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Optimal redundant placement of PmUs in Indian power grid -- northern, eastern and north-eastern regions

Frontiers in Energy 2013年第4期7卷 413-428页

作者： Pathirikkat GOPAKUmAR G. Surya chandra m. Jaya Bharata REDDY Dusmata Kumar mOHANTA Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering National Institute of Technology Timchirappalli 620015 India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi 835215 India

Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid （SG）. One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measure- ment units （PmUs） in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PmU is high and any bus containing a PmU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PmUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PmU placement. The PmUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PmUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PmU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.

关键词： phasor measurement unit (PmU) smart grid (SG) Indian power grid northern region Indian power grid (NRIPG) eastern region Indian power grid (ERIPG) north- eastern region Indian power grid (NERIPG) redundancy integer linear programing (ILP)

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Optimal placement of PmUs for the smart grid implementation in Indian power grid A case study

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Frontiers in Energy 2013年第3期7卷 358-372页

作者： Pathirikkat GOPAKUmAR G. Surya chandra m. Jaya Bharata REDDY Dusmata Kumar mOHANTA Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering National Instituteof Technology Timchirappalli 620015 Tamil Nadu India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Mesra 835215 Ranchi India

Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid （SG） can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor mea- surement units （PmUs） can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PmU can be estimated using Ohm＇s law, it is redundant to install PmUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographi- cal locations for the PmUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PmU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.

关键词： phasor measurement units (PmUs) smart grid (SG) southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) integer linear programming (ILP)

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Bayesian geological and geophysical data fusion for the construction and uncertainty quantification of 3D geological models

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第1期12卷 479-493页

作者： Hugo K.H.Olierook Richard Scalzo David Kohn Rohitash chandra Ehsan Farahbakhsh Chris Clark Steven m.Reddy R.Dietmar müller School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthWA6845Australia Centre for Translational Data Science University of SydneyNSW2006SydneyAustralia Sydney Informatics Hub University of SydneyNSW2006SydneyAustralia EarthByte Group School of GeosciencesUniversity of SydneyNSW2006SydneyAustralia Timescales of mineral Systems and John de Laeter Centre Curtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthWA6845Australia School of mathematics and Statistics University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia Department of mining Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic)TehranIran

Traditional approaches to develop 3D geological models employ a mix of quantitative and qualitative scientific techniques,which do not fully provide quantification of uncertainty in the constructed models and fail to optimally weight geological field observations against constraints from geophysical ***,using the Bayesian Obsidian software package,we develop a methodology to fuse lithostratigraphic field observations with aeromagnetic and gravity data to build a 3D model in a small(13.5 km×13.5 km)region of the Gascoyne Province,Western *** approach is validated by comparing 3D model results to independently-constrained geological maps and cross-sections produced by the Geological Survey of Western *** fusing geological field data with aeromagnetic and gravity surveys,we show that 89%of the modelled region has>95%certainty for a particular geological unit for the given model and *** boundaries between geological units are characterized by narrow regions withm wide at the Earth's surface and 500-2000 m wide at ***~4 km depth,the model requires geophysical survey data with longer wavelengths(e.g.,active seismic)to constrain the deeper *** Obsidian was originally built for sedimentary basin problems,there is reasonable applicability to deformed terranes such as the Gascoyne ***,modification of the Bayesian engine to incorporate structural data will aid in developing more robust 3D ***,our results show that surface geological observations fused with geophysical survey data can yield reasonable 3D geological models with narrow uncertainty regions at the surface and shallow subsurface,which will be especially valuable for mineral exploration and the development of 3D geological models under cover.

关键词： Capricorn orogen machine learning Bayesian inference markov chain monte Carlo Solid earth mineral exploration

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Response compaction for system-on-a-chip based on advanced convolutional codes

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Science in China(Series F) 2006年第2期49卷 262-272页

作者： HAN Yinhe LI Huawei LI Xiaowei ANSHUmAN chandra Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Beijing 100039 China Synopsys Inc. 700 E.Middlefield Rd.Mountain viewCA94043USA

This paper addresses the problem of test response compaction. In order to maximize compaction ratio, a single-output compactor based on a （n, n-1, m, 3） convolutional code is presented. When the proposed theorems are satisfied, the compactor can avoid two and any odd erroneous bits cancellations, and handle one unknown bit （X bit）. When the X bits in response are clustered, multiple-weight check matrix design algorithm can be used to reduce the effect of massive X bits. Some extended experimental results show that the proposed encoder has an acceptable-level X tolerant capacity and low error cancellations probability.

关键词： SOC test response compaction convolutional code aliasing X bits masking.

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CASE STUDY VALIDATION OF THE CONTINUOUS VALUE ENHANCEmENT PROCESS

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Journal of Green Building 2006年第3期1卷 169-182页

作者： michael H.Pulaski michael J.Horman m.Jeya chandra Dept.of Architectural Engineering Penn.State Univ.104 Engr.Unit AUniversity ParkPA 16802 Dept.of Industrial Engineering Penn State Univ205 Leonard Bldg.University ParkPA 16802

Sustainable building projects have levels of complexity over conventional building projects that challenge current projectmanagement tools at efficiently managing the rigors of sustainable *** Continuous Value EnhancementProcess(CVEP)is a recently developed tool designed specifically for sustainable building *** project managementtool enables project teams to systematically generate and evaluate project alternatives for meeting sustainable *** goal of this tool is to identify high performance solutions that increase levels of sustainability and improve *** was experimentally implemented and tested on four case study projects to evaluate its ability tosupport project management decision making in ways that elevate sustainability and project *** inthis paper,the results show CVEP produced first cost and life cycle cost *** particular,the study confirms thatCVEP has the capability to:1.)Provide a systematic evaluation process,2.)Collect high performance building solutions,and 3.)Be applicable to different project *** results show that it is possible to employ targeted projectmanagement techniques,like CVEP,to improve the cost-effective provision of sustainable buildings.

关键词： sustainable development constructability value engineering

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Slope stability analysis of Balia Nala landslide, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

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Journal of Rock mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017年第1期9卷 150-158页

作者： mohit Kumar Shruti Rana Pitamber Dutt Pant Ramesh chandra Patel Department of Geology Kumaun University Department of Geophysics Kurukshetra University

Balia Nala is the outlet of the Nainital lake, flowing towards southeast direction. Presence of Nainital habitation at its right bank has high socio-economic importance. This study presents the stability analysis of a ravine/valley along Balia Nala. Variegated slates(lower Krol and upper Blaini formations) are the main rock types, wherever the outcrop does exist and rest of the area is covered by slope wash and river borne materials. Three sets of joints are presented in the area, but 4 sets of joints also exist at some locations. Nainital lake fault intersected by manora fault from southwest direction passes through eastern side of the study area, and some small faults, which are sub-branches of Nainital lake fault, are observed(with 10 m offset) and promote the landslide in the area. This study shows that different kinds of discontinuities(joints, faults and shear zones) and rapid down cutting by the stream due to neotectonic activity affect the stability of the slope. The fragile lithology and deep V-shaped valley further accelerate the mass movement in the study area. In addition, rock mass rating(RmR), factor of safety(FOS) and graphical analysis of the joints indicate the study area as landslide-prone zone. This study will be helpful in not only reducing the risk on life of people, but also in assisting the ongoing civil work in the study area.

关键词： Rock mass rating(RmR) Factor of safety(FOS) Balia Nala landslide Slope stability analysis

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Femtosecond laser induced nanostructuring of zirconium in liquid confined environment

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Chinese Physics B 2017年第1期26卷 310-319页

作者： Nisar Ali Shazia Bashir Umm-i-Kalsoom m.Shahid Rafique Narjis Begum Wolfgang Husinsky Ali Ajami chandra S.R.Natahala Laser Laboratories Institute for Applied Physics Vienna University of Technology 1040 Vienna Austria Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus Faisalabad Pakistan Laser Laboratories Centre for Advanced Studies m Physics GC University 1-Church Road Lahore Pakistan Department of Physics GC University Kachehri Road Lahore Pakistan Department of Physics Riphah International University Islamahad (Lahore Campus) Lahore Pakistan Department of Physics University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Pakistan Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Pakistan

The surface, structural, and mechanical properties of zirconium after irradiation with Ti： sapphire laser（800 nm, 30 fs,1 k Hz） have been investigated. The zirconium targets were exposed for a varying number of laser pulses ranging from 500 to 2000 at a fixed fluence of 3.6 J/cm^2 corresponding to an intensity of 1.2×10^14W/cm^2 in ambient environments of deionized water and propanol. A scanning electron microscope（SEm） was employed to investigate the surface morphology of the irradiated zirconium. The SEm analysis shows the formation of various kinds of features including nanoscale laser induced periodic surface structures（LIPSS）, sponge like surface structure, flakes, conical structures, droplets, pores, and cavities. The energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy（EDS） analysis exhibits the variation in chemical composition along with an enhanced diffusion of oxygen under both ambient conditions. The crystal structure and phase analyses of the exposed targets were explored by x-ray diffraction（XRD） and Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The XRD analysis confirms the presence of various phases of zirconium hydride and zirconia after ablation in both de-ionized water and propanol. However, excessive hydrides are formed in the case of propanol. The Raman analysis supports the EDS and XRD results. It also reveals the presence of oxides（zirconia） after irradiation in both de-ionized water and propanol *** chemical reactivity of zirconium was significantly improved in the presence of liquids which were accountable for the growth of novel phases and modification in the chemical composition of the irradiated Zr. A nanohardness tester was employed to measure the nanohardness of the laser treated targets. The initial increase and then decrease in nanohardness was observed with an increase in the number of laser pulses in the de-ionized water environment. In the case of propanol,a continuous decrease in hardness was observed.

关键词： ambient environments periodic structure crystallinity synthesis

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Composition and diversity of five major forest types in moist temperate climate of the western Himalayas

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Forestry Studies in China 2011年第2期13卷 139-153页

作者： Sumeet GAIROLA chandra m. SHARmA Sarvesh SUYAL Sunil K. GHILDIYAL Department of Botany Post Box No. 51 HNB Garhwal University

The present study was undertaken in five major forest types （dominated by Quercus semecarpifolia, Quercusfloribunda, Acer acuminatum, Abiespindrow and Aesculus indica, respectively） between 2400 and 2850 m a.s.1, in a moist temperate forest of the mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim was to assess the variation in composition and diversity in different vegetation layers, i.e., herb, shrub and tree, among these five forest types. Diversity indices, such as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, density, total basal cover, Simpson＇s concentration of dominance index, Simpson＇s diversity index, Pielou＇s equitability, species richness, species heterogeneity and r-diversity, were calculated to understand community structures. Dominance-diversity curves were drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types.

关键词： density diversity elevation fl-diversity dominance-diversity curves Garhwal Himalayas

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Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India,manipur

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第5期23卷 808-815页

作者： Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi Shihua Qi Paromita Chakraborty Gan Zhang Ishwar chandra Yadav State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China. E-mail: nldevi.cug@*** State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of sciences Guangzhou 510640 China tate Key Laboratory in marine Pollution Department of Biology and Chemistry City University of l-long Kong Hong Kong Chin Center of Advanced Study in Botany Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 Uttarpradesh India

Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers （PUF-PAS） were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal （urban site）, Thoubal （rural site） and Waithou （alpine site） of manipur, to assess the seasonal local atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides （OCPs）. The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site during hot season （mar, Apr, and may） and rainy seasons （Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep） were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found high in concentration during hot seasons （260 pg/m3） and low during retreating monsoon seasons （44 pg/m3） at rural site. most of the OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated （p 〈 0.01） with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation （p 〈 0.05） was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon. Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels at manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.

关键词： organochlorine pesticides polyurethane foam urban rural mountain manipur

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Effect of process parameter on the flowability of nanocrystalline CoNiCrAlY powder synthesized by mechanical milling

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Particuology 2024年第9期92卷 210-223页

作者： Annadaa Shankara Dash Indranil manna Deepa Devapal Sharad chandra Sharma Jyotsna Dutta majumdar School of Nanoscience and Technology IIT KharagpurWest BengalIndia BIT mesra RanchiJharkhandIndia Department of metallurgical and materials Engineering IIT KharagpurWest BengalIndia Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre ThiruvanthapuramKeralaIndia

The present study concerns understanding the effect of process parameters on the characteristics and flowability of nanocrystalline CoNiCrAlY powder synthesized by mechanical *** milling has been conducted in a planetary ball mill with tungsten carbide(WC)ball,with ball to powder ratio of 10:1 at 300 rpm speed,using 1%stearic acid and toluene as process control agent(PCA)with time varying from 10 h to 36 *** synthesized nanocrystalline powder were characterized by Scanning Electron microscopy,X-ray Diffraction technique,X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,and Differential Scanning ***,flowability in terms of Hausner ratio was assessed by Tap Density *** particle size of the powder was found to decrease from 33μm to 22μm after 10 h of milling and further increases to 43μm and 38μm after 25 and 36 h of milling,respectively,in stearic acid ***,in toluene medium particle size continuously decreases from 33μm to 9.7μm with increasing milling *** particle morphology changes from spherical to platelet shape at low milling hours in both of the *** 25 h of milling,the shape of the particles is nearly spherical for stearic acid and irregular for toluene used as a *** size was found to decrease with increasing milling time from 147 nm to 7.7 nm and to 6.4 nm in stearic acid and toluene media,*** was presence ofγ,γʹ,β,hcp-Co,Al_(2)O_(3)and AlOOH phases on the powder particles milled in both the *** measured Hausner ratio of the powders was found to vary from 1.18 to 1.32 in stearic acid medium,and was found to increase with increasing milling *** the other hand,in toluene media flowability decreases(Hausner ratio increases from 1.33 to 1.44)with increasing milling time.

关键词： mechanical milling microstructure Process control agent(PCA) CoNiCrAlY Toluene Stearic acid Flowability

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