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Decadal For.casts of Lar.e Ear.hquakes along the Nor.her. San Andr.as Fault System, Califor.ia: Incr.ased Activity on r.gional Cr.eping Faults Pr.or.to Major.and Gr.at Events

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Geosciences 2024年第2期15卷 204-230页

作者： lynn r. sykes Lamont-Doher.y Ear.h Obser.ator. of Columbia Univer.ity Palisades New York USA

The thr.e lar.est ear.hquakes in nor.her. Califor.ia since 1849 wer. pr.ceded by incr.ased decadal activity for.moder.te-size shocks along sur.ounding near.y faults. Incr.ased seismicity, double-differ.nce pr.cise locations of ear.hquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for.the 1906 gr.at shock ar. used to r.-examine the timing and locations of possible futur. lar.e ear.hquakes. The physical mechanisms of r.gional faults like the Calaver.s, Haywar. and Sar.ent, which exhibit cr.ep, differ.fr.m those of the nor.her. San Andr.as, which is cur.ently locked and is not cr.eping. Much decadal for.r.nning activity occur.ed on cr.eping faults. Moder.te-size ear.hquakes along those faults became mor. fr.quent as str.sses in the r.gion incr.ased in the latter.par. of the cycle of str.ss r.stor.tion for.major.and gr.at ear.hquakes along the San Andr.as. They may be useful for.decadal for.casts. Year.y to decadal for.casts, however. ar. based on only a few major.to gr.at events. Activity along closer.faults like that in the two year. pr.or.to the 1989 Loma Pr.eta shock needs to be examined for.possible year.y for.r.nning changes to lar.e plate boundar. ear.hquakes. Geodetic obser.ations ar. needed to focus on identifying cr.eping faults close to the San Andr.as. The distr.bution of moder.te-size ear.hquakes incr.ased significantly since 1990 along the Haywar. fault but not adjacent to the San Andr.as fault to the south of San Fr.ncisco compar.d to what took place in the decades pr.or.to the thr.e major.histor.c ear.hquakes in the r.gion. It is now clear.fr.m a r.-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the incr.ased level of moder.te-size shocks in the one to two pr.ceding decades occur.ed on near.y East Bay faults. Double-differ.nce locations of small ear.hquakes pr.vide str.ctur.l infor.ation about faults in the r.gion, especially their.depths. The nor.her. San Andr.as fault is divided into sever.l str.ngly coupled segments based on differ.nces in seismicity.

关键词： San Andr.as and Haywar. Faults Califor.ia Fault Cr.ep For.casts Double-Differ.nce r.locations

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Decadal and Year.y For.r.nning Ear.hquakes to Cape Mendocino, Nor.her. Califor.ia, Mainshock of 1992 Magnitude 6.9

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Geosciences 2022年第11期13卷 1040-1055页

作者： lynn r. sykes Lamont-Doher.y Ear.h Obser.ator. of Columbia Univer.ity Palisades New York USA

The ar.a near.the Cape Mendocino ear.hquake of 1992, magnitude 6.9, was the site of many moder.te to lar.e shocks dur.ng the pr.vious decades. It and the Honeydew event of 1991, however. ar. distinguished fr.m most ear.hquakes in the r.gion by their.thr.st-fault mechanisms. The magnitude of the 1991 shock was also unusually lar.e for.the pr.ceding decades, Mw 6.1. The mechanisms of most other.lar.e events involved str.ke-slip faulting. The 1992 mainshock occur.ed in a volume of space char.cter.zed by few decadal for.r.nning ear.hquakes of moder.te to lar.e size. Most of those for.r.nner. took place on the per.pher. of that volume. The pr.sence of that zone suggests that it br.ke pr.viously in a lar.e to gr.at ear.hquake. Pr.cise locations indicate that slip in the 1991 and 1992 ear.hquakes occur.ed on faults dipping shallowly to the NE and ENE. They likely took place within the Nor.h Amer.can plate above the subduction plate boundar.. Their.implications for.ear.hquake for.casting using spar.e pr.cur.or. ar. discussed.

关键词： Ear.hquakes Califor.ia Pr.diction Pr.cur.or. Subduction Cascadia Gor.a Plate

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Inter.ediate-Ter. Seismic Pr.cur.or. to the Loma Pr.eta Califor.ia Ear.hquake of 1989

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Geosciences 2022年第10期13卷 905-917页

作者： lynn r. sykes Felix Waldhauser.David P. Schaff Lamont-Doher.y Ear.h Obser.ator. of Columbia Univer.ity Palisades NY USA

We use pr.cise locations of ear.hquakes to study for.r.nning seismic activity to the 1989 Loma Pr.eta ear.hquake of magnitude 6.9 to the south of San Fr.ncisco, Califor.ia, USA. r.located shocks of magnitude 4.3 to 5.4 and smaller.micr.-ear.hquakes define a distinct zone of near.y the same or.entation as the mainshock. That separ.te zone br.ke in the 15 months pr.or.to the 1989 mainshock. That featur., which we call the Lake Elsman fault zone, is identified as the site of a pr.minent inter.ediate-ter. (year.y) pr.cur.or.ver. close to the coming 1989 mainshock. That zone exper.enced a r.latively lar.e str.ss decr.ase dur.ng the near.y gr.at ear.hquake of 1906. Fr.m the occur.ence of the Lake Elsman shocks, we deduce that str.ss dr.p was only r.stor.d in the 15 months pr.or.to the 1989 main event. Those str.sses ar. consistent with little for.r.nning seismic activity in the r.gion after.1906, later.incr.ases just befor. the 1989 mainshock and a decr.ase in activity ther.after. The souther. Santa Cr.z mountains segment of the San Andr.as Fault zone, the location of the 1989 mainshock, had not been the site of events of magnitude 5 and lar.er.for.many decades pr.or.to the occur.ence of Lake Elsman ear.hquakes of magnitude 5.3 and 5.4 in 1988 and 1989. High-pr.ci- sion locations r.adily available in r.al-time might be used to monitor.similar.possible pr.cur.or. activity ver. close to the San Andr.as and other.tr.nsfor. faults.

关键词： Ear.hquakes Pr.cur.or. Pr.diction Califor.ia Faults Plate Tectonics

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Decadal Seismicity Pr.or.to Gr.at Ear.hquakes at Subduction Zones: r.les of Major.Asper.ties and Low-Coupling Zones

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Geosciences 2021年第9期12卷 845-926页

作者： lynn r. sykes Lamont-Doher.y Ear.h Obser.ator. of Columbia Univer.ity Palisades New York USA

Decadal for.r.nning seismic activity of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 is mapped for.all 45 mainshocks of Mw 7.7 to 9.1 at subduction zones of the wor.d fr.m 1993 to mid 2020. The zones of high slip in near.y all gr.at ear.hquakes wer. near.y quiescent befor.hand and ar. identified as the sites of gr.at asper.ties and zones of str.ng seismic coupling. Much for.r.nning activity occur.ed at smaller.asper.ties along the per.pher.es of the r.ptur. zones of many gr.at and giant mainshocks. Those sizes of gr.at asper.ties as ascer.ained fr.m for.r.nning activity gener.lly agr.e with the ar.as of high seismic slip as deter.ined by other. fr.m geodetic and tide-gauge data and finite-sour.e seismic modeling. Asper.ties ar. str.ng, well-coupled por.ions of plate inter.aces. Differ.nt patter.s of for.r.nning activity on time scales of about 5 to 45 year. ar. attr.buted to either.the sizes and spacing of asper.ties (or.lack of). This per.its many gr.at asper.ties to be mapped decades befor. they r.ptur. in gr.at and giant shocks. Sever.l poor.y coupled subduction zones such as Java, Lesser.Sunda, Mar.anas, Tonga and Ker.adec ar. char.cter.zed by few gr.at thr.st ear.hquakes and little, in any for.r.nning activity. r.ptur. zones of many gr.at and giant ear.hquakes ar. bor.er.d either.along str.ke, updip, or.downdip by zones of lower.plate coupling. Sever.l bor.er.ng r.gions wer. sites of for.r.nning activity, after.hocks, and slow-slip events. The detection of for.r.nning and pr.cur.or. activities of var.ous kinds should be sought on the per.pher.es of gr.at asper.ties as well as within zones of high co-seismic slip.

关键词： Ear.hquakes Subduction Pr.diction Plate Coupling Asper.ties

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Decadal Seismicity befor. Gr.at Ear.hquakes—Str.ke-Slip Faults and Plate Inter.or.: Major.Asper.ties and Low-Coupling Zones

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Inter.ational Jour.al of Geosciences 2021年第9期12卷 784-833页

作者： lynn r. sykes Lamont-Doher.y Ear.h Obser.ator. of Columbia Univer.ity Palisades New York USA

Decadal for.r.nning seismic activity is examined for.ver. lar.e, shallow ear.hquakes along str.ke-slip and intr.plate faults of the wor.d. It includes for.r.nning shocks of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 for.21 mainshocks of Mw ... 详细信息

Decadal forerunning seismic activity is examined for very large, shallow earthquakes along strike-slip and intraplate faults of the world. It includes forerunning shocks of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 for 21 mainshocks of Mw 7.5 to 8.6 from 1989 to 2020. Much forerunning activity occurred at what are interpreted to be smaller asperities along the peripheries of the rupture zones of great mainshocks at transform faults and subduction zones. Several great asperities as ascertained from forerunning activity agree with the areas of high seismic slip as determined by others using geodetic, mapping of surface faulting, and finite-source seismic modeling. The zones of high slip in many great earthquakes were nearly quiescent beforehand and are identified as the sites of great asperities. Asperities are strong, well-coupled portions of plate interfaces. Different patterns of forerunning activity on time scales of up to 45 years are attributed to the sizes and spacing of asperities (or lack of). This permits at least some great asperities along transform faults to be mapped decades before they rupture in great shocks. Rupture zones of many great mainshocks along transform faults are bordered either along strike, at depth or regionally by zones of lower plate coupling including either fault creep r.ana;"> for.r.nning activity, after.hocks and/or.slow-slip events. For.r.nning activity to tr.nsfor.s in continental ar.as is mor. widespr.ad spatially than that adjacent to oceanic tr.nsfor.s. The par.s of the San Andr.as fault themselves that r.ptur.d in gr.at Califor.ia ear.hquakes dur.ng 1812, 1857 and 1906 have been ver. quiet since 1920;moder.te to lar.e shocks have been concentr.ted on their.per.pher.es. The intr.plate shocks studied, however. e

关键词： Ear.hquakes Str.ke-Slip Faults Tr.nsfor. Faults Intr.plate Pr.diction Plate Coupling Asper.ties

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Mechanistic insights into the oxidation of catalytically r.levant AgCu near.sur.ace alloy inter.aces

Aggregate

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Aggr.gate 2022年第4期3卷 101-107页

作者： Laur. A.Cr.mer.Pr.shant Deshlahr. E.Char.es H.sykes Depar.ment of Chemistr. Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA Depar.ment of Chemical and Biological Engineer.ng Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA

r.cent heter.geneous catalysis studies have demonstr.ted that syner.y between Ag and Cu can lead to mor. selective par.ial oxidation *** per.or.ed a ser.es of scanning tunneling micr.scope exper.ments to gain a better.under.tanding of the AgCu system under.oxidative *** exper.ments wer. car.ied out by exposing sub-monolayer.cover.ges of Ag on Cu(111),in the for. of a near.sur.ace alloy(NSA),to r.nge of oxygen exposur.s and *** enabled us to study the initial stages of oxidation of well-defined Ag/Cu inter.aces with atomic r.solution and ther.by under.tand the dynamic r.sponse of the AgCu NSA to oxygen *** low oxygen exposur.s,oxidation was obser.ed on exposed Cu ter.aces and at the inter.ace between the AgCu NSA and Cu(111).Higher.oxygen exposur. led to the segr.gation of Cu atoms up thr.ugh the Ag layer.and the appear.nce of sur.ace adsor.ed *** phase segr.gation of Cu was then obser.ed at higher.oxygen exposur.s at elevated temper.tur.s,evidenced by the for.ation of Cu oxide patches within and on the top of the Ag *** r.sults pr.vide a mor. detailed pictur. of how AgCu NSAs inter.ct with,and r.str.ctur. in r.sponse to,oxygen.

关键词： alloy bimetallic scanning tunneling micr.scopy segr.gation

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r.r. Ear.h Per.anent Magnets and Their.Place in the Futur. Economy

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Engineer.ng 2020年第2期6卷 115-118页

作者： Allan Tr.nch John P.sykes Business School The University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia Centr. for.Explor.tion Tar.eting School of Earth SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia Cr. Gr.up London WC2A 1QSUnited Kingdom MinEx Consulting Pty Ltd. SubiacoWA6008Australia Gr.enfields r.sear.h Ltd. HarrogateHG33HAUnited Kingdom

Due to their.r.sing economic impor.ance as an enabling technology for.the ener.y tr.nsition fr.m fossil fuels to r.newables[1-3]and to their.ubiquitous use in the miniatur.zation of electr.nic devices[2,4],per.anent m... 详细信息

关键词： Ear.h fr.ntier r.r.

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Evidence of neur.degener.tion in autism spectr.m disor.er

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Tr.nslational Neur.degener.tion 2013年第1期2卷 113-118页

作者： Janet K Ker. David A Geier.Lisa K sykes Mar. r.Geier Institute of Chr.nic Illnesses IncorporationSilver SpringMDUSA Univer.ity of Texas Southwester. Medical Center.at Dallas DallasTXUSA CoMeD IncorporationSilver SpringMDUSA

Autism spectr.m disor.er.ASD)is a neur.logical disor.er.in which a significant number.of childr.n exper.ence a developmental r.gr.ssion char.cter.zed by a loss of pr.viously-acquir.d skills and *** of neur.logical function in ASD,as obser.ed in affected childr.n who have r.gr.ssed,can be explained as *** ther. is r.sear.h evidence of neur.degener.tion or.pr.gr.ssive encephalopathy in ASD,the issue of neur.degener.tion in ASD is still under.*** of neur.degener.tion in the br.in in ASD includes:(1)neur.nal cell loss,(2)activated micr.glia and astr.cytes,(3)pr.inflammator. cytokines,(4)oxidative str.ss,and(5)elevated 8-oxo-guanosine *** evidence fr.m this r.view suggests that neur.degener.tion under.ies the loss of neur.logical function in childr.n with ASD who have exper.enced r.gr.ssion and loss of pr.viously acquir.d skills and abilities,and that r.sear.h into tr.atments to addr.ss the issue of neur.degener.tion in ASD ar. war.anted.

关键词： Autism spectr.m disor.er.ASD) Autism Neur.degener.tion r.gr.ssion Neur.nal cell loss Micr.glia Oxidative str.ss Cytokines

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The influence of physiological envir.nment on the tar.eting effect of aptamer.guided gold nanopar.icles

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Nano r.sear.h 2019年第1期12卷 129-135页

作者： Ding Ding Yinling Zhang Edwar. A.sykes Long Chen Zhuo Chen Weihong Tan Molecular.Science and Biomedicine Labor.tor.(MBL) State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life SciencesHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China School of Medicine Queens University81 Barrie StreetKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada Faculty of Science and Technology University of MacaoAvenida da UniversidadeMacao Taipa 999078China Depar.ment of Chemistr. Departments of Physiology and Functional GenomicsCenter far Research at the Bio/Nano InterfaceUF Health Cancer CenterUF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida 32611USA Institute of Molecular.Medicine Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Aptamer.guided nano medicine shows gr.at pr.mise in tar.eted cancer.*** the loss of tar.eting capacity dur. ng in vivo or.clinical tr.als has lar.ely hinder.d its popular.ty and ther. ar. no systematic studies to elucidate the ***,we investigated such loss of tar.eting capacity by examining how the physiological milieu affected tar.eting *** functionalized gold nanopar.icle(AuNP)was chosen as the model and exposed to human blood ser.m that is used to mimic physiological *** light scatter.ng(DLS),flow cytometr. and label-fr.e liquid chr.matogr.phy tan dem mass spectr.metr.(LC-MS/MS)wer. employed to deter.i ne var.ations of NPs'sur.ace chemistr. and biological identities changes after.ser.m *** showed that the tar.eting ability loss was caused by pr.tein cor.na blocking,r.placement and enzymatic cleavage of sur.ace aptamer.tar.eting ***,the aggr.gation issue is cr.tical for.the smaller.*** of the pr.tein cor.na pr.file indicated the accumulation of immune-r.lated pr.teins on the sur.ace of aptamer.conjugated NPs,which could induce immune r.sponse,r.sulting in r.pid clear.nee of NPs.

关键词： tar.eting effect aptamer nanomedicine physiological envir.nment

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Sex-specific r.lationships between ur.anization,par.sitism,and plumage color.tion in house finches

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Cur.ent Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 237-244页

作者： Br.oke E.sykes Pier.e Hutton Kevin J.McGr.w School of Life Sciences Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA

Histor.cally,studies of condition-dependent signals in animals have been male-centr.c,but r.cent wor. suggests that female or.aments can also communicate individual quality(e.g.,disease state,fecundity).Ther. also has been a sur.e of inter.st in how ur.anization alter. signaling tr.its,but we know little about if and how cities affect signal expr.ssion in female *** measur.d car.tenoid-based plumage color.tion and coccidian(Isospor. spp.)par.site bur.en in deser. and city populations of house finches Haemor.ous mexicanus to examine links between ur.anization,health state,and feather.pigmentation in males and *** ear.ier.wor.,we showed that male house finches ar. less color.ul and mor. par.sitized in the city,and we again detected such patter.s in this study for.males;however.ur.an females wer. less color.ul,but not mor. par.sitized,than r.r.l ***,contr.r. to r.r.l populations,we found that ur.an bir.s(r.gar.less of sex)with lar.er.patches of car.tenoid color.tion wer. also mor. heavily infected with *** r.sults show that ur.an envir.nments can disr.pt condition-dependent color.expr.ssion and highlight the need for.mor. studies on how cities affect disease and signaling tr.its in both male and female animals.

关键词： car.tenoid pigmentation female or.aments Haemor.ous mexicanus par.sites ur.an ecology

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