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Conditioned duality b.tween supercontinental’assemb.y’and’b.eakup’LIPs

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第5期11卷 1635-1649页

作者： martin b.Klausen Department of Earth Sciences Stellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1MatielandSouth Africa

A compilation of 178 more precise ages on 10 potential Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs)across southern Africa,is compared to Earth’s supercontinental cycles,where 5 more prominent LIP-events all formed during the assemb.y of supercontinents,rather than during *** temporal b.as is confirmed b. a focused review of field relationships,where these syn-assemb.y LIPs formed b.hind active continental arcs;whereas,the remaining postassemb.y-and likely b.eakup-related-LIPs never share such *** the possib.lity of two radically different LIP-types,only the two younger b.eakup events(the Karoo LIP and Gannakouriep Suite)produced b.salts with more enriched asthenospheric OIb.signatures;whereas,all assemb.y LIPs produced b.salts with stronger lithospheric,as well as more or less primitive asthenospheric,signatures.A counterintuitive ob.ervation of Precamb.ian b.eakup LIPs outcropping as smaller fragments that are more peripherally located along craton margins,compared to assemb.y LIPs as well as the Phanerozoic Karoo b.eakup LIP,is explained b. different preservation potentials during sub.equent supercontinental ***,further accentuating radical differences b.tween(1)b.eakup LIPs,preferentially intruding along what evolves to b.come volcanic rifted margins that are more susceptib.e to deformation within sub.equent orogens,and(2)assemb.y LIPs,typically emplaced along b.ckarc rifts within more protected cratonic interiors.A conditioned duality is proposed,where assemb.y LIPs are primarily sustained b. thermal b.anketing(as well as local arc hydration and rifting)b.low assemb.ing supercontinents and b.eakup LIPs more typically form ab.ve impinging mantle *** a duality is further related to an overall dynamic Earth model whereb. predominantly supercontinent-orientated ocean lithospheric sub.uction estab.ishes/revitalizes large low shear velocity provinces(LLSVPs)during assemb.y LIP-activity,and heating of such LLSVPs b. the Earth’s core sub.equ

关键词： Large igneous provinces Extrovert plate tectonics LLSVP Mantle dynamics Geochemical discrimination

Natural Variation in Tomato Reveals Differences in the Recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtob.Effectors from Pseudomonas syringae

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Molecular Plant 2016年第5期9卷 639-649页

作者： Christine M. Kraus Kathy R. Munkvold Gregory b. martin b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA b.ckman Coulter Indianapolis IN 46268 USA

The Pto protein kinase from Solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto or AvrPtob.to activate effector-triggered immunity. The previously solved crystal structures of the AvrPto-Pto and AvrPtob.Pto complexes revealed that Pro b.nds each effector through b.th a shared and a unique interface. Hera we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate Pto recognition of these two effectors. One species, Solanum chmielewskU, was found to have many accessions that recognize only AvrPtob. The Pto ortholog from one of these accessions was responsib.e for recognition of AvrPtob.and it differed from Solanum pimpinellifolium Pto b. only 14 amino acids, including two in the AvrPto-specific interface, glutamate-49/glycine-51. Converting these two residues to those in Pro （histidine-49/valine-51） did not restore recognition of AvrPto. Sub.equent experiments revealed that a single sub.titution of a histidine-to-aspartate at position 193 in Pto, which is not near the AvrPto- specific interface, was sufficient for conferring recognRion of AvrPto in plant cells. The reciprocal sub.ti- tution of aspartate-to-histidine-193 in Pto ab.lished AvrPto recognition, confirming the importance of this residue. Our results reveal new aspects ab.ut effector recognition b. Pto and demonstrate the value of using natural variation to understand the interaction b.tween resistance proteins and pathogen effectors.

关键词： Effector-triggered immunity natural variation plant immunity Pseudomonas syringae Pto tomato

Plant Genome Editing Datab.se (PGED): A Call for Sub.ission of Information ab.ut Genome-Edited Plant Mutants

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Molecular Plant 2019年第2期12卷 127-129页

作者： Yi Zheng Ning Zhang Gregory b. martin Zhangjun Fei b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Section School of Integrative 2Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA USDA-ARS Rob.rt W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Ithaca NY 14853 USA These authors contrib.ted equally to this article

Recent advances in genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas, enab.e the alteration of DNA sequences to produce deletions, insertions, and sub.titutions in genes (Jaganathan et al., 2018), as well as large ... 详细信息

关键词： Plant Genome Editing Datab.se (PGED) Genome-Edited Plant Mutants

Unraveling the mark of surface defects on a spinterface： The nitronyl nitroxide/TiO2（110） interface

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Nano Research 2016年第11期9卷 3515-3527页

作者： Reza Kakavandi Arrigo Calzolari Yulia b. b.rozdina Prince Ravat Thomas Chasse martin b.umgarten M. b.nedetta Casu Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Tubingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tubingen Germany CNR-NANO Istituto Nanoscienze Centro S3 41125 Modena Italy Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany

Metal-free organic radicals are fascinating materials owing to their unique properties. Having a stab.e magnetic moment coupled to light elements makes these materials central to develop a large variety of applications. We investigated the magnetic spinterface coupling b.tween the surface of a single rutile TiO2（110） crystal and a pyrene-b.sed nitronyl nitroxide radical, using a comb.nation of thickness-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ab.initio calculations. The radicals were physisorb.d, and their magnetic character was preserved on the （almost） ideal surface. The situation changed completely when the molecules interacted with a surface defect site upon adsorption. In this case, the reactivity of the defect site led to the quenching of the molecular magnetic moment. Our work elucidates the crucial role played b. the surface defects and demonstrates that photoemission spectroscopy comb.ned with density functional theory calculations can b. used to shed light on the mechanisms governing complex interfaces, such as those b.tween magnetic molecules and metal oxides.

关键词： organic spinterface photoemission spectroscop density functional theory calculations

SGT1 Is Induced b. the Potato virus X TGb.3 and Enhances Virus Accumulation in Nicotiana b.nthamiana

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Molecular Plant 2012年第5期5卷 1151-1153页

作者： Chang-Ming Ye Vicky Kelly Mark Payton martin b. Dickman Jeanmarie Verchot Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK 74078USA Department of Statistics Oklahoma State University StillwaterOK 74078USA Institute for Plant Genomics and b.otechnology Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77843USA

Dear Editor, Host chaperone proteinsarecritical factors in plant virus infec- tion. One ofthe most commonly identified host factors involved in plant virus infection is Hsp70, which functions in ATP hydroly- sis, protein folding, assemb.y of protein complexes, and translo- cation b.tween cellular compartments. A comparative study of plant virus infection, including Potato virus X （PVX）, reported that Hsp70 is up-regulated b. virus infection and possib.y con- trib.tes to pathogenesis in b.th Arab.dopsis and N. b.nthami- ana plants （Aparicio et al., 2005）. Cytosolic Hsp70 interacts with the tomb.svirus and tymovirus replication complexes （Wang et al., 2009）, the potyvirus coat protein （Hafren et al., 2010）, and closteroviruses encode an HSP70 homolog that functions to enab.e virus intercellular transport （Agranovsky et al., 1998）.

关键词： Accumulation Potato Nicotiana

The SGN VIGS Tool： User-Friendly Software to Design Virus-Induced Gene Silencing （VIGS） Constructs for Functional Genomics

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Molecular Plant 2015年第3期8卷 486-488页

作者： Noe Femandez-Pozo Heman G. Rosli Gregory b. martin Lukas A. Mueller b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Instituto de Investigaciones b.otecnolb.icas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIb.INTECH) UNSAM-CONICET Chascomús B71301WA Buenos Aires Argentina Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Dear Editor,Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） is a fast and powerful method to study gene function in plants （b.rch-Smith et al., 2004）. It is b.sed on plant defense mechanisms against viral gene replication and allows high-throughput silencing of genes of inter- est （SenthiI-Kumar and Mysore, 2014）. The molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing （PTGS） have b.en studied intensively, and its steps are well known. The silencing pro- cess b.gins with the recognition through Dicer-like rib.nucleases （DCL） of doub.e-stranded RNA （dsRNA） that is generated during viral replication. Upon recognition, the dsRNA is processed into 21-24 nucleotide fragments, termed small interfering RNA （siRNA）. b.sed on sequence homology, b.th viral siRNA and plant mRNA associate with an RNA-induced silencing complex （RISC） and are targeted for degradation （Llave, 2010）.

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Plant Programmed Cell Death Caused b. an Autoactive Form of Prf Is Suppressed b. Co-Expression of the Prf LRR Domain

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Molecular Plant 2012年第5期5卷 1058-1067页

作者： Xinran Du Min Miao Xinrong Ma Yongsheng Liu Joseph C. Kuhl Gregory b. martin Fangming Xiao Department of Plant. Soil and Entomoloqical Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844. USA Ministry of Education Key Lab.ratory for b.o-Resource and Eco-Environment College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China Chengdu Institute of b.ology Chinese Academia of Sciences Chengdu 610064 China School of b.otechnology and Food Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In tomato, the Nb.RC-LRR resistance （R） protein Prf acts in concert with the Pto or Fen kinase to determine immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato （Pst）. Prf-mediated defense signaling is initiated b. the recognition of two sequence-unrelated Pst-secreted effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtob. b. tomato Pto or Fen. Prf detects these inter- actions and activates signaling leading to host defense responses including localized programmed cell death （PCD） that is associated with the arrest of Pst growth. We found that Prf variants with single amino acid sub.titutions at D1416 in the IHD motif （isoleucine-histidine-aspartic acid） in the Nb.RC domain cause effector-independent PCD when transiently expressed in leaves of Nicotiana b.nthamiana, suggesting D1416 plays an important role in activation of Prf. The N-ter- minal region of Prf （NPrf） and the LRR domain are required for this autoactive Prf cell death signaling b.t dispensab.e for accumulation of the PrfD1416V protein. Significantly, co-expression of the Prf LRR b.t not NPrf, with PrfD1416v, AvrPto/Pto, AvrPtob.Pto, an autoactive form of Pro （PtoY207D）, or Fen completely suppresses PCD. However, the Prf LRR does not in- terfere with PCD caused b. Rpi-b.b.D475v a distinct R protein-mediated PCD signaling event, or that caused b. overex- pression of MAPKKKα, a protein acting downstream of Prf. Furthermore, we found the PrfD1416V protein is unab.e to accumulate in plant cells when co-expressed with the Prf LRR domain, likely explaining the cell death suppression. The mechanism for the LRR-induced degradation of PrfD1416V is unknown b.t may involve interference in the intramo- lecular interactions of Prf or to b.nding of the unattached LRR to other host proteins that are needed for Prf stab.lity.

关键词： Nb.RC-LRR resistance protein Prf Pto Fen AvrPto AvrPtob cell death.

Intraspecific temporal resource partitioning at white-tailed deer feeding sites

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Current Zoology 2019年第2期65卷 139-146页

作者： David b. STONE James A. martin b.adley S. COHEN Thomas J. PREb.L Charlie KILLMASTER Karl V. MILLER Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA Savannah River Ecology Lab University of Georgia Aiken SC USA Department of b.ology Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN USA Georgia Department of Natural Resources Atlanta GA USA

Individuals may reduce competition b. temporally partitioning their use of a shared resource. b.havioral differences b.tween sexes in ungulates may encourage segregation as individuals attempt to avoid antagonistic interactions. However, dominant sex and age groups may reduce sub.rdinates' access to food resources, regardless of the sub.rdinate's sex. We hypothesized that white-tailed deer Odocoileus Virginian us temporally segregated at supplemental feedi ng sites b.sed on social rank (sub.rdinate: yearling males and adult females;dominant: adult males) and that segregation was affected b. phase of the b.eeding season and diel cycle. If deer temporally segregate according to social rank, we predicted that the resulting activity patterns would manifest in one social class b.ing relatively more susceptib.e to hunter-induced mortality. We used a multistate modeling approach to quantify temporal segregation and calculated the prob.b.lity that a feeding site was in a particular state during diurnal and nocturnal hours for each of the 3 phases of the b.eeding season. We determined that transition prob.b.lities differed b. season and diel cycle and dominant and sub.rdinate social classes clearly avoided each other, with b.eedi ng seas on, the prob.b.lity of a sub.rdi nate b.ing present during diurnal hours was *** more likely than a dominant b.ing present, b.t did not differ during nocturnal hours. There was no difference for dominants and sub.rdinates during diurnal or no cturnal hours during the b.eedi ng season .In the post-b.eedi ng season, sub.rdi nates were 1.7x more likely to occur at the feeding site than a dominant during diurnal hours b.t they did not differ during nocturnal hours. Our results indicate that dominance status influences temporal segregation at feeding sites and is affected b. the phase of the b.eeding season. Therefore, the resulti ng activity patterns may in crease sub.rdi nates' risk to human

关键词： competition multistate modeling predation risk supplemental feeding sites intraspecific temporal resource partitioning white-tailed deer

Prediction of the Resonance Characteristics of Comb.stion Chamb.rs on the b.sis of Large-Eddy Simulation

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Journal of Thermal Science 2005年第2期14卷 156-161页

作者： Franco MAGAGNATO b.lázs PRITZ Horst b.CHNER martin GAb. Department of Fluid Machinery University of Karlsruhe GermanyDepartment of Fluid Machinery University of KarlsruheGermanyEngler-Bunte-Institute/Division for Combustion Technology University of KarlsruheGermanyDepartment of Fluid Machinery University of KarlsruheGermany

In the last few years intensive experimental investigations were performed at the University of Karlsruhe to develop an analytical model for the Helmholtz resonator-type comb.stion system. In the present work the resonance characteristics of a Helmholtz resonator-type comb.stion chamb.r were investigated using large-eddy simulations (LES), to understand b.tter the flow effects in the chamb.r and to localize the dissipation. In this paper the results of the LES are presented, which show good agreement with the experiments. The comparison of the LES study with the experiments sheds light on the significant role of the wall roughness in the exhaust gas pipe.

关键词： compressib.e large-eddy simulation comb.stion instab.lities oscillating flow damping ratio.