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Multi-Step Clustering of Smart Meters Time Series:Application to Demand Flexibility Characterization of SME Customers

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 869-907页

作者： Santiago bañales Raquel Dormido Natividad Duro Department of Computer Sciences and Automatic Control Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia(UNED)Madrid28040Spain Iberdrola Innovation Middle East Doha210177Qatar

Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the energy *** study proposes an innovative multi-step clustering procedure to segment customers based on load-shape patterns at the daily and intra-daily time *** meter data is split between daily and hourly normalized time series to assess monthly,weekly,daily,and hourly seasonality patterns *** dimensionality reduction implicit in the splitting allows a direct approach to clustering raw daily energy time series *** intraday clustering procedure sequentially identifies representative hourly day-unit profiles for each customer and the entire *** the first time,a step function approach is applied to reduce time series *** attributes embedded in surveys are employed to build external clustering validation metrics using Cramer’s V correlation factors and to identify statistically significant determinants of load-shape in energy *** addition,a time series features engineering approach is used to extract 16 relevant demand flexibility indicators that characterize customers and corresponding clusters along four different axes:available Energy(E),Temporal patterns(T),Consistency(C),and Variability(V).The methodology is implemented on a real-world electricity consumption dataset of 325 Small and Medium-sized Enterprise(SME)customers,identifying 4 daily and 6 hourly easy-to-interpret,well-defined *** application of the methodology includes selecting key parameters via grid search and a thorough comparison of clustering distances and methods to ensure the robustness of the *** research can test the scalability of the methodology to larger datasets from various customer segments(households and large commercial)and locations with different weather and socioeconomic conditio

关键词： Electric load clustering load profiling smart meters machine learning data mining demand flexibility demand response

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Surface nanostructure formation mechanism of 45 steel induced by supersonic fine particles pombarding

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2008年第5期15卷 561-567页

作者： Dema ba Shining ma Changqing Li Fanjun Meng Department of Remanufacture Engineering Academy of Armored Force Engineering Beijing 100072 China

By means of supersonic fine particles bombarding （SFPB）,a nanostructured surface layer up to 15 μm was fabricated on a 45 steel plate with ferrite and pearlite phases. To reveal the grain refinement mechanism of SFPB-treated 45 steel,microstructure features of various sections in the treated surface were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Grain size increases with an increase of depth from the treated surface. Plastic deformation and grain refinement processes are accompanied by an increase in strain. Plastic deformation in the proeutectoid ferrite phases has precedence over the pearlite phases. Grain refinement in the ferrite phases involves： the onset of dislocation lines （Dls）,dislocation tangles （DTs） and dense dislocation walls （DDWs） in the original grains; the formation of fine lamellar and roughly equiaxed cells separated by DDWs; by dislocation annihilation and rearrangement,the transformation of DDWS into subboundaries and boundaries and the formation of submicron grains or subgrains; the successive subdivision of grains to finer and finer scale,resulting in the formation of highly misoriented nano-grains. By contrast,eutectoid cementite phase accommodated strain in a sequence as follows： onset of elongated,bended and shear deformation under deformation stress of ferrites,short and thin cementites with a width of about 20-50 nm and discontinuous length were formed. Shorter and thinner cementites were developed into ultra-fine pieces under the action of high density dislocation and strains. At the top surface,some cementites were decomposed under severe plastic deformation. Experimental evidences and analysis indicate that surface nanocrystallization of 45 steel results from dislocation activities,high strains and high strain rate are necessary for the formation of nanocrystallites.

关键词： surface nanocrystallization grain refinement mechanism microstructure 45 steel

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mass-producible low-cost flexible electronic fabrics for azo dye wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023年第7期59卷 222-230页

作者： Chaoyi Yin Jingyuan ma Jian Qiu Ruifang Liu Long ba State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China State Key Laboratory of materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation MembraneCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 210009China

Electrocoagulation is progressively becoming an ecologically friendly water treatment method owing to its lack of secondary pollution,high active ingredient concentration,high treatment effectiveness,simple equipment,and simplicity of automated control ***,electrocoagulation is offered as a method for treating wastewater containing azo dyes using a revolutionary flexible electronic fabric that can be mass-producible at a reasonable price.A computer-controlled machine embroiders 316L stainless steel fiber(316L SSF)onto an insulating fabric to manufacture a flexible electronic device of cathode and anode with a monopolar arrangement on the fabric *** methyl orange(MO)solution to simulate azo dye wastewater,the decolorization rate of 500 ml MO reached 99.25% under the conditions of 50 mg·L^(-1)initial mass concentration,120 min electrolysis time,15 ma·g^(-1)current density,1 cm electrode spacing,0.1 mol·L^(-1)NaCl,pH 7.6,200 r·min^(-1)rotational speed of the stirrer,and 22-25℃ room *** addition,it is feasible to embroider flexible electronic fabrics with varied sizes and numbers of electrodes based on the amount of treated sewage to increase the degradation rate,which has significant practical application value.

关键词： Flexible electronic fabric 316L Stainless steel fiber Embroidery Electrocoagulation Wastewater treatment

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Morphogenesis of the Euplotid Ciliate Uronychia binucleata Young, 1922(Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第2期18卷 467-473页

作者： ma Honggang LI Jingbao WARREN Alan ba Sang LU Xiaoteng The Key Laboratory of mariculture Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Department of Life Sciences Natural History MuseumLondon School of Sciences Tibet University Research Department for Limnology University of Innsbruck

Morphogenesis of a population of the marine euplotid ciliate, Uronychia binucleata, which was found in Yellow Sea coastal waters next to a sewage outfall at a beach near Zhanqiao Pier, Qingdao, China, was investigated using protargol staining. The main pattern of morphogenesis is typical for the genus and can be summarized as follows: 1) the oral primordium in both proter and opisthe develops de novo in a subcortical pouch. In each daughter cell, the developing adoral zone of membranelles divides into two parts. The new membranelles formed in the proter's oral primordium will replace the leftmost five parental ones; six parental membranelles are retained by the proter; 2) the undulating membranes anlage is formed and develops independently from the oral primordium within the same subcortical pouch; 3) five primary front oventral-transverse cirral anlagen appear de novo on the cell surface; 4) the marginal cirral anlagen are formed de novo; 5) the leftmost frontal cirrus develops de novo on the cell surface; 6) two caudal cirri are formed at the posterior end of the rightmost anlage while the second primordium from the right gives rise to the third caudal cirrus. In contrast to its congeners, the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus is formed to the right of the undulating membranes anlage and before the formation of the latter.

关键词： Euplotida hypotrichs ontogenesis Uronychia

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Staged dendrite suppression for high safe and stable lithium-sulfur batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 674-683页

作者： Jun Jiang Zhenjie Lu Yanwen Ding Shujun Liu Zhijie Qi Tian Tang Yunfan Zhang Zhiyuan ma Jingwen Sun Liang Xue Wenyao Zhang Pan Xiong Xin Wang Junwu Zhu Yongsheng Fu Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional materials of Ministry of Education Nanjing University of Science and Technology Jiangsu Pylon battery Co.Ltd

The unavoidable dendrite growth and shuttle effect have long been stranglehold challenges limiting the safety and practicality of lithium-sulfur ***,we propose a dual-action strategy to address the lithium dendrite issue in stages by constructing a multifunctional surface-negatively-charged nanodiamond layer with high ductility and robust puncture resistance on polypropylene （PP） *** uniformly loaded compact negative layer can not only significantly enhance electron transmission efficiency and promote uniform lithium deposition,but also reduce the formation of dendrite during early deposition *** importantly,under the strong puncture stress encountered during the deterioration of lithium dendrite growth under limiting current,the high ductility and robust puncture resistance（145.88 MPa） of as-obtained nanodiamond layer can effectively prevent short circuits caused by unavoidable lithium *** Li||Li symmetrical cells assembled with nanodiamond layer modified PP demonstrated a stable cycle of over 1000 h at 2 ma cm-2with a polarization voltage of only 29.3 ***,the negative charged layer serves as a physical barrier blocking lithium polysulfide ions,effectively mitigating capacity *** improved cells achieved a capacity decay of only 0.042%per cycle after 700 cycles at 3 C,demonstrating effective suppression of dendrite growth and capacity attenuation,showing promising prospect.

关键词： Ductility

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Changes in microstructure and properties of weld heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2024年第8期31卷 2041-2052页

作者： Shu-jun Jia Qi-lin ma Yu Hou ba Li He-song Zhang Qing-you Liu Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center for Steel Commonality University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Construction Project management Branch of China National Petroleum Pipeline Network Group Co. Ltd.Langfang 065000HebeiChina

The evolution of the microstructure and toughness of APL5L X80 pipeline steel after thermal welding simulation was investigated by X-ray diffraction,electron backscatter diffraction,and transmission electron *** results indicated that primary heat-affected zones can be divided into weld,coarse-grained,fine-grained,intercritical,and sub-critical *** microstructure of the weld zone is mainly composed of bainitic ferrite and a small amount of granular bainite;however,the original austenite grains are distributed in the columnar *** structure of the coarse-grained zone is similar to that of the weld zone,but the original austenite grains are *** contrast,the microstructure in the fine-grained zone is dominated by fine granular bainite,and the effective grain size is only 8.15μm,thus providing the highest toughness in the entire heat-affected *** intercritical and subcritical zones were brittle valley regions,and the microstructure was dominated by granular ***,the martensite-austenite(M/A)constituents are present in island chains along the grain boundaries,and the coarse size of the M/A constituents seriously reduces the *** results of the crack propagation analyzes revealed that high-angle grain boundaries can significantly slow down crack growth and change the crack direction,thereby increasing the material *** impact toughness of the low-temperature tempering zone was equivalent to that of the columnar grain zone,and the impact toughness was between those of the critical and fine-grained zones.

关键词： Welding thermal simulation Impact toughness Crack propagation martensite-austenite constituent High-strength low-alloy steel weld Heat-affected zone

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Fabrication of Diamond-like Carbon Films by Ion Assisted Middle Frequency Unbalanced magnetron Sputtering

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2006年第B12期19卷 119-125页

作者： ZHANG Yi-chen SUN Shao-ni ZHOU Yi ma Sheng-ge ba De-chun School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Northeastern University Shenyang 110004 China National R＆D Center for Surface Engineering of China Shenzhen 518029 China

Diamond-like carbon （DLC） films are deposited by the Hall ion source assisted by the mid-frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering technique. The effects of the substrate voltage bias, the substrate temperature, the Hall discharging current and the argon/nitrogen ratio on the DLC film＇s performance were studied. The experimental results show that the film＇s surface roughness, the hardness and the Young＇s modulus increase firstly and then decrease with the bias voltage incrementally increases. Also when the substrate temperature rises, the surface roughness of the film varies slightly, but its hardness and Young＇s modulus firstly increase followed by a sharp decrease when the temperature surpassing 120 ℃. With the Hall discharging current incrementally rising, the hardness and Young＇s modulus of the film decrease and the surface roughness of the film on 316L stainless steel firstly decreased and then remains constant.

关键词： fluid machinery and engineering diamond-like carbon films middle frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering hall ion source

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Kernel Least Mean Kurtosis based Online Chaotic Time Series Prediction

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Chinese Physics Letters 2013年第11期30卷 44-48页

作者： QU Hua ma Wen-Tao ZHAO Ji-Hong CHEN ba-Dong School of Electronic and Information Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049 School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering Xi'an University of Posts and TelecommunicationsXi'an 710121 Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049

based on the kernel methods and the nonlinear feature of chaotic time series,we develop a new algorithm called kernel least mean kurtosis(KLMK)by applying the kernel trick to the least mean kurtosis(LMK)algorithm,which maps the input data to a high dimensional feature *** KLMK algorithm can overcome the shortcomings of the original LMK for nonlinear time series prediction,and it is easy to implement a sample by sample adaptation *** analysis suggests that the KLMK algorithm may converge in a mean square sense in nonlinear chaotic time series prediction under certain *** results show that the performance of KLMK is better than those of LMK and the kernel least mean square(KLMS)algorithm.

关键词： conditions space kernel

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A novel spiking neural network of receptive field encoding with groups of neurons decision

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018年第1期19卷 139-150页

作者： Yong-qiang ma Zi-ru WANG Si-yu YU ba-dong CHEN Nan-ning ZHENG Peng-ju REN Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Xi'an Jiaotong University

Human information processing depends mainly on billions of neurons which constitute a complex neural network,and the information is transmitted in the form of neural *** this paper,we propose a spiking neural network(SNN),named MD-SNN,with three key features:(1) using receptive field to encode spike trains from images;(2) randomly selecting partial spikes as inputs for each neuron to approach the absolute refractory period of the neuron;(3) using groups of neurons to make *** test MD-SNN on the MNIST data set of handwritten digits,and results demonstrate that:(1) Different sizes of receptive fields influence classification results significantly.(2) Considering the neuronal refractory period in the SNN model,increasing the number of neurons in the learning layer could greatly reduce the training time,effectively reduce the probability of over-fitting,and improve the accuracy by 8.77%.(3) Compared with other SNN methods,MD-SNN achieves a better classification;compared with the convolution neural network,MD-SNN maintains flip and rotation invariance(the accuracy can remain at 90.44% on the test set),and it is more suitable for small sample learning(the accuracy can reach 80.15%for 1000 training samples,which is 7.8 times that of CNN).

关键词： Tempotron Receptive field Difference of Gaussian(DoG) Flip invariance Rotation invariance

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A group priority earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2012年第5期6卷 560-567页

作者： Qi LI Wei ba School of Control Science and Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory Dalian 116013China

In most priority scheduling algorithms, the num- ber of priority levels is assumed to be unlimited. However, if a task set requires more priority levels than the system can support, several jobs must in practice be assigned the same priority level. To solve this problem, a novel group priority earliest deadline first （GPEDF） scheduling algorithm is pre- sented. In this algorithm, a schedulability test is given to form a job group, in which the jobs can arbitrarily change their or- der without reducing the schedulability. We consider jobs in the group having the same priority level and use shortest job first （SJF） to schedule the jobs in the group to improve the performance of the system. Compared with earliest deadline first （EDF）, best effort （BE）, and group-EDF （gEDF）, simu- lation results show that the new algorithm exhibits the least switching, the shortest average response time, and the fewest required priority levels. It also has a higher success ratio than both EDF and gEDF.

关键词： real-time system group priority success ratio,switching

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