvinus University of Budapest Semmelweis University Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine IBD Clinical and Research Centre ISCARE a.s.1~(st) Faculty of Medicine Charles University Department of Gastroenterology The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology and Medical Center for Postgraduate Education Gastroenterology Unit Department of Internal Medicine V University Hospital Bratislava Public Health Department Health Sciences Faculty Medical University in ?ód? and National Health Fund Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Carol Davila University Department of Gastroenterology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences 1~(st) Department of Medicine Semmelweis University

Biological drugs opened up new horizons in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).This study focuses on access to biological therapy in IBD patients across 9 selected Central and Eastern European(CEE)countries,namely Bulgaria,the Czech Republic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania and *** data on the epidemiology and disease burden of IBD in CEE countries was systematically ***,we provide an estimation on prevalence of IBD as well as biological treatment *** all countries with the exception of Romania,lower biological treatment rates were observed in ulcerative colitis(UC)compared to Crohn’s disease despite the higher prevalence of *** heterogeneity(up to 96-fold)was found in access to biologicals across the CEE ***,Bulgaria,Romania and the Baltic States are lagging behind Hungary,Slovakia and the Czech Republic in their access to *** of reimbursement policy may be one of the factors explaining the differences to a certain extent in Bulgaria,Latvia,Lithuania,and Poland,but association with other possible determinants(differences in prevalence and incidence,price of biologicals,total expenditure on health,geographical access,and cost-effectiveness results)was not *** assume,nevertheless,that healthdeterioration linked to IBD might be valued differently against other systemic inflammatory conditions in distinct countries and which may contribute to the immense diversity in the utilization of biological drugs for *** conclusion,access to biologicals varies widely among CEE countries and this difference cannot be explained by epidemiological factors,drug prices or total health *** in reimbursement policy could contribute to better access to biologicals in some countries.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel diseases Ulcerative colitis Bio

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