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Ionization Engineering of Hydrogels Enables Highly Efficient Salt‑Impeded Solar Evaporation and Night‑Time Electricity Harvesting

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第1期16卷 131-146页

作者： Nan He Haonan Wang Haotian zhang bo Jiang Dawei Tang lin Li School of Energy and Power Engineering Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of EducationDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024People’s Republic of China

Interfacial solar evaporation holds immense potential for brine desalination with low carbon footprints and high energy utilization.Hydrogels,as a tunable material platform from the molecular level to the macroscopic scale,have been considered the most promising candidate for solar evaporation.However,the simultaneous achievement of high evaporation efficiency and satisfactory tolerance to salt ions in brine remains a challenging scientific bottleneck,restricting the widespread application.Herein,we report ionization engineering,which endows polymer chains of hydrogels with electronegativity for impeding salt ions and activating water molecules,fundamentally overcoming the hydrogel salt-impeded challenge and dramatically expediting water evaporating in brine.The sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-modified carbon black is chosen as the solar absorbers.The hydrogel reaches a ground-breaking evaporation rate of 2.9 kg m−2 h−1 in 20 wt%brine with 95.6%efficiency under one sun irradiation,surpassing most of the reported literature.More notably,such a hydrogel-based evaporator enables extracting clean water from oversaturated salt solutions and maintains durability under different high-strength deformation or a 15-day continuous operation.Meantime,on the basis of the cation selectivity induced by the electronegativity,we first propose an all-day system that evaporates during the day and generates salinity-gradient electricity using waste-evaporated brine at night,anticipating pioneer a new opportunity for all-day resource-generating systems in fields of freshwater and electricity.

关键词： Solar evaporation Hydrogel evaporators Salt impeding Ionization engineering Cyclic vapor-electricity generation

Novel algorithm for detection and identification of radioactive materials in an urban environment

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第10期34卷 103-116页

作者： Hao-lin Liu Hai-bo Ji Jiang-Mei zhang Jing Lu Cao-lin zhang Xing-Hua Feng Department of Automation University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China School of Information Engineering Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China School of Automation and Information Engineering Sichuan University of Science and EngineeringZigong 643000China

This study introduces a novel algorithm to detect and identify radioactive materials in urban settings using time-series detector response data. To address the challenges posed by varying backgrounds and to enhance the quality and reliability of the energy spectrum data, we devised a temporal energy window. This partitioned the time-series detector response data, resulting in energy spectra that emphasize the vital information pertaining to radioactive materials. We then extracted characteristic features of these energy spectra, relying on the formation mechanism and measurement principles of the gammaray instrument spectrum. These features encompassed aggregated counts, peak-to-flat ratios, and peak-to-peak ratios. This methodology not only simplified the interpretation of the energy spectra's physical significance but also eliminated the necessity for peak searching and individual peak analyses. Given the requirements of imbalanced multi-classification, we created a detection and identification model using a weighted k-nearest neighbors(KNN) framework. This model recognized that energy spectra of identical radioactive materials exhibit minimal inter-class similarity. Consequently, it considerably boosted the classification accuracy of minority classes, enhancing the classifier's overall efficacy. We also executed a series of comparative experiments. Established methods for radionuclide identification classification, such as standard KNN, support vector machine, Bayesian network, and random tree, were used for comparison purposes. Our proposed algorithm realized an F1 measure of 0.9868 on the time-series detector response data, reflecting a minimum enhancement of 0.3% in comparison with other techniques. The results conclusively show that our algorithm outperforms others when applied to time-series detector response data in urban contexts.

关键词： Gamma-ray spectral analysis Nuclide identification Urban environment Temporal energy window Peakratio spectrum analysis Weighted KNN

More Rights but Less Gains:Relaxed Birth Control Policyand the Loss for Women

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China & World Economy 2023年第2期31卷 159-191页

作者： Ying Zhao lin zhang Yuanping Lu bo Wen School of Public Finance and Taxation Institute of Income Distribution and Public FinanceZhongnan University of Economics and LawChina School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong KongChina College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research InstituteChina

In view of its aging population,China initiated in 2012 a relaxed birth control policy after a three-decades-long implementation of the restrictive one-child policy.This paper examines how China's relaxed birth control policy leads to gender inequality.It specifically focuses on migrant workers because they account for a significant portion of the working group.Using the National Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey from 2014 to 2016,we found that China's two-child pilot policy reduced female labor force participation by 1.4 percentage points.This negative effect was more pronounced for women with higher educational levels or working in the private sector because employers foresee greater risks of productivity decline.We demonstrated that the gender pay gap increased from RMB956 to RMB1,053 during this same period.Pinpointing these unintended consequences brought about by the relaxation of the one-child policy helps provide a more complete picture of inequality and make sense of persistent relative poverty in Chinese society.To counteract gender discrimination,females are advised to work outside their home jurisdictions and take advantage of positive peer effects.

关键词： birth control gender inequality migrant worker two-child policy wage gap

A novel approach for feature extraction from a gamma‑ray energy spectrum based on image descriptor transferring for radionuclide identification

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第12期33卷 88-104页

作者： Hao‑lin Liu Hai‑bo Ji Jiang‑Mei zhang Cao‑lin zhang Jing Lu Xing‑Hua Feng Department of Automation University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China School of Information Engineering Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China

This study proposes a novel feature extraction approach for radionuclide identification to increase the precision of identification of the gamma-ray energy spectrum set.For easier utilization of the information contained in the spectra,the vectors of the gamma-ray energy spectra from Euclidean space,which are fingerprints of the different types of radionuclides,were mapped to matrices in the Banach space.Subsequently,to make the spectra in matrix form easier to apply to image-based deep learning frameworks,the matrices of the gamma-ray energy spectra were mapped to images in the RGB color space.A deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)model was constructed and trained on the ImageNet dataset.The mapped gamma-ray energy spectrum images were applied as inputs to the DCNN model,and the corresponding outputs of the convolution layers and fully connected layers were transferred as descriptors of the images to construct a new classification model for radionuclide identification.The transferred image descriptors consist of global and local features,where the activation vectors of fully connected layers are global features,and activations from convolution layers are local features.A series of comparative experiments between the transferred image descriptors,peak information,features extracted by the histogram of the oriented gradients(HOG),and scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)using both synthetic and measured data were applied to 11 classical classifiers.The results demonstrate that although the gamma-ray energy spectrum images are completely unfamiliar to the DCNN model and have not been used in the pre-training process,the transferred image descriptors achieved good classification results.The global features have strong semantic information,which achieves an average accuracy of 92.76%and 94.86%on the synthetic dataset and measured dataset,respectively.The results of the statistical comparison of features demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the peak-searching-based method,HOG,and SIFT on the synthet

关键词： Radionuclide identification Feature extraction Transfer learning Gamma energy spectrum analysis Image descriptor

Recovery of Li, Ni, Co and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries assisted by organic acids: Process optimization and leaching mechanism

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第3期31卷 518-530页

作者： Liuyi Ren bo Liu Shenxu Bao Wei Ding Yimin zhang Xiaochuan Hou Chao lin bo Chen School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430081China Zhejiang New Era Zhongneng Recycling Technology Co. LtdShaoxing 312000China Shenzhen Water Planning&Design Institute Co. LtdShenzhen 518000China

The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.In this study,a new environmentally friendly hydro-metallurgical process was proposed for leaching lithium(Li),nickel(Ni),cobalt(Co),and manganese(Mn)from spent LIBs using sulfuric acid with citric acid as a reductant.The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid,the leaching temperature,the leaching time,the solid-liquid ratio,and the reducing agent dosage on the leaching behavior of the above elements were investigated.Key parameters were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM)to maximize the recovery of metals from spent LIBs.The maxim-um recovery efficiencies of Li,Ni,Co,and Mn can reach 99.08%,98.76%,98.33%,and 97.63%.under the optimized conditions(the sulfuric acid concentration was 1.16 mol/L,the citric acid dosage was 15wt%,the solid-liquid ratio was 40 g/L,and the temperature was 83℃ for 120 min),respectively.It was found that in the collaborative leaching process of sulfuric acid and citric acid,the citric acid initially provided strong reducing CO_(2)^(-),and the transition metal ions in the high state underwent a reduction reaction to produce transition metal ions in the low state.Additionally,citric acid can also act as a proton donor and chelate with lower-priced transition metal ions,thus speeding up the dissolution process.

关键词： spent lithium-ion batteries leaching response surface methodology sulfuric acid citric acid

Homogeneous CO_(3)O_(4) film electrode with enhanced oxygen evolution electrocatalysis via surface reduction

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第1期34卷 221-227页

作者： Xiang Li bo Yang Yaqin Wu Saisai lin lin zhang Key laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Research and Development Center of Water Treatment Technology Co. Ltd.Hangzhou 310012China

Homogeneous NaBH_(4)-reduced Co_(O)_(4) thin film electrodes with enhanced oxygen evolution electrocatalysis were obtained via a controlled-synthesis route.Firstly CoOx colloids were synthesized via ethylene glycol solvothermal method and cast on conductive glass substrates.The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) electrocatalysis of these asprepared CO_(3)O_(4) thin films were then significantly enhanced via a simple surface reduction by NaBH_(4) solution.The OER catalytic performance of the NaBH_(4)-reduced thin films was strongly dependent on the NaBH_(4) concentration.The use of NaBH_(4)-reduced thin film electrodes for OER in alkaline solution supported higher current density and consequently negative shifts of the onset potential compared to that of the pristine.The optimal B_(12.5,20)-CO_(3)O_(4) thin films exhibited excellent OER catalytic performances:At the current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),a low overpotential of 365 mV and a small Tafel slope of 59.0 mV·dec^(-1) were observed.In addition,these B_(12.5,20)-CO_(3)O_(4) thin film electrodes possessed good stability that can well recover its OER performance in a 24-h chronoamperometric stability test.

关键词： CO_(3)O_(4)thin film NaBH_(4)reduction Electrolysis Oxygen evolution reaction Stability

Roles of interleukins in antibacterial immune defense of the brood pouch in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第1期40卷 235-244页

作者： Han JIANG Chunyan LI bo zhang Yongli WU Qiang lin CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Seahorse embryos are brooded in the enclosed nutrient-rich environment of the male brood pouch,which may be prone to bacterial infection.The immune responses of interleukin(IL)genes in the brood pouch have not been well studied.We identifi ed 13 interleukins in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus.Tissue-specifi c expression analysis revealed increased mRNA expression levels of il-1β,il-18,and il-8 in the brood pouch.When challenged with lipopolysaccharide or Vibrio parahaemolyticus,il-1βand il-18 were active as part of the acute and chronic infl ammatory responses,respectively.Importantly,il-8 may be involved in powerful antibacterial immune responses and may be induced by il-1βand il-18 via a process involving the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.These results suggest that il-1β,il-18,and il-8 may play key roles in the antibacterial immune defense of the brood pouch in male seahorses.

关键词： lined seahorse brood pouch interleukin antibacterial immunity

A Parallel Algorithm for Adaptive Local Refinement of Tetrahedral Meshes Using Bisection

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Numerical Mathematics(Theory,Methods and Applications) 2009年第1期2卷 65-89页

作者： Lin-Bo Zhang State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China.

Local mesh refinement is one of the key steps in the implementations of adaptive finite element methods.This paper presents a parallel algorithm for distributed memory parallel computers for adaptive local refinement of tetrahedral meshes using bisection.This algorithm is used in PHG,Parallel Hierarchical Grid (http://***/phg/),a toolbox under active development for parallel adaptive finite element solutions of partial differential equations.The algorithm proposed is characterized by allowing simultaneous refinement of submeshes to arbitrary levels before synchronization between submeshes and without the need of a central coordinator process for managing new vertices.Using the concept of canonical refinement, a simple proof of the independence of the resulting mesh on the mesh partitioning is given,which is useful in better understanding the behaviour of the bisectioning refinement procedure.

关键词：自适应有限元方法四面体网格并行算法分割细化局部网格加密并行计算机偏微分方程

Strategy to boost hydrolysis resistance and stabilize low infrared emissivity of ZrB_(2) via nanoscale LaF_(3) surface modification

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Rare Metals 2022年第12期41卷 4164-4175页

作者： Xue-Jing Xing Xian Jian Lin-Bo Zhang Hai-Peng Lu Zhong-Wei zhang Simeon Agathopoulos Liang-Jun Yin Long-Jiang Deng School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China The Yangtze Delta Region Institute(Huzhou) University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaHuzhou 313001China National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China Laboratory of Energy Storage and New Energy Materials Technology Central Research InstituteDongfang Electric CorporationChengdu 611731China Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Ioanninaloannina 45110Greece

Owing to its excellent high-temperature resistance and high conductivity,zirconium diboride(ZrB_(2)) has been applied as an infrared suppression coating.However,ZrB_(2)is susceptible to hydrolysis under high-moisture conditions and even under mild working temperatures.The improvement in the hydrophobicity of the ZrB_(2)surface effectively reduces wetting by water and suppresses hydrolysis reaction,particularly under high-temperature and high-moisture conditions.Herein,we report a novel,easy,and highly reproducible method for producing a fully coated ZrB_(2)surface by developing a nanoscale hydrophobic layer of glassy LaF_(3)on the surface of ZrB_(2)powder particles in situ(i.e.,during the carbothermal synthesis of ZrB_(2)).Through the tests carried out at 200 ℃for 100-300 h in a hydrothermal reactor,the produced powders displayed remarkably high long-term hydrolysis resistance and pronounced chemical stability.Compared with treated ZrB_(2),ZrB_(2)@LaF_(3)remained lower infrared emissivity when continuously intensifying hydrolyzation process.The results suggest that a nanoscale surface modification strategy can be applied to stabilize the infrared emissivity of ZrB_(2)in a water-oxygen coupling environment.

关键词： ZrB_(2) LaF_(3) Carbothermal reaction Hydrolysis resistance Hydrophobic behavior