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Undergraduate paramedic students cannot do drug calculations

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World journal of Emergency Medicine 2012年第3期3卷 221-226页

作者： Kathryn Eastwood malcolm j boyle Brett Williams Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice Monash UniversityFrankston 3199VictoriaAustralia

Previous investigation of drug calculation skills of qualified paramedics has highlighted poor mathematical ability with no published studies having been undertaken on undergraduate paramedics. There are three major error classifications. Conceptual errors involve an inability to formulate an equation from information given, arithmetical errors involve an inability to operate a given equation, and finally computation errors are simple errors of addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. The objective of this study was to determine if undergraduate paramedics at a large Australia university could accurately perform common drug calculations and basic mathematical equations normally required in the workplace. A cross-sectional study methodology using a paper-based questionnaire was administered to undergraduate paramedic students to collect demographical data, student attitudes regarding their drug calculation performance, and answers to a series of basic mathematical and drug calculation questions. Ethics approval was granted. The mean score of correct answers was 39.5% with one student scoring 100%, 3.3% of students （n=3） scoring greater than 90%, and 63% （n=58） scoring 50% or less, despite 62% （n=57） of the students stating they ＇did not have any drug calculations issues＇. On average those who completed a minimum of year 12 Specialist Maths achieved scores over 50%. Conceptual errors made up 48.5%, arithmetical 31.1 % and computational 17.4%. This study suggests undergraduate paramedics have deficiencies in performing accurate calculations, with conceptual errors indicating a fundamental lack of mathematical understanding. The results suggest an unacceptable level of mathematical competence to practice safely in the unpredictable prehospital environment.

关键词： Emergency medical technician Education Medication errors Safety management

Do mannequin chests provide an accurate representation of a human chest for simulated decompression of tension pneumothoraxes?

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World journal of Emergency Medicine 2012年第4期3卷 265-269页

作者： malcolm j boyle Brett Williams Simon Dousek Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice Frankston 3199 Australia

BACKGROUND:Tension pneumothorax(TPX) is an uncommon but life-threatening *** is important that this uncommon presentation,managed by needle decompression,is practised by paramedics using a range of educationally sound and realistic *** objective of this study is to identify if the chest wall thickness(CWT) of training mannequins used for chest decompression is an anatomically accurate representation of a human ***:This is a two-part study.A review of the literature was conducted to identify chest wall thickness in humans and measurement of chest wall thickness on two commonly used *** literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,MEDLINE,CINAHL,and EMBASE databases from their beginning until the end of May *** words included chest wall thickness,tension pneumothorax,pneumothorax,thoracostomy,needle thoracostomy,decompression,and needle *** were included if they reported chest wall ***:For the literature review,4 461 articles were located with 9 meeting the inclusion *** wall thickness in adults varied between 1.3 cm and 9.3 cm at the area of the second intercostal space mid clavicular *** Laerdal? manikin in the area of the second intercostal space mid clavicular line,right side of the chest was 1.1 cm thick with the left 1.5 *** MPL manikin in the same area or on the right side of the chest was 1.4 cm thick but on the left 1.0 ***:Mannequin chests are not an accurate representation of the human chest when used for decompressing a tension pneumothorax and therefore may not provide a realistic experience.

关键词： Chest wall thickness Tension pneumothorax Chest decompression Mannequin anatomical accuracy Emergency medical technicians

Evolution of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels With Particular Emphasis on the “Near Stoichiometry” Low Carbon,0.10 Percent Niobium “HTP” Concept

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journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 652-657页

作者： Gray j.malcolm Microalloyed Steel Institute Inc. 5100 Westheimer Ste 540HoustonTX 77056 USA

Microalloyed linepipe steels were first introduced in 1959 at strength levels around 52-60 ksi [1] [2].The steels were generally strengthened by niobium or vanadium used *** strengths levels increased to X-70 in the early 1970’s niobium and vanadium were used in combination and controlled rolling was introduced on a broad *** strengths decrease tolerance for impurities and non-metallic inclusions which required improved steelmaking ***,carbon,and nitrogen were reduced and continuous casting was increasingly applied which required improved ladle refining and deoxidation ***-molybdenum steels were introduced by IPSCO in 1972 [3] and by Italsider in 1974 [4].Steels with higher niobium contents were also introduced in the early 1970’s but available steelmaking technologies limited the use of optimum niobium to carbon ratios,*** approaching *** the steels benefited from the effect of niobium in retarding austenite recrystallization at relatively high rolling temperatures and they developed attractive combinations of strength and toughness in old manufacturing facilities using simple (relaxed) rolling *** in the price of molybdenum and vanadium in the past decade and expanded application of API Grade X-80 linepipe,have led to more widespread use of niobium contents up to 0.11 percent,in combination with 0.02-0.03 percent carbon (near stoichiometry) thus maximizing the effects of solute niobium during rolling,in lowering transformation temperature,and thereby reducing reliance on other alloying,often expensive,*** history of these developments will be presented and applications of the concept will be summarized.

关键词： HTP Low Carbon,0.10 Percent Niobium Near Stoichiometry Evolution of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels With Particular Emphasis on the Concept

An Integrated Approach to Crop Genetic Improvement

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第4期54卷 250-259页

作者： Martin A.j.Parry malcolm j.Hawkesford Rothamsted Research Plant Science Department

The balance between the supply and demand of the major food crops is fragile, fueling concerns for long-term global food security. The rising population, increasing wealth and a proliferation of non- food uses （e.g. bioenergy） has led to growing demands on agricul- ture, while increased production is limited by greater urbanization, and the degradation of land. Furthermore, global climate change with increasing temperatures and lower, more erratic rainfall is projected to decrease agricultural yields. There is a predicted need to increase food production by at least 70% by 2050 and there- fore an urgent need to develop novel and integrated approaches, incorporating high-throughput phenotyping that will both increaseproduction per unit area and simultaneously improve the resource use efficiency of crops. Yield potential, yield stability, nutrient and water use are all complex multigenic traits and while there is genetic variability, their complexity makes such traits difficult to breed for directly. Nevertheless molecular plant breeding has the potential to deliver substantial improvements, once the component traits and the genes underlying these traits have been identified. In addition, interactions between the individual traits must also be taken into account, a demand that is difficult to fulfill with traditional screening approaches. Identified traits will be incorporated into new cultivars using conventional or biotechnological tools. In order to better understand the relationship between genotype, component traits, and environment over time, a multidisciplinary approach must be adopted to both understand the underlying processes and identify candidate genes, QTLs and traits that can be used to develop improved crops.

关键词： Germpiasm variation nitrogen TILLING transformation trait water wheat yield.

Ultrasound particle sizing:A review

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Particuology 2013年第2期11卷 135-147页

作者： malcolm j.W.Povey School of Food Science and Nutrition The University of Leeds

Ultrasound spectrometry is one of very few methods that can size particles over the range 10 nm to I mm for optically opaque, undiluted materials. It has in-line, non-invasive capabilities which make it a serious contender for use in industrial process monitoring, with the potential for 100% inspection. In aqueous systems, it is more sensitive to nanoparticles than to particles in the micrometre range upwards because the scattering power varies as the inverse square of particle diameter, making it suitable for the detec- tion of nanoparticles in concentrated, mixed systems. Future development of ultrasound spectrometers suitable for widespread laboratory and industrial use depends on meeting the challenges of complex data interpretation and the need for considerable know how. In this review we provide a brief account of ultrasound propagation and scattering theory which underlies the ultrasound spectrometer, describe several types of spectrometer and demonstrate its successful use in the characterization of colloidal silica, whole milk and protein solutions.

关键词： Ultrasound Particle size Measurement instrumentation Review Acoustics Particle size distribution (PSD) Nanoparticles Colloids Ultrasound spectrometry

Update on the management of the gastrointestinal effects of radiation

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World journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2021年第5期13卷 400-408页

作者： Hannah McCaughan Stephen boyle john j McGoran Department of Gastroenterology Altnagelvin Area HospitalLondonderry BT476SBUnited Kingdom

Radiation therapy is a long-established and essential modality in the treatment of many *** is well known that tissue within a field of radiation can suffer indiscriminate effects,leading to acute and chronic *** gastrointestinal tract may be adversely affected by *** the mouth to the rectum,patients can experience troublesome symptoms that require the concerted input of specialist *** range from nursing care,dietetic optimization,pharmacological management,and mechanical procedures through endoscopy and *** evidence exists mainly for radiation induced effects in four distinct areas of the gastrointestinal tract:oral mucosa,esophagus,small bowel,and *** review explores the experiences of oncology and gastrointestinal teams in managing the most common conditions and some of the different practices for radiation associated morbidity.

关键词： Radiation Stricture Endoscopy

Saturation in wavelength-division multiplexing free-space optical communication systems

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2019年第2期12卷 197-207页

作者： jeremiah O. BANDELE malcolm WOOLFSON Andrew j. PHILLIPS Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering College of EngineeringAfe Babalola UniversityAdo-EkitiEkiti StateP.M.B 5454Nigeria Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK

The performance of a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) free-space optical (FSO) commu-nication system in a turbulent atmosphere employing optical amplifiers to improve capacity is investigated, in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission noise, scintillation, beam spreading, atmospheric attenuation and interchannel crosstalk. Using on-off keying modulation, Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to obtain the average bit error rate and system capability due to scintillation and the effect of introducing a power control algorithm (PCA) to the system is investigated. The PCA ensures that at any receiving instant, the same turbulence- free powers are received by all the receiving lenses. The performance of various WDM FSO communication system configurations such as non-amplified systems with an adaptive decision threshold (NOAADT), non- amplified systems with a non-adaptive decision threshold, fixed gain amplified systems with an adaptive decision threshold, fixed gain amplified systems with a non- adaptive decision threshold and saturated gain amplified systems with a non-adaptive decision threshold (SOA- NADT) are investigated. Results obtained show that the SOANADT is superior to the NOAADT and the PCA is only beneficial in amplified systems.

关键词： wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) free-space optical (FSO) communication crosstalk optical amplifier (OA) gain saturation decision threshold

ZnO nanofluids-A potential antibacterial agent

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2008年第8期18卷 939-944页

作者： malcolm Povey David York Procter Department of Food Science University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK Procter and Gamble Newcastle Technical Centre Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE12 9TS UK

In this work, ZnO nanofluids were produced by a medium mill with a pH value of about 7.2 and characterized by Nano-Sizer and SEM. After milling, ZnO nanofluids were formed with an average particle size of 198.4 nm. The ZnO nanofluids used for testing were stored for different periods (1-, 90- and 120-day) and kept in different conditions (under the light and in the dark). The antibacterial activities of these ZnO nanofluids were evaluated by estimating the reduction ratio of the bacteria treated with ZnO. The results showed that the ZnO nanofluid stored for 120 days under the light had the best antibacterial behavior against Escherichia coli DH5a. SEM images suggest that an interaction between the ZnO particles and the E. coli bacteria cells caused by electrostatic forces might be a mechanism.

关键词： Antibacterial Nanofluids ZnO E. coli Photocatalysis

A Critical Review of the Evidence for M32 being a Compact Dwarf Satellite of M31 rather than a More Distant Normal Galaxy

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Chinese journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2008年第4期8卷 369-384页

作者： C. Ke-shih Young malcolm j. Currie Robert j. Dickens A-Li Luo Tong-jie Zhang National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 China Department of Physics University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China School of Physics University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot Oxfordshire OX 11 0QX Great Britain Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Since Baade＇s photographic study of M32 in the mid 1940s, it has been accepted as an established fact that M32 is a compact dwarf satellite of M31. The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of our investigation into the nature of the existing evidence. We find that the case for M32 being a satellite of M31 rests upon Hubble Space Telescope （HST） based stellar population studies which have resolved red-giant branch （RGB） and red clump stars in M32 as well as other nearby galaxies. Taken in isolation, this recent evidence could be considered to be conclusive in favour of the existing view. However, the conventional scenario does not explain M32＇s anomalously high central velocity dispersion for a dwarf galaxy （several times that of either NGC 147, NGC 185 or NGC 205） or existing planetary nebula observations （which suggest that M32 is more than twice as distant as M31） and also requires an elaborate physical explanation for M32＇s inferred compactness. Conversely, we find that the case for M32 being a normal galaxy, of the order of three times as distant as M31, is supported by：（1） a central velocity dispersion typical of intermediate galaxies, （2） the published planetary nebula observations, and （3） known scaling relationships for normal early-type galaxies. However, this novel scenario cannot account for the high apparent luminosities of the RGB stars resolved in the M32 direction by HST observations. We are therefore left with two apparently irreconcilable scenarios, only one of which can be correct, but both of which suffer from potentially fatal evidence to the *** suggests that current understanding of some relevant fields is still very far from adequate.

关键词： galaxies:individual M32 - galaxies distances and redshifts - galaxies dwarf- galaxies elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies fundamental parameters