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Fhe significance of testosterone for fair participation ol he female sex in competitive sports

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第5期13卷 653-654页

作者： louis gooren VU Un versity Medical Center Amsterdam 1081HV TheNetherlands

Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty, boys and girls hardly differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Pubertal testosterone exposure leads to an ultimate average greater height in men of 12-15 centimeters, larger bones, greater musde mass, increased strength and higher hemoglobin levels. Post-pubertal androgen ablation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of testosterone on musde,1 bone mineral density and hemoglobin, but the bones remain longer and have a wider diameter. As testosterone administra- tion produces a dose-dependent increase in muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength,2＇3 exogenous androgens are banned as performance-enhancing drugs.4 Men with testosterone deficiency are allowed to receive testosterone replacements which do not raise blood testosterone levels above the normal male range,5＇6

关键词： significance testosterone levels

Is there a hormonal basis for human homosexuality？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第6期13卷 793-794页

作者： louis gooren VU University Medical Center Amsterdam 1081HV The Netherlands

In the August 2011 issue of Endocrinology, Dr Balthazart presents a minireview on Hormones and Human Sexual Orientation.1 As in most scientific papers on this issue, the contribution lacks an operational definition ... 详细信息

关键词： Biological sciences Biochemistry Microbiology Virology

Should cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects vary with ethnic group？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第6期16卷 809-810页

作者： louis J gooren Department of Endocrinology VU University MedicalCenter Amsterdam the Netherlands Androconsult ChiangMai Thailand

Guidelines for cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual people have been developed, but no attention has been paid to the specifics of ethnic groups. South East （SE） Asian male-to-female （MtoF） transsexual people may be able to transition to the female sex with lower doses of estrogens/progestins than Caucasians thus reducing health risks. Female-to-male （FtoM） may virilize less profoundly with standard doses of androgens, but this is probably sufficient to pass acceptably as men in view of the less pronounced sex differences in physique in Asians compared with Caucasians. It is timely that studies in Asians are conducted to get a better insight into their specific needs and risks of cross-sex hormone treatment.

关键词： @@

Exploration of functional health, mental well-being and cross-sex hormone use in a sample of Thai male-to-female transgendered persons （kathoeys）

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第2期15卷 280-285,I0009,I0010页

作者： louis J gooren Tanapong Sungkaew Erik J Giltay VU university medical center Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands Androconsult Chiang Mai 50220 Thailand Department of Psychiatry Leiden University Medical Center Leiden 5000 AB The Netherlands

Transgender people sometimes use cross-sex hormones without medical supervision. The use of cross-sex hormones, as well as the functional health and mental well-being, among male-to-female transgendered people （＇kathoeys＇） in Chiang Mai, Thailand, was studied. Sixty kathoeys were interviewed regarding their use of cross-sex hormones and their familyrelationships. Individuals also completed the Life Orientation Test Revised （LOT-R） to assess dispositional optimism, the Social Functioning Questionnaire （SFQ） and the Short Form Health Survey 36 （SF-36）. Three categories were established as follows： those who never cross-dress, those who sometimes cross-dress and those who always cross-dress in public. Of the 60 subjects, 44 had used hormones for prolonged periods （9.7＋6.1 years）. Their use was related to the permanence of cross-dressing but unrelated to functional health and mental well-being. Fifty percent of subjects had overdosed on commonly used oral contraceptives. Three people used injectable oestrogen in a higher-than-recommended dose. Self-acceptance was high or reasonably good （83%） compared to no acceptance （17%）, and neither was related to the permanence of cross-dressing. Their acceptance by parents and siblings was also relatively high （85% and 89%, respectively）. The permanence of cross-dressing had no effect on the scores of optimism, SF-36 scores and social functioning. Acceptance by oneself or one＇s parents did not seem to affect most aspects of functional health and mental well-being, but non-acceptance by siblings generated lower scores on the social functioning and general mental health subscales. Stressors tended to include physical rather than social factors. In conclusion, the unsupervised use of cross-sex hormones was common among kathoeys, and 50% of the sample had overdosed on them. Acceptance was relatively good, except by siblings. New strategies are needed for a more responsible use of cross-sex hormones.

关键词： cross-sex hormones functional health kathoeys optimism transgender well-being

One and the same androgen for all?towards designer androgens

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Asian Journal of Andrology 1999年第1期1卷 21-28页

作者： louis J G gooren Nhu Thanh Nguyen Division of Andrology Department of Endocrinology Hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The NetherlandsDepartment of Urology Binh Dan Hospital Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

The introduction of designer oestrogens as a treatment modality in hormone replacement in women has invited toconsider the concept of compounds with selective androgenic effects for male hormone replacement therapy. The fullspectrum of the actions of testosterone may not be necessary of even undesired for certain indications for testosteronetreatment. To define for what indications certain androgenic properties are desired and undesired more insight in basicandrogen (patho)physiology is required. There is convincing evidence that aromatization of androgenic compounds tooestrogens might be an advantage for maintenance of bone mass and it might also mitigate negative effects of androgenson biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risks; the potentially negative effects of oestrogens on prostate pathology inageing men needs further elucidation. While the role of dihydro-testosterone (DHT) for the male sexual differentiationand for pubertal sexual maturation is evident, its role in mature and ageing males seems less significant or may even beharmful. It is, however, of note that a negative effect of DHT on prostate pathophysiology is certainly not *** male contraception a progestational agent with strong androgenic properties might be an asset. For most of theandrogenic actions the critical levels of androgens are not well established. The latter is relevant since the large amountof androgen molecules required for its biological actions (as compared to oestrogens)is an impediment in androgenreplacement modalities. There may be room for more biopotent androgens since delivery of large amounts of androgenmolecules to the circulation poses problems for treatment modalities.

关键词： androgens synthetic androgens designer drugs

Androgens and male aging：current evidence of safety and efficacy

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第2期12卷 136-151页

作者： louis J．gooren Department of Endocrinology VU University Medical CanterAmsterdam 1007 MBthe Netherlands

Many signs of aging,such as sexual dysfunction,visceral obesity,impaired bone and muscle strength,bear a close resemblance to features of hypogonadism in younger men. The statistical decline of serum testosterone in aging men is solidly documented. It has been presumed that the above features of aging are related to the concurrent decline of androgens,and that correction of the lower-than-normal circulating levels of testosterone will lead to improvement of symptoms of aging. But in essence,the pivotal question whether the age-related decline of testosterone must be viewed as hypogonadism,in the best case reversed by testosterone treatment,has not been definitively resolved. Studies in elderly men with lower-than-normal testosterone report improvement of features of the metabolic syndrome,bone mineral density,of mood and of sexual functioning. But as yet there is no definitive proof of the beneficial effects of restoring testosterone levels to normal in elderly men on clinical parameters. Few of these studies meet as yet rigorous standards of scientific enquiry：double-blind,placebo-controlled design of the study. The above applies also to the assessment of safety of testosterone administration to elderly men. There is so far no convincing evidence that testosterone is a main factor in the development of prostate cancer in elderly men and guidelines for monitoring the development of prostate disease have been developed. It is of note that there are presently no long-term safety data with regard to the prostate. Polycythemia is another potential complication of testosterone treatment. It is dose dependent and can be managed with dose adjustment.

关键词： aging bone mineral density metabolic syndrome polycythemia prostate disease sexual dysfunction sleep apnea testosterone

Olympic sports and transsexuals

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2008年第3期10卷 427-432页

作者： louis J. gooren Departmen of Endocrinology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam 1007 MB the Netherlands

Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty boys and girls do not differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Testosterone （T） exposure during puberty leads to an ultimate average greater height in men of 12-15 cm, longer and larger bones and muscle mass and strength and higher hemoglobin levels. Postpubertal androgen ablation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of T on muscle, bone mineral density and hemoglobin but the long bones remain longer and wider. T administration dose dependently increases muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength. Therefore, exogenous androgens, being performance enhancing drugs, are banned for all athletes. An issue is the participation in competitive sports of people with errors of sexual differentiation and particularly transsexuals who have been sex-reassigned. In view of the effects of T, a clear demarcation is whether sex reassignment has taken place before or after hormonal puberty. Pubertal effects of T are in part reversible but there is no reliable evidence as to its completeness. The International Olympic Committee （IOC） has taken an inevitably arbitrary decision with regard to participation of sex-reassigned transsexuals in elite sports： sex reassign- ment must have taken place at least two years earlier, hormone treatment must be appropriate for the reassigned sex and the reassigned sex must be legally recognized. The IOC policy is not binding for other organizations.

关键词： sports sex difference gender testosterone muscle

One and the same androgen for all?towards designer androgens

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Asian Journal of Andrology 1999年第Z1期 21-28页

作者： louis J G gooren,Nhu Thanh Nguyen Division of Andrology Department of Endocrinology Hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands Department of Urology Binh Dan Hospital Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

关键词： androgens synthetic androgens designer drugs

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安雄之安全性——10年随访研究

中华泌尿外科杂志 1989年第5期10卷 319-320页

作者： louis gooren Division of Andrology Free University HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands

作者对33名性腺功能减退之男性口服十一酸睾丸酮(安雄)进行了长达10年之药物安全性研究。雄激素取代治疗用于性腺机能减退者,目的在于使服药者体内睾丸酮之水平与性腺功能良好者相仿。最理想之治疗方式应使性腺机能减退者得到与天然激... 详细信息

作者对33名性腺功能减退之男性口服十一酸睾丸酮(安雄)进行了长达10年之药物安全性研究。雄激素取代治疗用于性腺机能减退者,目的在于使服药者体内睾丸酮之水平与性腺功能良好者相仿。最理想之治疗方式应使性腺机能减退者得到与天然激素完全一样的雄激素,并且其浓度也能达到正常生理水平。性腺功能良好者每天体内产生睾丸酮6毫克,但若口服此

关键词：安雄之安全性