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Pesticides: An Overview of the Current Health Problems of Their Use

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第8期9卷 1-20页

作者： Raffaella Leoci marcello Ruberti Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant (D.E.T.O.) Section of Veterinary and Animal Production University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy Department of Economic Sciences University of Salento Lecce Italy

The necessity to produce increasing quantities of food to meet the demand of ever-increasing populations has led to the massive use of pesticides in agriculture. Their massive consumption derives from the need to subtract food from competition of fungi, bacteria, and insects and agricultural land from the invasion of competing weeds. Modern agriculture floats on an ocean of synthetic chemical compounds used to crop protection and food preservation during storage. Presently, worldwide about 2000 active ingredients have been listed, categorized into about 60 classes of chemicals. In the world, the overall pesticides, used in agriculture, are about 4.1 million tonnes/years. The exposure of animals and humans to pesticides could be related to neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, liver and kidney damage, cancer, reproductive effects (sperm abnormalities, decreased fertility, fetal growth retardation, birth defects, or spontaneous abortion), and growth modifications. However, the knowledge about their potential damage to the organs of reproduction, breastfeeding, and infants is still largely insufficient. It is necessary to improve new methods to identify and regulate the long-term safety of pesticides use, to protect the environment and health, and to eliminate the adverse effect of pesticides on the environment and non-target organisms. The assessment of possible risks of old and new pesticides must be increased to include the possible effects on reproduction on animals and pregnancy loss even after a long time. In the meantime, it is necessary to minimize the use of synthetic chemical compounds by increasing the use of biological systems.

关键词： Pesticides Environment Animals Humans Health

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Focus on emerging drugs for the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第45期20卷 16841-16857页

作者： Alessandro Federico Claudio Zulli Ilario de Sio Anna Del Prete marcello Dallio Mario Masarone Carmela Loguercio Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine F.Magrassi e A.Lanzara Hepatogastroenterology Division Interuniversity Research Centre on Food Nutrition and the Gastrointestinal Tract (CIRANAD)-Second University of Naples Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatology University of Salerno

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has become the most common liver disorder in Western countries and is increasingly being recognized in developing *** liver disease encompasses a spectrum of hepatic pathology,ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver ***,NAFLD is often associated with other metabolic conditions,such as diabetes mellitus type 2,dyslipidemia and visceral *** most recent guidelines suggest the management and treatment of patients with NAFLD considering both the liver disease and the associated metabolic *** and physical exercise are considered the first line of treatment for patients with NAFLD,but their results on therapeutic efficacy are often *** therapy is necessary most of the time to achieve a sufficient *** therapy includes a wide variety of classes of molecules with different therapeutic targets and,often,little evidence supporting the real *** the abundance of clinical trials,NAFLD therapy remains a challenge for the scientific community,and there are no licensed therapies for ***,new pharmacological approaches are ***,we will focus on the challenges facing actual therapeutic strategies and the most recent investigated molecules.

关键词： Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Fatty liver Steatosis Emerging drugs

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Cystic echinococcosis of the liver: A primer for hepatologists

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World Journal of Hepatology 2014年第5期6卷 293-305页

作者： Francesca Rinaldi Enrico Brunetti Andreas Neumayr marcello Maestri Samuel Goblirsch Francesca Tamarozzi Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases San Matteo Hospital Foundation 27100 Pavia Italy Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences University of Pavia WHO Collaborating Centre for the Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis 27100 Pavia Italy Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute 4002 Basel Switzerland University of Basel 4003 Basel Switzerland Division of General Surgery University of Pavia San Matteo Hospital Foundation 27100 Pavia Italy Emergency Medicine Winona Health Services Winona MN 55987 United States

Cystic echinococcosis(CE) is a complex, chronic and neglected disease with a worldwide distribution. The liver is the most frequent location of parasitic cysts. In humans, its clinical spectrum ranges from asymptom-atic infection to severe, potentially fatal disease. Four approaches exist in the clinical management of CE: surgery, percutaneous techniques and drug treatment for active cysts, and the "watch and wait" approach for inactive cysts. Allocation of patients to these treat-ments should be based on cyst stage, size and location, available clinical expertise, and comorbidities. However, clinical decision algorithms, efficacy, relapse rates, and costs have never been properly evaluated. This paper reviews recent advances in classification and diagnosisand the currently available evidence for clinical deci-sion-making in cystic echinococcosis of the liver.

关键词： Cystic echinococcosis Hydatidosis Clinical management Diagnosis Treatment Surgery Albenda-zole Watch-and-wait Follow-up Percutaneous treatment

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Concentrations and Allocation of NO<sub>2</sub>Emissions to Different Sources in a Distinctive Italian Region after the COVID-19 Lockdown

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第9期11卷 690-708页

作者： marcello Ruberti Luigi Romano Department of Economic Sciences University of Salento Lecce Italy

Nitrogen dioxide concentrations, being short-lived pollutants, are good indicators of changes in emission sources and economic slowdowns. This analysis focuses on the Greater Salento region (Italy) and aims to monitor, by investigating the relative sources, the changes of NO2 tropospheric concentrations notoriously related to vehicular traffic exhausts and, in general, to fossil fuel combustion processes which are now apparently linked to many COVID-19 patients deaths. The principle objective of this paper is to map the tropospheric NO2 local distribution and to extrapolate, from the overall data of average daily concentrations of NO2 as recorded by the ARPA-Puglia ground-based monitoring stations, the single contributions and their mutual relationships of the different diffuse emission sources (motor vehicles and domestic heating systems) by identifying, the environmental background threshold of this pollutant of each geographic area, thanks to the simplified situation determined by the COVID-19 lockdown. The analyzed territory (the so-called “Greater Salento” or Salento Peninsula) is very unusual because there are two provinces with large industrial settlements, Taranto, with the steel area of ex-ILVA, and Brindisi, with petrochemical and thermoelectric power plants, which enclose a territory, the province of Lecce, free of any industrial plants of such sizes and their environmental impacts. From the results of this study, in addition to confirming the obvious and overall decrease of NO2 concentrations (-23.2% compared to previous year) during the lockdown period, interesting and distinctive local allocations of nitrogen dioxide concentrations to different sources have also emerged: heating household systems, and not road traffic, are the main sources of this dangerous pollutant in this region, with an average quota of 44.3%. The studied regional situation is so significant as to allow broader considerations regarding to

关键词： Ex-ILVA Nitrogen Dioxide Greater Salento Vehicles Heating Systems Background Pollution

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Primary biliary cirrhosis and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: When two rare diseases coexist

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World Journal of Hepatology 2013年第5期5卷 288-291页

作者： Fabio Salvatore Macaluso marcello Maida Nicola Alessi Giuseppe Cabibbo Daniela Cabibi Section of Gastroenterology DIBIMISUniversity of Palermo90127 PalermoItaly Department of Human Pathology University of Palermo90127 PalermoItaly

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a slowly progressive cholestatic autoimmune liver disease that mainly affects middle-aged women with an estimated prevalence ranging from 6.7 to 402 cases per million. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, or Rendu-Osler-Weber disease, is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by angiodysplastic lesions (telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations) that can affect many organs, including liver, with a prevalence of 1-2 cases per 10000. We describe the coexistence, for the first time to our knowledge, of these two rare diseases in a 50-year old Caucasian woman. In this setting, the relevance of an accurate medical history, the role of liver histology and the characterization of liver involvement through dynamic imaging techniques can be emphasized.

关键词： Primary biliary cirrhosis Hereditary hemorragic telangiectasia Focal nodular hyperplasia Ursodeoxycholic acid Immunostaining

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Increasing the detail of European land use/cover data by combining heterogeneous data sets

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第5期13卷 602-626页

作者： Konštantín Rosina Filipe Batista e Silva Pilar Vizcaino Mario Marín Herrera Sérgio Freire marcello Schiavina European Commission Joint Research Centre(JRC)IspraItaly

Data on land use and land cover(LULC)are a vital input for policy-relevant research,such as modelling of the human population,socioeconomic activities,transportation,environment,and their *** Europe,CORINE Land Cover has been the only data set covering the entire continent consistently,but with rather limited spatial *** data sets have provided much better detail,but either have covered only a fraction of Europe(*** Atlas)or have been thematically restricted(*** High Resolution Layers).In this study,we processed and combined diverse LULC data to create a harmonised,ready-to-use map covering 41 *** doing so,we increased the spatial detail(from 25 to one hectare)and the thematic detail(by seven additional LULC classes)compared to the CORINE Land ***,we decomposed the class‘Industrial and commercial units’into‘Production facilities’,‘Commercial/service facilities’and‘Public facilities’using machine learning to exploit a large database of points of *** overall accuracy of this thematic breakdown was 74%,despite the confusion between the production and commercial land uses,often attributable to noisy training data or mixed land *** learnt from this exercise are discussed,and further research direction is proposed.

关键词： Data fusion land use land cover machine learning points of interest

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Analysis of Multi-ingredient Food Supplements by Fingerprint HPTLC Approach

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Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2015年第4期9卷 239-244页

作者： marcello Nicoletti Chiara Toniolo Department of Environmental Biology University Sapienza of Rome Rome 00185 ltaly

The increase of import/export of every kind of herbal products calls urgently for adequate controls. Analysis of herbal food supplement （botanicals） is a difficult task, like in the composition determination of a multi-ingredient product, where several botanical drugs were used. Actually, this is an important argument in consideration of health security. The authors reported the results of an analytical approach based on HPTLC （high performance thin layer chromatography） fingerprints comparison and tailored to determine the composition of marketed multi-ingredient botanicals. The method gave positive data in case of the presence of 3-5 species, whereas difficulties were recorded when the number of plants is increased.

关键词： Food supplements multi-ingredient HPTLC quality control fingerprint.

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Commentary on interactions between neurotropic pathogens, neuroinflammatory pathways, and autophagic neural cell death

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Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation 2018年第6期5卷 1-6页

作者： Michaela Cellina marcello Orsi Radiology Department ASST Fatebenefratelli SaccoMilan 20121Italy

Autophagy is a fundamental regulatory cellular mechanism,which enables cells to survive after a checked clearance of damaged organelles and proteins and a recycle of necessary molecules like amino acids and fatty acids to maintain homeostasis[1].There are a lot of factors able to influence autophagy in the states of health and *** the excellent review by Sahu et al.[2],the role of autophagy,its mechanisms,and its protective role against the attack of pathogens are well ***,even more controversial aspects of autophagy are addressed:first some pathogens,such as herpes simplex viruses,coxsackievirus,listeria monocytogenes have developed strategies to circumvent autophagy-dependent activation of host immune response,then some bacteria have the ability to modify the gene transcriptional level of the autophagic process,both in terms of downgrading of autophagy-related genes,as in the case of Yersinia enterocolitica and Francisella tularensis[3],and in terms of up regulation of autophagy-related genes:this mechanism favors a prolonged inflammation at the infection site and results in further injury to surrounding healthy tissues,causing brain matter degeneration.

关键词： Commentary on interactions neurotropicpathogens

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Pathophysiology and biology of peritoneal carcinomatosis

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2010年第1期2卷 12-18页

作者： Shigeki Kusamura Dario Baratti Nadia Zaffaroni Raffaella Villa Barbara Laterza Maria Rosaria Balestra marcello Deraco Department of Surgery National Cancer Institute of MilanVia Venezian 1 Department of Experimental Oncology National Cancer Institute of Milan

Peritoneal carcinomatosis represents a devastating form of cancer progression with a very poor *** complex pathogenesis is represented by a dynamic process comprising several *** the best of our knowledge pathogenesis can be partly explained by 3 major molecular pathways: (1) dissemination from the primary tumor;(2) primary tumor of peritoneum;and (3) independent origins of the primary tumor and peritoneal *** are not mutually exclusive and combinations of different mechanisms could occur inside a single *** are still several aspects which need explanation by future studies.A comprehensive understanding of molecular events involved in peritoneal carcinomatosis is of paramount importance and should be systematically pursued not only to identify novel strategies for the prevention of the condition,but also to obtain therapeutic advances,through the identification of surrogate markers of prognosis and development of future molecular targeted therapies.

关键词： Pathophysiology Peritoneal carcinomatosis Peritoneal mesothelioma Pseudomyxoma peritonei Ovarian cancer Gastric and colorectal cancer

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Enhancing the Capacity of Tax Administrations to Develop Tax Policy

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Belt and Road Initiative Tax Journal 2022年第1期3卷 16-24页

作者： marcello Estevao Tatiana Falcao World Bank

Building capacity in tax administrations will be key in coping with the new challenges arising from the new ways of doing *** article discusses three topics that will require the building of new assessment and tax collection capabilities within tax administrations,namely:the digital economy,cryptocurrency taxation,and environmental *** proposes issues that will require further attention and consideration by tax administrations wishing to collect the rent attributed to these *** is contended that new capacities will have to be developed not just to handle the“new”forms of doing business,but also to generate income and to allow for a harmonized environment that facilitates and draws investment to Belt and Road Initiative *** transformation ought to occur while“traditional”issues in international tax administration and cooperation persist.

关键词： International tax Digital economy Climate change Cryptocurrency Belt and Road Initiative Tax administration Capacity building

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