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Analytic Phenomenology(or"What It Is Like")*** Phenomenology

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2020年第3期15卷 427-450页

作者： Heath williams Department of Philosophy Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China

I begin this paper by outlining two senses of"phenomenology."First,the"what it is like"or"analytic tradition"sense:the verbalization of qualitative states of consciousness of which we are ***,the"Continental"sense:the rigorous study of the structures of consciousness.I outline the ways in which these two senses ***,Continental phenomenology involves a diversified account of consciousness,states of awareness,and the human *** phenomenologist articulates this account not by introspection but via acts of phenomenological reflection concerning eidetic intuitions about essential structural ***,via the method of"sense explication,"the phenomenologist can articulate an account of passive and subconscious states which we are not strictly"aware"*** conclusion shows these divergences of senses are sometimes overlooked,leading to *** and Gallagher must be employing the"what it is like"sense when they make certain"phenomenological"arguments concerning social cognition,yet Spaulding's ensuing critique of phenomenology is directed at Continental ***,it is only phenomenology in the"what it is like"sense which cannot contribute to subpersonal *** Continental phenomenology describes the lawful relations amongst the precursors and preconditions which give rise to conscious experience,constituting a type of(non-causal)subpersonal explanation.

关键词： awareness phenomenological reflection passivity and the unconscious genetic phenomenology the simple phenomenological argument subpersonal psychology

Endoscopic management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第30期15卷 3725-3733页

作者： Emmanuelle D williams Peter V Draganov Division of Gastroenterology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32610-0214United States

Bile duct strictures remain a major source of morbidity after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Biliary strictures are classifi ed as anastomotic or non-anastomotic strictures according to location and are defi ned by distinct clinical behaviors. Anastomotic strictures are localized and short. The outcome of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic strictures is excellent. Nonanastomotic strictures often result from ischemic and immunological events, occur earlier and are usually multiple and longer. They are characterized by a far less favorable response to endoscopic management, higher recurrence rates, graft loss and need for retransplantation. Living donor OLT patients present a unique set of challenges arising from technical factors, and stricture risk for both recipients and donors. Endoscopic treatment of living donor OLT patients is less promising. Current endoscopic strategies for biliary strictures after OLT include repeated balloon dilations and placement of multiple side-by-side plastic stents. Lifelong surveillance is required in all types of strictures. Despite improvements in incidence and long term outcomes with endoscopic management, and a reduced need for surgical treatment, the impact of strictures on patients after OLT is signifi cant. Future considerations include new endoscopic technologies and improved stents, which could potentially allow for a decreased number of interventions, increased intervals before retreatment, and decreased reliance on percutaneous and surgical modalities. This review focuses on the role of endoscopy in biliary strictures, one of the most common biliary complications after OLT.

关键词： Anastomotic strictures Bile duct diseases Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Orthotopic liver transplantation Surgical anastomosis

A Methodology to Measure the Environmental Impact of ICT Operating Systems across Different Device Platforms

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Journal of Electronic Science and Technology 2015年第3期13卷 255-263页

作者： Daniel R.williams Yinshan Tang the Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments (TSBE) Centre University of Reading the Henley Business School University of Reading

A new methodology was created to measure the energy consumption and related green house gas （GHG） emissions of a computer operating system （OS） across different device platforms. The methodology involved the direct power measurement of devices under different activity states. In order to include all aspects of an OS, the methodology included measurements in various OS modes, whilst uniquely, also incorporating measurements when running an array of defined software activities, so as to include OS application management features. The methodology was demonstrated on a laptop and phone that could each run multiple OSs, results confirmed that OS can significantly impact the energy consumption of devices. In particular, the new versions of the Microsoft Windows OS were tested and highlighted significant differences between the OS versions on the same hardware. The developed methodology could enable a greater awareness of energy consumption, during both the software development and software marketing processes.

关键词： Environment green information and communications technology operating system sustainability.

Transplantation of primary and reversibly immortalized human liver cells and other gene therapies in acute liver failure and decompensated chronic liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2000年第5期6卷 636-642页

作者： Stephen M.Riordan Roger williams Institute of Hepatology University College London and University College London HospitalsLondonEngland Department of GastroenterologyThe Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia Institute of Hepatology University College London and University College London HospitalsLondonEngland

Studies performed in experimental small animalswith hepatic-based metabolic disorders but nostructural liver disease,including Gunn andanalbuminaemic rats and rabbits with inherited low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency,have shownthat up to 95% of hepatocytes transplanted into thespleen or liver remain in these sites,withimprovement in metabolic function

关键词： liver failure acute liver diseases liver transplantation gene therapy animals laboratory transfering growth factor beta

Predicting the mode of flow in pneumatic conveying systems—A review

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Particuology 2008年第5期6卷 289-300页

作者： Mark G.Jones Kenneth C.williams Centre for Bulk Solids and Particulate Technologies School of EngineeringUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle 2308Australia

An initial prediction of the particulate mode of flow in pneumatic conveying systems is beneficial as this knowledge can provide clearer direction to the pneumatic conveying design process. There are three general categories of modes of flow, two dense flows： fluidised dense phase and plug flow, and dilute phase oniy. Detailed in this paper is a review of the commonly used and available techniques for predicting mode of flow. Two types of predictive charts were defined： basic particle parameter based （e.g. particle size and density） and air-particle parameter based （e.g. permeability and de-aeration）. The basic particle techniques were found to have strong and weak areas of predictive ability, on the basis of a comparison with data from materials with known mode of flow capability. It was found that there was only slight improvement in predictive ability when the particle density was replaced by loose-poured bulk density in the basic parameter techniques. The air-particle-parameter-based techniques also showed well-defined regions for mode of flow prediction though the data set used was smaller than that for the basic techniques. Also, it was found to be difficult to utilise de-aeration values from different researchers and subsequently, an air-particle-based technique was developed which does not require any de-aeration parameter in its assessment.

关键词： Pneumatic conveying Mode of flow Dense phase Permeability De-aeration

Granular activated carbons from palm nut shells for gold di-cyanide adsorption

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2013年第2期20卷 172-179页

作者： William K.Buah Paul T.williams Energy Research Institute The University of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUnited Kingdom

Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. The proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. The volumes of total pores, mieropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.

关键词： activated carbon adsorption gold cyanides processing pyrolysis

A Survey of Language-Based Approaches to Cyber-Physical and Embedded System Development

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2015年第2期20卷 130-141页

作者： Paul Soulier Depeng Li John R. williams University of Hawaii Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)

As computers continue to advance, they are becoming more capable of sensing, interacting, and communicating with the physical and cyber world. Medical devices, electronic braking systems in automotive applications, and industrial control systems are examples of the many Cyber-Physical Systems （CPS） that utilize these computing capabilities. Given the potential consequences of software related failures in such systems, a high degree of safety, security, and reliability is often required. Programming languages are important tools used by programmers to develop CPS. They provide a programmer with the ability to transform designs into machine code. Of equal importance is their ability to detect and avoid programming mistakes. The development of CPS has predominantly been accomplished using the C programming language. Although C is a powerful language, it lacks features present in other languages that facilitate the development of reliable systems. This has prompted research into language-based alternatives for improving program quality through the use of programming languages. This paper presents an overview of the characteristics of embedded and cyber-physical systems and the associated requirements imposed on programming languages. This is followed by a survey of relevant research into language- based methods for creating safe, reliable, and robust software for CPS.

关键词： cyber-physical systems embedded systems programming languages type systems

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消失的尼罗河支流

环球科学 2024年第13期 14-15页

作者：里斯·威廉斯魏书豪(翻译) 不详

在埃及的西部沙漠,一片布满岩石、气候干旱的高原上矗立着被称为“古代世界七大奇迹”之一的吉萨金字塔。多年以来,科学家一直在研究这座高约140米的石质建筑,以及该地区几座较小的金字塔。他们致力于破译古埃及人的铭文,希望揭示古埃... 详细信息

在埃及的西部沙漠,一片布满岩石、气候干旱的高原上矗立着被称为“古代世界七大奇迹”之一的吉萨金字塔。多年以来,科学家一直在研究这座高约140米的石质建筑,以及该地区几座较小的金字塔。他们致力于破译古埃及人的铭文,希望揭示古埃及人如何建造了如此巨大的建筑物,并试图理解他们为什么要把金字塔建在距离他们文明的命脉——尼罗河——如此之远的地方。

关键词：金字塔尼罗河世界七大奇迹铭文气候干旱

Heterogeneous molecular catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

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Nano Research 2019年第9期12卷 2093-2125页

作者： Nathan Corbin Joy Zeng Kindle williams Karthish Manthiram Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

This review provides an overview of the literature regarding heterogeneous molecular catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR).Fundamental aspects of the science,including aggregation,electrochemical rate laws,and electrode-catalyst electronic coupling,are discussed to provide a solid foundation on which to design experiments and interpret *** aspects of ECR are presented based on electrokinetic and spectroscopic measurements as well as density functional theory (DFT) *** is improving for electrokinetic measurements,but the redox state of the metal center under reaction conditions and DFT reaction pathways lack agreement in the *** the tunable aspects of the molecular catalyst,the impacts of the metal center,ligand substituents,and electrode support on the activity and selectivity toward ECR are presented with an emphasis on those studies that controlled for aggregation and minimized mass-transport *** three-dimensional (3D) structures such as polymers,metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) are discussed as highly tunable architectures that begin to mimic the catalytic pockets of enzyme active *** achieve the full potential of these catalysts,design principles must emerge based on a combination of deconvoluting measurements to extract intrinsic catalyst properties and more reliable theoretical calculations to predict reaction pathways.

关键词： CO2 reduction electrocatalysis porphyrins phthalocyanines molecular complexes heterogeneous catalysis