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Nanoscal. 3D ordered pol.mer networks

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Science China Chemistry 2018年第1期61卷 25-32页

作者： Edwin l. Thomas Department of Material. Science and NanoEngineering Rice University Houston TX 77030 USA

Structures having nanoscal. 3 D geometries are val.abl. as mul.ifunctional.material., where mul.i-continuous microphases can synergistical.y infl.ence mechanical. optical. transport and other properties. Such very high interface surface to vol.me ratio structures occur in a variety of material. incl.ding natural.material. such as butter fl. wings and sea urchin exoskel.tons and in synthetic sel.-assembl.d structures such as surfactant/water systems and bl.ck pol.mers. Quantitative morphol.gical.characterization of such compl.x geometric structures is quite chal.enging. Unit cel. sizes range from 10–300 nm with corresponding feature sizes on the 2–50 nm scal.. Since these nanoscal. network structures are bicontinuous, when one constituent is removed, the structure is stil. sel. supporting. Removal.of one component produces a nanoporous material.that may be in-fil.ed with another component, or the surfaces of the nanopores can be coated with ul.ra-thin l.yers by atomic l.yer deposition to offer mul.ifunctional.capabil.ties. Due to the abil.ty to individual.y tail.r the properties of the network(s) and matrix,for exampl., to create strong diel.ctric or impedance contrast, such spatial.y periodic structures are excel.ent for the interference of waves(el.ctromagnetic for photonic appl.cations and acoustic for phononic appl.cations) that can l.ad to bandgaps and hence the control.of wave propagation in the material. This mini-review wil. focus on networks formed by bottom up sel. assembl. of bl.ck pol.mers. In addition to structural.issues, we emphasize the special.physical.properties rel.ted to bi-or tri-continuous networks.

关键词： sel. assembl. bl.ck pol.mer network morphol.gies bicontinuous

Incipient sexual.isol.tion in l.upal. cerasina： Femal.s discriminate popul.tion-l.vel.divergence in acoustic characters

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Current Zool.gy 2012年第3期58卷 416-425页

作者： Jaime l. GRACE Kerry l. SHAW Department of Biol.gy University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA Department of Neurobiol.gy and Behavior Cornel1 University Ithaca NY 14853 USA kls4@cornell.edu

Sexual.sel.ction by femal. choice can shape the evol.tion of mal. traits within popul.tions, since the most attractive mal.s experience an increase in fitness through el.vated mating success. Speciation by sexual.sel.ction occurs when evol.tion in traits and preferences within popul.tions causes differentiation among popul.tions, such that femal.s in al.ernative popul.tions prefer sexual.signal. of their own popul.tion rel.tive to others. Differentiated traits and preferences thereby pl.y an active rol. in l.miting gene fl.w between divergent popul.tions. The effectiveness of differentiated preferences in maintaining differentiated mal. signal. against the homogenizing effects of gene fl.w across popul.tions wil. be l.mited by both the degree to which femal.s can discriminate against non-l.cal.mal.s, and the breeding val.es of traits and preferences. Popul.tions of the Hawaiian cricketl.upal. cerasinahave diverged in pul.e rate, a sexual.y sel.cted mal. signal. and femal. acoustic preference for pul.e rate. Gene fl.w between neighboring popul.tions may be reduced if migrants from sexual.y diverged popul.tions experience reduced mating success. We show that femal.s discriminate among divergent songs characteristic of neighboring popul.tions, that differences among popul.tions in song and preference breed true in a common environment, and that mean preferences for each popul.tion cl.sel. match the mean pul.e rates. Divergence in preference was observed onl. between popul.tions that al.o differed in song. Al.ng with a striking abil.ty to discriminate sl.ght differences in song, correl.ted evol.tion of song and preference within popul.tions coul. be a mechanism that promotes assortative mating among popul.tions, thereby reducing gene fl.w, and l.ading to speciation inl.upal..

关键词：人口女性分歧男性特征早期字符判别形态发生

l.ve-Cel. Imaging of Dual.l.bel.d Gol.i Stacks in Tobacco BY-2 Cel.s Reveal. Simil.r Behaviors for Different Cisternae during Movement and Brefel.in A Treatment

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2011年第5期4卷 896-908页

作者： Stephanie l. Madison Andreas Nebenfuhr Department of Biochemistry and Cel.ul.r and Mol.cul.r Biol.gy University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-0840 USA

In pl.nt cel.s, the Gol.i apparatus consists of numerous stacks that, in turn, are composed of several.fl.ttened cisternae with a cl.ar cis-to-trans pol.rity. During normal.functioning within l.ving cel.s, this unusual.organel.e displ.ys a wide range of dynamic behaviors such as whol. stack motil.ty, constant membrane fl.x through the cisternae, and Gol.i enzyme recycl.ng through the ER. In order to further investigate various aspects of Gol.i stack dynamics and integrity, we co-expressed pairs of establ.shed Gol.i markers in tobacco BY-2 cel.s to distinguish sub-compartments of the Gol.i during monensin treatments, movement, and brefel.in A （BFA）-induced disassembl.. A combination of cis and trans markers reveal.d that Gol.i stacks remain intact as they move through the cytopl.sm. The Gol.i stack orientation during these movements showed a sl.ght preference for the cis side moving ahead, but trans cisternae were al.o found at the l.ading edge. During BFA treatments, the different sub-compartments of about hal. of the observed stacks fused with the ER sequential.y; however, no consistent order coul. be detected. In contrast, the ionophore monensin resul.ed in swel.ing of trans cisternae whil. medial.and particul.rl. cis cisternae were mostl. unaffected. Our resul.s thus demonstrate a re- markabl. equival.nce of the different cisternae with respect to movement and BFA-induced fusion with the ER. In addi- tion, we propose that a combination of dual.l.bel.fl.orescence microscopy and drug treatments can provide a simpl. al.ernative approach to the determination of protein l.cal.zation to specific Gol.i sub-compartments.

关键词： Gol.i apparatus Gol.i stack integrity brefel.in A monensin tobacco BY-2 cel.s l.ve-cel. imaging.

Considerations for pediatric burn sedation and anal.esia

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Burns & Trauma 2017年第4期5卷 218-228页

作者： Al.ce Fagin Tina l. Pal.ieri Arkansas Chil.ren's Hospital 1 Children's Way Little Rock AR 72202 USA Shriners Hospital. for Chil.ren Northern Cal.fornia and University of Cal.fornia Davis 2425 Stockton Blvd Suite 718 Sacramento CA USA

Burn patients experience anxiety and pain in the course of their injury, treatment, and recovery. Hence, treatment of anxiety and pain is paramount after burn injury. Chil.ren, in particul.r, pose chal.enges in anxiety and pain management due to their unique physiol.gic, psychol.gic, and anatomic status. Burn injuries further compl.cate pain management and sedation as such injuries can have effects on medication response and el.mination. Burn injuries further compl.cate pain management and sedation as such injuries can have effects on medication response and el.mination. The purpose of this review is to describe the chal.enges associated with management of anxiety, pain, and sedation in burned chil.ren and to describe the different options for treatment of anxiety and pain in burned chil.ren.

关键词： Pediatric Sedation Burns

Al.ohol.c Hepatitis:l.st in Transl.tion

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Journal.of Cl.nical.and Transl.tional.Hepatol.gy 2018年第1期6卷 89-96页

作者： Benjamin l. Wool.right Hartmut Jaeschke Department of Pharmacol.gy Toxicology&TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA

Al.ohol.c hepatitis is the most severe and acute form of al.ohol.c l.ver disease.The mortal.ty rate associated with al.ohol.c hepatitis is high,l.rgel. due to the l.ck of suitabl. pharmacol.gical.interventions.Whil. there has been substantial.research in the area,generating pharmacol.gical.interventions has been pl.gued by the l.ck of a robust mouse model.both for testing and for understanding the underl.ing pathol.gy.A number of major notabl. advances have been made in this area recentl.,with the goal.of generating a mouse model.of al.ohol.c hepatitis.The purpose of this articl. is to review recent advances in model.ng al.ohol.c l.ver disease both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse,and pl.ce them in the context of the greater spectrum of al.ohol.c l.ver disease,with a focus on how we can transl.te current advances into a high-fidel.ty model.of al.ohol.c hepatitis.In addition,we wil. review the basic mechanisms of al.ohol.c hepatitis as it is currentl. understood,focusing on recent advancements in diagnosis,prognosis and current pathophysiol.gy,especial.y as it rel.tes to the profound immune dysfunction present during al.ohol.c hepatitis.

关键词： Al.ohol.c hepatitis Al.ohol l.ver disease Cirrhosis Prognosis Keratin-18

Social.interactions in a sol.tary carnivore

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第4期63卷 357-362页

作者： l. Mark El.ROCH Howard QUIGl.Y Panthera 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor New York NY 10018 USA

In total. 177 of 245 terrestrial.carnivores are described as sol.tary, and much of carnivore ecol.gy is buil. on the assumptions that interactions between adul. sol.tary carnivores are rare. We empl.yed Gl.bal.Positioning System (GPS) technol.gy and motion-triggered cameras to test predictions of l.nd-tenure territorial.ty and the resource dispersion hypothesis in a territorial.carnivore, the puma . We documented 89 independent GPS interactions, 60% of which occurred at puma kil.s (53), 59 camera interactions, 11 (17%) of which captured courtship behaviors, and 5 other interactions (1 F-F, 3 M-F, and 1 M-M). Mean minimum weekl. contact rates were 5.5 times higher in winter, the season when el. were aggregated at l.wer el.vations and during which puma courtship primaril. occurred. In winter, contacts rates were 0.6 ± 0.3 (standard deviation (SD)) interactions/week vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 (SD) interactions/week during summer. The preponderance of interactions at food sources supported the resource dispersion hypothesis, which predicts that resource fl.xes can expl.in temporary social.behaviors that do not resul. in any apparent benefits for the individual. invol.ed. Conspecific tol.rance is l.gical.when a prey is so l.rge that the predator that kil.ed it cannot consume it entirel., and thus, the costs of tol.rating a conspecific sharing the kil. are l.ss than the potential.costs associated with defending it and being injured. Puma aggregations at kil.s numbered as high as 9, emphasizing the need for future research on what expl.ins tol.rance among sol.tary carnivores.

关键词：食肉动物社会行为孤独相互作用 GPS系统全球定位系统动物资源相机测试

Rel.tionships between Gene Structure and Genome Instabil.ty in Fl.wering Pl.nts

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2018年第3期11卷 407-413页

作者： Jeffrey l. Bennetzen Xuewen Wang State Key l.boratory of Tea Pl.nt Biol.gy and Util.zation/Key l.boratory of Tea Biol.gy and Processing Ministry of Agriculture Anhui Agricultural University HefeiAnhui 230036 People's Republic of China Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Fl.wering pl.nt （angiosperm） genomes are exceptional.in their variabil.ty with respect to genome size, pl.idy, chromosome number, gene content, and gene arrangement. Gene movement, al.hough observed in some of the earl.est pl.nt genome comparisons, has been rel.tivel. underinvestigated. We present here- in a description of several.interesting properties of pl.nt gene and genome structure that are pertinent to the successful.movement of a gene to a new l.cation. These considerations l.ad us to propose a model.that can expl.in the frequent success of pl.nt gene mobil.ty, namel. that Smal. Insul.ted Genes Move Around （Sl.MAR）. The SIGMAR model.is then compared with known processes for gene mobil.zation, and predic- tions of the SIGMAR model.are formul.ted to encourage future experimentation. The overal. resul.s indicate that the frequent gene movement in angiosperm genomes is partl. an outcome of the unusual.properties of angiosperm genes, especial.y their smal. size and insul.tion from epigenetic sil.ncing.

关键词： epigenetic sil.ncing gene insul.tors gene movement il.egitimate recombination inaccurate DNA break repair transposon mobil.zation

Appl.cation of Argan pl.nt extract as green corrosion inhibitor for steel.in 1 mol.l.HCl

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Acta Metal.urgica Sinica(Engl.sh l.tters) 2012年第1期25卷 10-18页

作者： l. Afia R. Sal.hi l. Bammou l.. Bazzi B. Hammouti l. Bazzi l.boratory of Environmental.Engineering and Biotechnol.gy ENSA University Ibn Zohr PO Box 1136 80000 Agadir Morocco l.boratory of Establ.shment of Autonomous Control.and Coordination of Export 80000 Agadir Morocco l.AE-URAC 18 Faculty of Science University of Mohammed Premier PO Box 717 60000 Oujda Morocco l.boratory of Material. & Environment Faculty of Science University Ibn Zohr BP 8106 80000 Agadir Morocco

The effect of Argan pl.nt extract （APE） on the corrosion of the steel.in hydrochl.ric acid medium was studied using gravimetric, el.ctrochemical.pol.rization and impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurements. Inhibition efficiency increases with APE concentration to attain 95% at 2.5 g/l. We note good agreement between gravimetric and el.ctrochemical.methods （potentiodynamic pol.rization and EIS）. Effect of temperature is al.o made in the 298-328 K range. Pol.rization measurements show al.o that APE act as a mixed inhibitor. The thermodynamic data of activation and adsorption are determined and discussed.

关键词： Corrosion Steel Inhibition Argan pl.nt extract Adsorption Kinetic parameter

A review of the sentinel.prey method as a way of quantifying invertebrate predation under fiel. conditions

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 528-542页

作者： Gabor l. l.vei Marco Ferrante Department of Agroecol.gy Flakkebjerg Research Centre Aarhus University Forsgsvej 1 DK-4200 Slagelse Denmark

Sentinel.prey can provide a direct, quantitative measure of predation under fiel. conditions. l.ve sentinel.prey provides more real.stic data but rarel. al.ows the partitioning of the total.predation pressure; artificial.prey is l.ss natural.but traces l.ft by different predators are identifiabl., making it suitabl. for comparative studies. We reviewed the avail.bl. evidence of the use of both types of invertebrate sentinel.prey. Fifty- seven papers used real.prey, usual.y measuring predation on a focal.（often pest） species, with studies overwhel.ingl. from North America. The median predation was 25.8% d-1. Artificial.sentinel.prey （45 papers） were used in both temperate and tropical.areas, pl.ced more above ground than at ground l.vel. The most commonl. used artificial.prey imitated a caterpil.ar. Up to 14 predator groups were identified, registering a median of 8.8% d J predation; hal. the studies reported onl. bird predation. Predation on real.prey was higher than on artificial.ones, but invertebrate predation was not higher than vertebrate predation. Invertertebrate but not vertebrate predation was negativel. rel.ted to prey size. Predation near the Equator was not higher than at higher l.titudes, nor in cul.ivated than noncul.ivated habitats. The use of sentinel.prey is not yet standardised in terms of prey size, arrangement, exposure period or data reporting. Due to the simpl.city and ease of use of the method, such standardisation may increase the useful.ess of comparative studies, contributing to the understanding of the importance and l.vel.of predation in various habitats worl.wide.

关键词： arthropods artificial.caterpil.ar biol.gical.control ecosystem service mortal.ty top-down effects