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Comparing the Structural Parameters of the milky Way to Other Spiral Galaxies

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第3期24卷 10-28页

作者： Jacob A.Guerrette Aleksandr V.mosenkov Dallin spencer Zacory D.Shakespear Department of Physics and AstronomyN283 ESCBrigham Young University ProvoUT 84602USA

The structural parameters of a galaxy can be used to gain insight into its formation and evolution *** this paper,we strive to compare the milky Way’s structural parameters to other,primarily edge-on,spiral galaxies in order to determine how our Galaxy measures up to the Local *** our comparison,we use the galaxy structural parameters gathered from a variety of literature sources in the optical and near-infrared wave *** compare the scale length,scale height,and disk flatness for both the thin and thick disks,the thick-to-thin disk mass ratio,the bulge-to-total luminosity ratio,and the mean pitch angle of the milky Way’s spiral arms to those in other *** conclude that many of the milky Way’s structural parameters are largely ordinary and typical of spiral galaxies in the Local Universe,though the Galaxy’s thick disk appears to be appreciably thinner and less extended than expected from zoom-in cosmological simulations of milky Way-mass galaxies with a significant contribution of galaxy mergers involving satellite galaxies.

关键词： Galaxy disk-galaxies fundamental parameters-Galaxy structure

Reinforced tissue matrix to strengthen the abdominal wall following reversal of temporary ostomies or to treat incisional hernias

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第3期16卷 823-832页

作者： spencer P Lake Corey R Deeken Amit K Agarwal mechanical Engineering&materials Science Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130United States Covalent Bio LLCSt.LouisMO 63025United States Department of Surgery McGovern Medical School at UTHealthHoustonTX 77026United States

BACKGROUND Abdominal wall deficiencies or weakness are a common complication of tem-porary ostomies,and incisional hernias frequently develop after colostomy or ileostomy *** use of synthetic meshes to reinforce the abdominal wall has reduced hernia *** meshes have also been used to enhance healing,particularly in contaminated *** tissue matrices(R-Tms),which include a biologic scaffold of native extracellular matrix and a syn-thetic component for added strength/durability,are designed to take advantage of aspects of both synthetic and biologic *** date,RTms have not been reported to reinforce the abdominal wall following stoma *** Twenty-eight patients were selected with a parastomal and/or incisional hernia who had received a temporary ileostomy or colostomy for fecal diversion after rectal cancer treatment or *** hernia repair and proximal stoma closure,RTm(OviTex®1S permanent or OviTex®LPR)was placed to reinforce the abdominal wall using a laparoscopic,robotic,or open surgical ***-operative follow-up was performed at 1 month and 1 *** recurrence was determined by physical examination and,when necessary,via computed tomo-graphy *** endpoints included length of hospital stay,time to return to work,and hospital *** complications of the wound/repair site included presence of surgical site infection,seroma,hematoma,wound dehiscence,or fistula *** The observational study cohort included 16 male and 12 female patients with average age of 58.5 years±16.3 years and average body mass index of 26.2 kg/m^(2)±4.1 kg/m^(2).Patients presented with a parastomal hernia(75.0%),in-cisional hernia(14.3%),or combined parastomal/incisional hernia(10.7%).Using a laparoscopic(53.6%),robotic(35.7%),or open(10.7%)technique,RTms(OviTex®LPR:82.1%,OviTex®1S:17.9%)were placed using sublay(82.1%)or intraperitoneal onlay(IPOm;17.9%)mesh *** 1-mo

关键词： Reinforced tissue matrix Reinforced forestomach matrix Ileostomy Colostomy Ostomy takedown Incisional hernia Abdominal wall

Optical measurements of dissolved organic matter as proxies for COD_(mn)and BOD_(5)in plateau lakes

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2024年第3期19卷 132-138页

作者： Xuan Yang Yongqiang Zhou Xiaoying Yang Yunlin Zhang Robert G.m.spencer Justin D.Brookes Erik Jeppesen Hucai Zhang Qichao Zhou Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes School of Ecology and Environmental SciencesYunnan UniversityKunming650500China Institute of International River and Eco-security Yunnan UniversityKunming650500China Zhejiang College of Security Technology Wenzhou325016China Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and EnvironmentNanjing Institute of Geography and LimnologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing210008China Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee32306United States Water Research Centre School of Biological ScienceThe University of AdelaideAdelaide5005Australia Department of Ecoscience Aarhus UniversityAarhus8000Denmark Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and ImplementationMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkara06800Turkey Institute of marine Sciences Middle East Technical UniversityErdemliMersin33731Turkey Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and management of Plateau Lake-Watershed Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental SciencesKunming650034China

The presence of organic matter in lakes profoundly impacts drinking water supplies,yet treatment processes involving coagulants and disinfectants can yield carcinogenic disinfection *** assessments of organic matter,such as chemical oxygen demand(COD_(mn))and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD_(5)),are often ***,optical measurements of dissolved organic matter(DOm)offer a rapid and reliable means of obtaining organic matter composition *** we employed DOm optical measurements in conjunction with parallel factor analysis to scrutinize COD_(mn)and BOD_(5)*** was performed using an independent dataset encompassing six lakes on the Yungui Plateau from 2014 to 2016(n=256).Leveraging multiple linear regressions(mLRs)applied to DOm absorbance at 254 nm(a254)and fluorescence components C1-C5,we successfully traced COD_(mn)and BOD_(5)variations across the entire plateau(68 lakes,n=271,R^(2)>0.8,Pm optical indices yielded superior estimates(higher R^(2))of COD_(mn)and BOD_(5)during the rainy season compared to the dry season and demonstrated increased accuracy(R^(2)>0.9)in mesotrophic lakes compared to oligotrophic and eutrophic *** study underscores the utility of mLR-based DOm indices for inferring COD_(mn)and BOD_(5)variability in plateau lakes and highlights the potential of integrating in situ and remote sensing platforms for water pollution early warning.

关键词： Dissolved organic matter Chemical oxygen demand Biochemical oxygen demand Water quality Yungui plateau lakes

Construction of a broad-host-range Anderson promoter series and particulate methane monooxygenase promoter variants expand the methanotroph genetic toolbox

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2024年第2期9卷 250-258页

作者： Etash H.Bhat Jessica m.Henard spencer A.Lee Dustin mcHalffey mahith S.Ravulapati Elle V.Rogers Logan Yu David Skiles Calvin A.Henard Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute University of North TexasDentonTXUSA

methanotrophic bacteria are currently used industrially for the bioconversion of methane-rich natural gas and anaerobic digestion-derived biogas to valuable *** bacteria may also serve to mitigate the negative effects of climate change by capturing atmospheric greenhouse *** genetic tools have previously been developed for genetic and metabolic engineering of ***,the available tools for use in methanotrophs are significantly underdeveloped compared to many other industrially relevant bacteria,which hinders genetic and metabolic engineering of these *** such,expansion of the methanotroph genetic toolbox is needed to further our understanding of methanotrophy and develop biotechnologies that leverage these unique microbes for mitigation and conversion of methane to valuable ***,we determined the copy number of three broad-host-range plasmids in methylococcus capsulatus Bath and methylosinus trichosporium OB3b,representing phylogenetically diverse Gammaproteobacterial and Alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs,***,we show that the commonly used synthetic Anderson series promoters are functional and exhibit similar relative activity in *** and *** OB3b,but the synthetic series had limited ***,we mutagenized the native *** particulate methane monooxygenase promoter and identified variants with activity that expand the activity range of synthetic,constitutive promoters functional not only in ***,but also in Escherichia ***,the tools developed here advance the methanotroph genetic engineering toolbox and represent additional synthetic genetic parts that may have broad applicability in Pseudomonadota bacteria.

关键词： methanotroph methane monooxygenase Promoter metabolic engineering Synthetic biology

Determinants of Tobacco Cultivation and the Associated Impacts of Adoption in Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 505-531页

作者： spencer Sibanda Satoshi Tsuyuki Department of Information and Computer Sciences Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Japan Department of Global Agricultural Sciences Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

Tobacco is an essential cash crop in Zimbabwe and a strategic livelihood option for hundreds of thousands of rural households. However, the crop is linked to negative environmental, economic, and social impacts. The existing studies on tobacco cultivation in Zimbabwe present contradictory findings on the determinants and impacts of adoption, leaving unanswered questions about the crop’s sustainability impact in the country. This article investigates the determinants of smallholder farmers’ decisions to grow tobacco and the associated impacts of adoption. Random and purposive sampling were used to select 273 household surveys, including tobacco and non-tobacco smallholder farmers, and 56 expert interviews to answer the research questions. We employed regression models alongside expert interviews and document analysis to identify the determinants influencing the decision-making process of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe regarding tobacco cultivation. Additionally, our investigation aimed to elucidate the perceived impacts associated with the adoption of this agricultural practice. The regression analysis indicated that the farmer’s age, education level, farming experience, family size, household income, and perceived high farm profitability are significant drivers of tobacco adoption. We also discovered divergent and convergent perceptions of the critical impacts of tobacco cultivation. The study highlights the need for proactive multi-stakeholder collaboration and sustainable financial arrangements to address the negative impacts of tobacco production. As the primary stakeholder responsible for regulating and promoting agricultural activities, the Zimbabwean government should provide meaningful financial support, increase access to credit, and ensure better market facilities for alternative crops to reduce the over-dependence on tobacco.

关键词： Tobacco Cultivation Determinants of Adoption Sustainability Impacts Economic Livelihood Stakeholder Perceptions

Participatory Forest management and Gender Inclusiveness within the Community Forest management Groups of Bhutan

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第4期12卷 12-30页

作者： Norbu Zangmo Takuya Hiroshima spencer Sibanda Jigme Dorji Department of Global Agricultural Sciences Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Forest monitoring and Evaluation Section Forest Monitoring and Information Division Department of Forests and Park Services Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Thimphu Bhutan Department of Information and Computer Sciences Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Japan Project management Unit Department of Tourism Thimphu Bhutan

Community forest management groups (CFmGs) in Bhutan exhibit participatory forest management practices that recognize the importance of community’s collective participation in the management of natural forest resources. This approach involves the community in the stewardship of designated forest areas and resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods and realization of forest conservation objectives. The increase of CFmGs in the country has been successful. However, research on the extent of gender-inclusive participation in CFmGs is either insufficient or missing vis-à-vis the allocation of decision-making power. Therefore, this study analyzes the factors influencing gender participation in CFmGs and their integration into decision-making processes. Primary data were collected from 12 study sites spanning 4 regions, complemented by secondary data from the Forest Department. Regression models were used to identify factors significantly influencing CFmG member participation in decision-making. The empirical results of this study reveal that gender is a significant factor influencing participation in CFmG decision-making. The study concludes that there is insufficient participation of women members in decision-making processes. Therefore, consideration of gender should be included in the development phase of the CFmG policy in addition to promoting awareness of inequity between gender and the promotion of leadership roles for women in CFmGs.

关键词： Decision-making Face-to-Face Interview Regression Analysis Women

Navigating Long-Term management Challenges in Short Bowel Syndrome: A Case Report of Chronic Intestinal Failure Complicated by Kidney Dysfunction

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Open Journal of Internal medicine 2024年第2期14卷 175-180页

作者： Abraamyan Feruza Prasad Thajus Salk spencer mahmood Khalid Internal medicine Department Sutter Roseville Medical Center Roseville California USA Idaho College of Osteopathic medicine Idaho USA

The most common cause of intestinal failure is short bowel syndrome (SBS), occurring as a result of a small functional intestine length, usually less than 200 cm, leading to intestinal malabsorption. A 59-year-old female with a past medical history of Crohns disease status post total colectomy with ileostomy over 20 years ago came to the hospital due to progressive weakness. Despite medical management, the patient had high ileostomy output, leading to electrolyte disbalance, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and progressive kidney decline. Due to the high dependence on continuous fluid supplementation, it was decided to place a port for parenteral hydration to maintain fluid replacements and homeostasis after discharge. Prompt initiation of parenteral fluid replacement and close follow-up on patients with ileostomy and intestinal failure is strongly recommended to avoid complications and prevent intestinal, liver, or kidney transplants.

关键词： Crohn’s Disease Intestinal Failure Short Bowel Syndrome High Ileostomy Output TPN

Importance of periphytic biofilms for carbon cycling in paddy fields:A review

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Pedosphere 2024年第1期34卷 36-43页

作者： Lei ZHOU Yonghong WU Junzhuo LIU Pengfei SUN Ying XU Jan DOLFING Robert Gmspencer Erik JEPPESEN State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of ChinaYichang 443605China College of Nanjing University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 211135China Faculty of Energy and Environment Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne NE18QHUK Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee FL 32306USA Department of Ecoscience&Centre for Water Technology(WATEC) Aarhus UniversityAarhus DK-8000Denmark Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research Beijing 100049China Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation(EKOSAM)Middle East Technical UniversityAnkara 06800Turkiye Institute of marine Sciences Middle East Technical UniversityMersin 33731Turkiye

Paddy fields play an important role in global carbon(C) cycling and are an important source of methane(CH_(4)) emissions. Insights into the processes influencing the dynamics of soil organic C(SOC) in paddy fields are essential for maintaining global soil C stocks and mitigating climate change. Periphytic biofilms composed of microalgae, bacteria, and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in paddy fields, where they directly mediate the transfer of elements at the soil-water interface. However, their contributions to C turnover and exchange have been largely neglected. Periphytic biofilms affect and participate in soil C dynamics by altering both abiotic(e.g., pH and redox potential) and biotic conditions(e.g., microbial community composition and metabolism). This review summarizes the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C cycling processes, including carbon dioxide fixation, SOC mineralization, and CH_(4) emissions. Future research should be focused on: i) the mechanisms underlying periphytic biofilm-induced C fixation and turnover and ii) quantifying the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C uptake, stabilization, and sequestration in paddy fields.

关键词： carbon fixation carbon mineralization carbon sequestration methane emission microbial aggregates soil organic carbon

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《谁动了我的奶酪?》(节选)

疯狂英语（新读写） 2024年第2期 51-53,77页

作者： spencer Johnson 不详

作者:斯宾塞·约翰逊(spencer Johnson,1940—2017),是南加州大学心理学学士、皇家外科医学院医学博士,曾是哈佛医学院和梅奥诊所的实习医生。他是全球知名的思想先锋、演说家和畅销书作家,他的许多观点,使成千上万的人发现了生活中的... 详细信息

作者:斯宾塞·约翰逊(spencer Johnson,1940—2017),是南加州大学心理学学士、皇家外科医学院医学博士,曾是哈佛医学院和梅奥诊所的实习医生。他是全球知名的思想先锋、演说家和畅销书作家,他的许多观点,使成千上万的人发现了生活中的简单真理,使人们的生活更健康、更成功、更轻松。面对复杂的问题提出简单有效的解决办法,在这方面,他被认为是最好的专家,他是许多畅销书的著作者或合著者。目前斯宾塞·约翰逊的书已被翻译成多种语言。

关键词：畅销书作家哈佛医学院南加州大学实习医生梅奥诊所合著者斯宾塞演说家