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A two-phase study evaluating the relationship between Thimerosal-containing vaccine administration and the risk for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in the United States

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2013年第1期2卷 183-194页

作者： David A Geier Brian S Hooker Janet k kern Paul G king lisa k sykes Mark R Geier The Institute of Chronic Illnesses Inc 14 Redgate CtSilver SpringMDUSA Simpson University ReddingCAUSA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas DallasTXUSA CoMeD Inc Silver SpringMDUSA

Background:Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is defined by standardized criteria of qualitative impairments in social interaction,qualitative impairments in communication,and restricted and stereotyped patterns of behavior,interests,and activities.A significant number of children diagnosed with ASD suffer a loss of previously-acquired skills,which is suggestive of neurodegeneration or a type of progressive encephalopathy with an etiological pathogenic basis occurring after *** date,the etiology of ASD remains under debate,however,many studies suggest toxicity,especially from mercury(Hg),in individuals diagnosed with an *** present study evaluated concerns about the toxic effects of organic-Hg exposure from Thimerosal(49.55%Hg by weight)in childhood vaccines by conducting a two-phased(hypothesis generating/hypothesis testing)study with documented exposure to varying levels of Thimerosal from ***:A hypothesis generating cohort study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between exposure to organic-Hg from a Thimerosal-containing Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular-Pertussis(DTaP)vaccine in comparison to a Thimerosal-free DTaP vaccine administered,from 1998 through 2000,for the risk of ASD as reported in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System(VAERS)database(phase I).A hypothesis testing case–control study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between organic-Hg exposure from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines administered at specific intervals in the first six months of life among cases diagnosed with an ASD and controls born between 1991 through 1999 in the Vaccine Safety Datalink(VSD)database(phase II).Results:In phase I,it was observed that there was a significantly increased risk ratio for the incidence of ASD reported following the Thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccine in comparison to the Thimerosal-free DTaP *** phase II,it was observed that cases diagnosed with an ASD were significantly more likely than controls to rece

关键词： Autism Ethylmercury Merthiolate Thimerosal Thiomersal Vaccine

Decadal Forecasts of Large Earthquakes along the Northern San Andreas Fault System, California: Increased Activity on Regional Creeping Faults Prior to Major and Great Events

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第2期15卷 204-230页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.

关键词： San Andreas and Hayward Faults California Fault Creep Forecasts Double-Difference Relocations

The influence of physiological environment on the targeting effect of aptamer-guided gold nanoparticles

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Nano Research 2019年第1期12卷 129-135页

作者： Ding Ding Yinling Zhang Edward A.sykes Long Chen Zhuo Chen Weihong Tan Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL) State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life SciencesHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China School of Medicine Queens University81 Barrie StreetKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada Faculty of Science and Technology University of MacaoAvenida da UniversidadeMacao Taipa 999078China Department of Chemistry Departments of Physiology and Functional GenomicsCenter far Research at the Bio/Nano InterfaceUF Health Cancer CenterUF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida 32611USA Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Aptamer guided nano medicine shows great promise in targeted cancer *** the loss of targeting capacity duri ng in vivo or clinical trials has largely hindered its popularity and there are no systematic studies to elucidate the ***,we investigated such loss of targeting capacity by examining how the physiological milieu affected targeting *** functionalized gold nanoparticle(AuNP)was chosen as the model and exposed to human blood serum that is used to mimic physiological *** light scattering(DLS),flow cytometry and label-free liquid chromatography tan dem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)were employed to determi ne variations of NPs'surface chemistry and biological identities changes after serum *** showed that the targeting ability loss was caused by protein corona blocking,replacement and enzymatic cleavage of surface aptamer targeting ***,the aggregation issue is critical for the smaller *** of the protein corona profile indicated the accumulation of immune-related proteins on the surface of aptamer-conjugated NPs,which could induce immune response,resulting in rapid clearanee of NPs.

关键词： targeting effect aptamer nanomedicine physiological environment

Sex-specific relationships between urbanization,parasitism,and plumage coloration in house finches

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Current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 237-244页

作者： Brooke E.sykes Pierce Hutton kevin J.McGraw School of Life Sciences Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA

Historically,studies of condition-dependent signals in animals have been male-centric,but recent work suggests that female ornaments can also communicate individual quality(e.g.,disease state,fecundity).There also has been a surge of interest in how urbanization alters signaling traits,but we know little about if and how cities affect signal expression in female *** measured carotenoid-based plumage coloration and coccidian(Isospora spp.)parasite burden in desert and city populations of house finches Haemorhous mexicanus to examine links between urbanization,health state,and feather pigmentation in males and *** earlier work,we showed that male house finches are less colorful and more parasitized in the city,and we again detected such patterns in this study for males;however,urban females were less colorful,but not more parasitized,than rural ***,contrary to rural populations,we found that urban birds(regardless of sex)with larger patches of carotenoid coloration were also more heavily infected with *** results show that urban environments can disrupt condition-dependent color expression and highlight the need for more studies on how cities affect disease and signaling traits in both male and female animals.

关键词： carotenoid pigmentation female ornaments Haemorhous mexicanus parasites urban ecology

Mechanistic insights into the oxidation of catalytically relevant AgCu near-surface alloy interfaces

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Aggregate

Aggregate 2022年第4期3卷 101-107页

作者： Laura A.Cramer Prashant Deshlahra E.Charles H.sykes Department of Chemistry Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA

Recent heterogeneous catalysis studies have demonstrated that synergy between Ag and Cu can lead to more selective partial oxidation *** performed a series of scanning tunneling microscope experiments to gain a better understanding of the AgCu system under oxidative *** experiments were carried out by exposing sub-monolayer coverages of Ag on Cu(111),in the form of a near-surface alloy(NSA),to range of oxygen exposures and *** enabled us to study the initial stages of oxidation of well-defined Ag/Cu interfaces with atomic resolution and thereby understand the dynamic response of the AgCu NSA to oxygen *** low oxygen exposures,oxidation was observed on exposed Cu terraces and at the interface between the AgCu NSA and Cu(111).Higher oxygen exposure led to the segregation of Cu atoms up through the Ag layer and the appearance of surface adsorbed *** phase segregation of Cu was then observed at higher oxygen exposures at elevated temperatures,evidenced by the formation of Cu oxide patches within and on the top of the Ag *** results provide a more detailed picture of how AgCu NSAs interact with,and restructure in response to,oxygen.

关键词： alloy bimetallic scanning tunneling microscopy segregation

Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and Their Place in the Future Economy

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Engineering 2020年第2期6卷 115-118页

作者： Allan Trench John P.sykes Business School The University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting School of Earth SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia CRU Group London WC2A 1QSUnited Kingdom MinEx Consulting Pty Ltd. SubiacoWA6008Australia Greenfields Research Ltd. HarrogateHG33HAUnited Kingdom

Due to their rising economic importance as an enabling technology for the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables[1-3]and to their ubiquitous use in the miniaturization of electronic devices[2,4],permanent m... 详细信息

关键词： Earth frontier Rare

Decadal Seismicity Prior to Great Earthquakes at Subduction Zones: Roles of Major Asperities and Low-Coupling Zones

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International Journal of Geosciences 2021年第9期12卷 845-926页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

Decadal forerunning seismic activity of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 is mapped for all 45 mainshocks of Mw 7.7 to 9.1 at subduction zones of the world from 1993 to mid 2020. The zones of high slip in nearly all great earthquakes were nearly quiescent beforehand and are identified as the sites of great asperities and zones of strong seismic coupling. Much forerunning activity occurred at smaller asperities along the peripheries of the rupture zones of many great and giant mainshocks. Those sizes of great asperities as ascertained from forerunning activity generally agree with the areas of high seismic slip as determined by others from geodetic and tide-gauge data and finite-source seismic modeling. Asperities are strong, well-coupled portions of plate interfaces. Different patterns of forerunning activity on time scales of about 5 to 45 years are attributed to either the sizes and spacing of asperities (or lack of). This permits many great asperities to be mapped decades before they rupture in great and giant shocks. Several poorly coupled subduction zones such as Java, Lesser Sunda, Marianas, Tonga and kermadec are characterized by few great thrust earthquakes and little, in any forerunning activity. Rupture zones of many great and giant earthquakes are bordered either along strike, updip, or downdip by zones of lower plate coupling. Several bordering regions were sites of forerunning activity, aftershocks, and slow-slip events. The detection of forerunning and precursory activities of various kinds should be sought on the peripheries of great asperities as well as within zones of high co-seismic slip.

关键词： Earthquakes Subduction Prediction Plate Coupling Asperities

Decadal and Yearly Forerunning Earthquakes to Cape Mendocino, Northern California, Mainshock of 1992 Magnitude 6.9

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第11期13卷 1040-1055页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

The area near the Cape Mendocino earthquake of 1992, magnitude 6.9, was the site of many moderate to large shocks during the previous decades. It and the Honeydew event of 1991, however, are distinguished from most earthquakes in the region by their thrust-fault mechanisms. The magnitude of the 1991 shock was also unusually large for the preceding decades, Mw 6.1. The mechanisms of most other large events involved strike-slip faulting. The 1992 mainshock occurred in a volume of space characterized by few decadal forerunning earthquakes of moderate to large size. Most of those forerunners took place on the periphery of that volume. The presence of that zone suggests that it broke previously in a large to great earthquake. Precise locations indicate that slip in the 1991 and 1992 earthquakes occurred on faults dipping shallowly to the NE and ENE. They likely took place within the North American plate above the subduction plate boundary. Their implications for earthquake forecasting using sparse precursors are discussed.

关键词： Earthquakes California Prediction Precursors Subduction Cascadia Gorda Plate

Decadal Seismicity before Great Earthquakes—Strike-Slip Faults and Plate Interiors: Major Asperities and Low-Coupling Zones

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International Journal of Geosciences 2021年第9期12卷 784-833页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

Decadal forerunning seismic activity is examined for very large, shallow earthquakes along strike-slip and intraplate faults of the world. It includes forerunning shocks of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 for 21 mainshocks of Mw 7.5 to 8.6 from 1989 to 2020. Much forerunning activity occurred at what are interpreted to be smaller asperities along the peripheries of the rupture zones of great mainshocks at transform faults and subduction zones. Several great asperities as ascertained from forerunning activity agree with the areas of high seismic slip as determined by others using geodetic, mapping of surface faulting, and finite-source seismic modeling. The zones of high slip in many great earthquakes were nearly quiescent beforehand and are identified as the sites of great asperities. Asperities are strong, well-coupled portions of plate interfaces. Different patterns of forerunning activity on time scales of up to 45 years are attributed to the sizes and spacing of asperities (or lack of). This permits at least some great asperities along transform faults to be mapped decades before they rupture in great shocks. Rupture zones of many great mainshocks along transform faults are bordered either along strike, at depth or regionally by zones of lower plate coupling including either fault creep forerunning activity, aftershocks and/or slow-slip events. Forerunning activity to transforms in continental areas is more widespread spatially than that adjacent to oceanic transforms. The parts of the San Andreas fault themselves that ruptured in great California earthquakes during 1812, 1857 and 1906 have been very quiet since 1920;moderate to large shocks have been concentrated on their peripheries. The intraplate shocks studied, however, e

关键词： Earthquakes Strike-Slip Faults Transform Faults Intraplate Prediction Plate Coupling Asperities