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Quantifying the Spatial Characteristics of the Moisture Transport Affecting Precipitation Seasonality and Recycling Variability in Central Asia

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第6期39卷 967-984页

作者： Linhao ZHONG lijuan hua Zhaohui GONG Yao YAO Lin MU National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China

Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).

关键词： Central Asia precipitation seasonality recycling ratio moisture transport dynamical recycling model interdecadal variability

Future Drought Changes in China Projected by the CMIP6 Models:Contributions from Key Factors

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气象学报:英文版 2023年第4期37卷 454-468页

作者： Qingxin CHEN Tianbao ZHAO lijuan hua Jinhua YU Yafang WANG Chuan XU Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 Key Laboratory of Regional Climate–Environment Research for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100083 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049 Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety College of Atmospheric SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000 College of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044

Model simulations show that drought may become more severe and widespread in the 21st century due to humaninduced global warming. However, the contributions from the key factors to the model-projected drought changes in China have not yet been examined in detail. We used the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index with Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration(scPDSIpm) based on 10 model simulations selected from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6). We investigated the contributions from precipitation(P), near-surface air temperature and specific humidity [Δ(T + q)], net surface longwave radiation(LW), net surface shortwave radiation(SW), and wind speed(WS) to the future changes in scPDSIpm, including the long-term mean, drying area,probability distribution function(PDF), drought frequency, and drought duration based on the scPDSIpm over China.Our results show that model-projected drying mainly occurs over southern China, whereas the dry areas under drought conditions increase from 20% to about 23%/30% under the two scenarios of the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP2-4.5/SSP5-8.5) from 1985 to 2100, despite large uncertainties in individual projections partly due to internal variability. Drought frequency is projected to increases by about 10%–54%(15%–88%) under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5) scenario by the late 21st century, along with increases in drought duration. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the mean scPDSIpm and flattening of the PDFs. The changes in drying over southern China are mainly attributed to surface warming and the increased surface vapor pressure deficit(VPD), with small contributions from changes in the surface net radiation. The changes in wetting over northern China mostly result from increased precipitation along with a small wetting effect from the changes in wind speed.

关键词： drought future projection key factors China Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6

Datasets of meteorological drought events and risks for the developing countries in Eurasia

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Big Earth Data 2020年第2期4卷 191-223页

作者： Linhao Zhong lijuan hua Zhongwei Yan CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

For the area of Eurasia concentrated with developing countries(referred to here by the abbreviation DPEA),mainly located in Asia and Eastern Europe,this work presents datasets of gridded meteorological drought events and country-based drought risk by combining multiple drought indices and socio-economic data.A basic gridded dataset of the drought events during 1950-2015 is extracted from three drought indices:the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index,the Standardized Precipitation Index,and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index.The three drought indices generally show consistent characteristics of drought events in DPEA.A second-level dataset(a drought risk dataset)is then produced as the product of drought hazard,exposure and vulnerability during 2000-2015.For drought exposure,the indicators of population and livestock density,agricultural land and water stress are chosen,while drought vulnerability composites multiple social,economic and infrastructural factors.Drought hazard tends to concentrate at the southern rim of Eurasia.Relatively large differences in drought exposure exist between different countries,but for drought vulnerability the differences are small.After considering the socio-economic components in risk assessment,most countries in West,South-Central and South Asia have the highest drought risk in DPEA.The datasets of drought events and risks are available at http://***/10.11922/sciencedb.898.

关键词： Drought events drought risks the developing countries in Eurasia drought exposure drought vulnerability

An Assessment of ENSO Stability in CAMS Climate System Model Simulations

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第1期33卷 80-88页

作者： lijuan hua Lin CHEN Xinyao RONG Jian LI Guo ZHANG Lu WANG State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science &Technology State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

We present an overview of the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) stability simulation using the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences climate system model(CAMS-CSM). The ENSO stability was quantified based on the Bjerknes(BJ) stability index. Generally speaking, CAMS-CSM has the capacity of reasonably representing the BJ index and ENSO-related air–sea feedback processes. The major simulation biases exist in the underestimated thermodynamic damping and thermocline feedbacks. Further diagnostic analysis reveals that the underestimated thermodynamic feedback is due to the underestimation of the shortwave radiation feedback, which arises from the cold bias in mean sea surface temperature(SST) over central–eastern equatorial Pacific(CEEP). The underestimated thermocline feedback is attributed to the weakened mean upwelling and weakened wind–SST feedback(μ_a) in the model simulation compared to observation. We found that the weakened μ_a is also due to the cold mean SST over the CEEP.The study highlights the essential role of reasonably representing the climatological mean state in ENSO simulations.

关键词： coupled general circulation model(CGCM) Bjerknes(BJ) stability index air–sea feedback

The CMIP6 Historical Simulation Datasets Produced by the Climate System Model CAMS-CSM

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第2期38卷 285-295页

作者： Xinyao RONG Jian LI Haoming CHEN Jingzhi SU lijuan hua Zhengqiu ZHANG Yufei XIN State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

This paper describes the historical simulations produced by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS)climate system model(CAMS-CSM),which are contributing to phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The model description,experiment design and model outputs are presented.Three members’historical experiments are conducted by CAMS-CSM,with two members starting from different initial conditions,and one excluding the stratospheric aerosol to identify the effect of volcanic eruptions.The outputs of the historical experiments are also validated using observational data.It is found that the model can reproduce the climatological mean states and seasonal cycle of the major climate system quantities,including the surface air temperature,precipitation,and the equatorial thermocline.The long-term trend of air temperature and precipitation is also reasonably captured by CAMS-CSM.There are still some biases in the model that need further improvement.This paper can help the users to better understand the performance and the datasets of CAMS-CSM.

关键词： CMIP6 historical simulation CAMS-CSM climate system model data description

Long-Term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients:Host Immunity,Viral Virulence,and Transmissibility

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Virologica Sinica 2020年第6期35卷 793-802页

作者： Xingyu Wang Kun huang Haini Jiang lijuan hua Weiwei Yu Dan Ding Ke Wang Xiaopan Li Zhong Zou Meilin Jin Shuyun Xu Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030China State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China Medical Affairs Office Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030China Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health MinistryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030China General Department Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030China

COVID-19 patients can recover with a median SARS-CoV-2 clearance of 20 days post initial symptoms(PIS).However,we observed some COVID-19 patients with existing SARS-CoV-2 for more than 50 days PIS.This study aimed to investigate the cause of viral clearance delay and the infectivity in these patients.Demographic data and clinical characteristics of 22 long-term COVID-19 patients were collected.The median age of the studied cohort was59.83±12.94 years.All patients were clinically cured after long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection ranging from 53 to112 days PIS.Peripheral lymphocytes counts were normal.The ratios of interferon gamma(IFN-c)-secreting cells to total CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)cells were normal as 24.68%±9.60%and 66.41%±14.87%respectively.However,the number of IFNc-secreting NK cells diminished(58.03%±11.78%).All patients presented detectable IgG,which positively correlated with mild neutralizing activity(Mean value neutralisation antibodies titers=157.2,P=0.05).No SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated in Vero E6 cells inoculated with nasopharyngeal swab samples from all patients 50 days PIS,and the cytopathic effect was lacking.But one sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test in cell supernatants after two passages.Genome sequencing revealed that only three synonymous variants were identified in spike protein coding regions.In conclusion,decreased IFN-c production by NK cells and low neutralizing antibodies might favor SARS-CoV-2 long-term existence.Further,low viral load and weak viral pathogenicity were observed in COVID-19 patients with long-term SARSCoV-2 infection.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Long-term Neutralization antibody Lymphocyte functionality Viral pathogenicity

An Assessment of CAMS-CSM in Simulating Land–Atmosphere Heat and Water Exchanges

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2018年第6期32卷 862-880页

作者： Guo ZHANG JiANDuo LI Xinyao RONG Yufei XIN Jian LI Haoming CHEN Jingzhi SU lijuan hua State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS)has been devoted to developing a climate system model(CSM)to meet demand for climate simulation and prediction for the East Asian region.In this study,we evaluated the performance of CAMS-CSM in regard to sensible heat flux(H),latent heat flux(LE),surface temperature,soil moisture,and snow depth,focusing on the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project experiment,with the aim of participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6.We systematically assessed the simulation results achieved by CAMS-CSM for these variables against various reference products and ground observations,including the FLUXNET model tree ensembles H and LE data,Climate Prediction Center soil moisture data,snow depth climatology data,and Chinese ground observations of snow depth and winter surface temperature.We compared these results with data from the ECMWF Interim reanalysis(ERA-Interim)and Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS).Our results indicated that CAMS-CSM simulations were better than or comparable to ERA-Interim reanalysis for snow depth and winter surface temperature at regional scales,but slightly worse when simulating total column soil moisture.The root-mean-square differences of H in CAMS-CSM were all greater than those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis,but less than or comparable to those from GLDAS.The spatial correlations for H in CAMS-CSM were the lowest in nearly all regions,except for North America.CAMS-CSM LE produced the lowest bias in Siberia,North America,and South America,but with the lowest spatial correlation coefficients.Therefore,there are still scopes for improving H and LE simulations in CAMS-CSM,particularly for LE.

关键词： Climate System Model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project sensible heat flux latent heat flux

Cloud Radiative Feedbacks during the ENSO Cycle Simulated by CAMS-CSM

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第4期33卷 666-677页

作者： Lin CHEN lijuan hua Xinyao RONG Jian LI Lu WANG Guo ZHANG Ming SUN Zi'an GE Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science&Technology(NUIST)Nanjing 210044 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'an 710061 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

This study evaluated the simulated cloud radiative feedbacks(CRF)during the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)cycle in the latest version of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences climate system model(CAMS-CSM).We conducted two experimental model simulations:the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP),forced by the observed sea surface temperature(SST);and the preindustrial control(PIcontrol),a coupled run without flux correction.We found that both the experiments generally reproduced the observed features of the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing(SWCRF and LWCRF)feedbacks.The AMIP run exhibited better simulation performance in the magnitude and spatial distribution than the PIcontrol run.Furthermore,the simulation biases in SWCRF and LWCRF feedbacks were linked to the biases in the representation of the corresponding total cloud cover and precipitation feedbacks.It is interesting to further find that the simulation bias originating in the atmospheric component was amplified in the PIcontrol run,indicating that the coupling aggravated the simulation bias.Since the PIcontrol run exhibited an apparent mean SST cold bias over the cold tongue,the precipitation response to the SST anomaly(SSTA)changes during the ENSO cycle occurred towards the relatively warmer western equatorial Pacific.Thus,the corresponding cloud cover and CRF shifted westward and showed a weaker magnitude in the PIcontrol run versus observational data.In contrast,the AMIP run was forced by the observational SST,hence representing a more realistic CRF.Our results demonstrate the challenges of simulating CRF in coupled models.This study also underscores the necessity of realistically representing the climatological mean state when simulating CRF during the ENSO cycle.

关键词： ENSO CAMS climate system model cloud radiative feedbacks ENSO cycle

海绵共附生真菌Purpureocillium lilacinum的化学成分及T细胞调节活性研究

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中国海洋药物 2024年第2期43卷 53-59页

作者：郭黎周路雨蔡黎娟韩华张文同济大学医学院上海200092 北京大学宁波海洋药物研究院浙江宁波315832

目的对海绵Hymeniacidon sp.共附生真菌Purpureocillium lilacinum的化学成分及T细胞调节活性进行研究。方法运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱及高压液相色谱等色谱技术对真菌乙酸乙酯粗提物进行分离纯化得到单体化合物,通过现代波谱(核磁共... 详细信息

目的对海绵Hymeniacidon sp.共附生真菌Purpureocillium lilacinum的化学成分及T细胞调节活性进行研究。方法运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱及高压液相色谱等色谱技术对真菌乙酸乙酯粗提物进行分离纯化得到单体化合物,通过现代波谱(核磁共振,质谱)及光谱(旋光)的综合运用并结合文献对照对化合物结构进行鉴定,运用流式实验对化合物T细胞调节活性进行测试。结果共分离获得5个甾体化合物,鉴定为(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-6β-醇-3-酮(1)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,9α-三醇-6-酮(2)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α-二醇-6-酮(3)、麦角甾-5,24-二烯-3β-醇-7,23-二酮(4)及(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,8,22-三烯-3β-醇-7-酮(5)。体外活性筛选实验中,化合物2~5在2.5~20μmol/L时对刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的T细胞增殖显示抑制活性,化合物5在10μmol/L时对CD3+T细胞的增殖显示显著抑制活性,所有受试化合物对CD4+/CD8+T细胞分化活性均无影响。结论化合物1~4为首次从P.lilacinum中分离获得。本文是对化合物1~5 T细胞调节活性的首次报道。

关键词：海绵共附生真菌甾体 T细胞调节活性