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SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury:A review article on the high-risk populations,manifestations,mechanisms,pathological changes,management,and outcomes

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第39期28卷 5723-5730页

作者： alvin Oliver Payus Malehah Mohd Noh Nornazirah Azizan Raman Muthukaruppan Chettiar Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota Kinabalu 88400SabahMalaysia Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostic Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota Kinabalu 88400Malaysia Department of Medicine Hospital Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ13aJalan PenampangKota Kinabalu 88200Malaysia

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 is an infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and was declared a global pandemic with more than 500 million reported cases and more than 6 million deaths worldwide to *** it has transitioned into the endemic phase in many countries,the mortality rate and overall prognosis of the disease are still abysmal and need further *** has been evidence that shows the significance of SARS-CoV-2-related liver ***,we review the literature on the various spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced liver injury and the possible mechanisms of damage to the hepatobiliary *** review aimed to illustrate the latest understanding regarding SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury including the high-risk populations,the characteristic clinical manifestations,the possible pathogenic mechanism,the pathological changes,the current suggestions for clinical treatment for various spectrum of populations,and the prognosis of the *** conclusion,SARS-CoV-2 patients with a liver injury warrant close monitoring as it is associated with the more severe and poorer outcome of the infection.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Liver injury Pandemics Prognosis

Spatial Distribution of Black Soot and Its Health Effects in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

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Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2022年第1期4卷 32-46页

作者： Miebaka Oriasi Eteh Desmond Rowland Ayowei alvin Harry University of Port Harcourt River StateNigeria Niger Delta University Wilberforce IslandAmassomaBayelsa StateNigeria University of Salford LondonUK

This research presents a novel approach to assessing the health implications of black soot using a MiniVol air *** MiniVol air sampler was used to collect PM from the ambient air at six monitoring sites in Port Harcourt,*** was conducted every day for seven days,for a period of 24 ***_(2.5) concentrations at Uniport Junction,GRA Junction,Slaughter Roundabout,Abuloma Jetty,Rumuomasi Roundabout,and New Road Borokiri were 38.6 g/m^(3),28.3 g/m^(3),93.7 g/m^(3),72.9 g/m^(3),30.6 g/m^(3),and 31.3 g/m^(3),***_(10) concentrations ranged from 71.2 g/m^(3) to 60.6 g/m^(3),with 103.3 g/m^(3),85.5 g/m^(3),40.1 g/m^(3),and 35.2 g/m^(3) being the *** level of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) pollution in the ambient air was high across the six sampling sites,with mean PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations exceeding the WHO(2011)*** flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS)technique was *** presence of heavy metals,such as mean metal concentrations of lead,cadmium,chromium,mercury,and nickel,ranged from 0.009 g/m^(3)-0.532 g/m^(3),0.002 g/m^(3)-0.544 g/m^(3),0.002 g/m^(3)-0.338 g/m^(3),0.001 g/m^(3),and 0.001 g/m^(3)-0.432 g/m^(3),across the six sampling *** GC-MS was used to determine the presence of PAHs in particulate *** results revealed a strong positive correlation between PM_(2.5) and PM_(10).The findings also revealed a positive relationship between the metals as well as between the metals and PAHs,resulting in asthma,lung cancer,breathing difficulties,and miscarriages among pregnant women,which have affected the health implications of the people living in the environment.

关键词： Black soot Port harcourt Air polluion WHO PM_(2.5) PM_(10) PAHs

Skin tissue engineering advances in severe burns:review and therapeutic applications

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Burns & Trauma 2016年第1期4卷 13-26页

作者： alvin Wen Choong Chua Yik Cheong Khoo Bien Keem Tan kok Chai Tan Chee Liam Foo Si Jack Chong Singapore General Hospital Department of PlasticReconstructive andAesthetic Surgery20 College RoadAcademia Level 4Singapore 169845Singapore. Singapore General Hospital Skin Bank UnitBlock 4 Level 3Room 15Outram RoadSingapore 169608Singapore. Transplant TissueCentre c/o Skin Bank UnitSingapore General HospitalBlock 4 Level 3 RoomA7Outram RoadSingapore 169608Singapore. Singapore General Hospital Skin Bank UnitBlock 4 Level 3Room 15Outram RoadSingapore 169608Singapore. Transplant TissueCentre c/o Skin Bank UnitSingapore General HospitalBlock 4 Level 3 RoomA7Outram RoadSingapore 169608Singapore. Singapore General Hospital Department of PlasticReconstructive andAesthetic Surgery20 College RoadAcademia Level 4Singapore 169845Singapore. Singapore General Hospital Skin Bank UnitBlock 4 Level 3Room 15Outram RoadSingapore 169608Singapore.

Current advances in basic stem cell research and tissue engineering augur well for the development of improved cultured skin tissue substitutes:a class of products that is still fraught with limitations for clinical *** the ability to grow autologous keratinocytes in-vitro from a small skin biopsy into sheets of stratified epithelium(within 3 to 4 weeks)helped alleviate the problem of insufficient donor site for extensive burn,many burn units still have to grapple with insufficient skin allografts which are used as intermediate wound coverage after burn *** offered by tissue-engineered skin dermal replacements to meet emergency demand have been used fairly *** the availability of these commercial products,they all suffer from the same problems of extremely high cost,sub-normal skin microstructure and inconsistent engraftment,especially in full thickness *** practice for severe burn treatment has since evolved to incorporate these tissue-engineered skin substitutes,usually as an adjunct to speed up epithelization for wound closure and/or to improve quality of life by improving the functional and cosmetic results *** review seeks to bring the reader through the beginnings of skin tissue engineering,the utilization of some of the key products developed for the treatment of severe burns and the hope of harnessing stem cells to improve on current practice.

关键词： Burns Skin tissue engineering Stem cells Cultured epithelial autografts Dermal substitutes Microskin grafting

Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E:What we know so far?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第1期28卷 47-75页

作者： Carmen Ka Man Cheung Sunny Hei Wong alvin Wing Hin Law Man Fai Law Medicine and Therapeutics Prince of Wales HospitalHong Kong 852China Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics the Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong 852China Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 639798Singapore West Island School Hong Kong 852China

Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is a major cause of viral hepatitis *** is growing concern about transfusion-transmitted HEV(TT-HEV)as an emerging global health *** can potentially result in chronic infection in immunocompromised patients,leading to a higher risk of liver cirrhosis and even *** 0.0013%and 0.281%of asymptomatic blood donors around the world have HEV viremia,and 0.27%to 60.5%have anti-HEV immunoglobulin *** is infectious even at very low blood concentrations of the *** patients who develop persistent hepatitis E infection should have their immunosuppressant regimen reduced;ribavirin may be considered as *** interferon can be considered in those who are refractory or intolerant to ***,a nucleotide analog,showed modest antiviral activity in some clinical studies but sustained viral response was not ***,rescue treatment remains an unmet *** need for HEV screening of all blood donations remains *** screening has been adopted in some countries after consideration of risk and resource *** pathogen reduction methods have also been proposed to reduce the risk of *** studies are needed to define the incidence of transmission through transfusion,their clinical features,outcomes and prognosis.

关键词： Hepatitis E virus Acute and chronic hepatitis Immunosuppression Blood transfusion Transplantation

A review of strategies to overcome immune resistance in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer

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Cancer Drug Resistance 2023年第3期6卷 656-673页

作者： Kenneth Sooi Robert Walsh Nesaretnam Kumarakulasinghe alvin Wong Natalie Ngoi Department of Haematology-Oncology National University Cancer InstituteSingapore 119228Singapore

Immunotherapy has become integral in cancer therapeutics over the past two decades and is now part of standard-of-care treatment in multiple cancer types. While various biomarkers and pathway alterations such as dMMR, CDK12, and AR-V7 have been identified in advanced prostate cancer to predict immunotherapy responsiveness, the vast majority of prostate cancer remain intrinsically immune-resistant, as evidenced by low response rates to anti-PD(L)1 monotherapy. Since regulatory approval of the vaccine therapy sipuleucel-T in the biomarker-unselected population, there has not been much success with immunotherapy treatment in advanced prostate cancer. Researchers have looked at various strategies to overcome immune resistance, including the identification of more biomarkers and the combination of immunotherapy with existing effective prostate cancer treatments. On the horizon, novel drugs using bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) technology are being explored and have shown promising early efficacy in this disease. Here we discuss the features of the tumour microenvironment that predispose to immune resistance and rational strategies to enhance antitumour responsiveness in advanced prostate cancer.

关键词： Prostate cancer immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitor immune resistance tumour microenvironment

DNA methylation profiling reveals new potential subtype-specific gene markers for early-stage renal cell carcinoma in Caucasian population

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Quantitative Biology 2022年第1期10卷 79-93页

作者： Alvaro Filbert Liko Edward Ciputra Nathaniel alvin Sanjaya Priskila Cherisca Then aka David Agustriawan Department of Biomedicine School of Life SciencesIndonesia International Institute for Life SciencesJakarta 13210Indonesia Department of Bioinformatics School of Life SciencesIndonesia International Institute for Life SciencesJakarta 13210Indonesia

Background:Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is among the top adult cancers worldwide,with a challenging management due to lack of early diagnosis,therapy resistance,and diverse molecular *** DNA methylation has been associated with RCC development due to transcription *** discovered potential DNA methylation-based biomarkers for stage I RCC in Caucasian population from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)***:Patients’clinical,methylation beta-value,and mRNA expression data were *** methylation and expression analysis were conducted to obtain differentially methylated CpG-gene *** correlated CpG-gene pairs between their expression and methylation levels were selected using Pearson’s correlation test and then screened for any recorded somatic *** biomarker capacities were analyzed’using the Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic analysis,followed by protein network and functional enrichment ***:We obtained differentially methylated CpGs in clear cell(KIRC)and papillary RCC(KIRP)but not chromophobe RCC(KICH).Six inversely correlated CpG-gene pairs with no reported cancer-associated mutations were *** values were found in ATXN1 and RFTN1 for KIRC,along with GRAMD1B and TM4SF19 for KIRP,while diagnostic values were found in VIM and RFTN1 for KIRC,along with TNFAIP6 and TM4SF19 for *** subtypes showed enrichment of immune and metabolism-related ***:We discovered novel potential DNA methylation-based prognostic and diagnostic markers for early-stage RCC in Caucasian *** by wet laboratory analysis and adjustments for confounding variables might be needed,considering our study limitation to specific race.

关键词： biomarker chromophobe renal cell carcinoma clear cell renal cell carcinoma DNA methylation papillary renal cell carcinoma TCGA

A review of neutral pH polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors:Transitioning from liquid to solid devices

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Materials Reports(Energy) 2021年第1期1卷 26-44页

作者： alvin Virya Keryn Lian Department of Materials Science&Engineering University of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3E4Canada

The development of neutral pH polymer electrolytes has enabled high-performance solid-state,thin,and flexible electrochemical capacitors(ECs)to provide power for future consumer electronics and Internet-of-Thing *** their promising prospect,there is still some lack of understandings or disconnections from fundamental science to practical applications of these *** this review,we provide an overview of stateof-the-art studies on ECs with neutral pH electrolytes in both liquid and solid *** from the fundamental studies on the voltage window and ion conduction of salt species in liquid solution to polymer electrolytes,key considerations in developing neutral pH polymer electrolytes are *** performance of the polymer electrolytes along with their enabled solid symmetric and asymmetric EC devices,as well as some enhanced functionalities are *** future directions for research on neutral pH polymer electrolytes are proposed,expected to provide reference for further enriching the fundamental knowledge and improving the device performances.

关键词： Electrochemical capacitor Supercapacitor Electrolyte Neutral pH Aqueous-based electrolyte Polymer electrolyte Solid-state device Flexible device

Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations of multiple myeloma patients： a single-center study in Singapore

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Chinese Medical Journal 2013年第10期126卷 1872-1877页

作者： lim alvin Soon Tiong lim Tse Hui SEE Karen Hsu Shien NG Yit Jun TAN Yu Min CHO0 Natasha Swee Lian lim Sherry Xin Er YEE Yenny LAU Lai Ching TIEN Sim Leng Kumar Sathish TAN Daryl Chen Lung Cytogenetics Laboratory Department of Pathology SingaporeGeneral Hospital Singapore School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore Temasek Applied Science School Temasek Polytechnic Singapore Department of Haematology Singapore General HospitalSingapore

Background Much is known about the cytogenetic lesions that characterize multiple myeloma （MM） patients from the USA, Europe, and East Asia. However, little has been published about the disease among Southeast Asians. The aim of this study was to determine the chromosomal abnormalities of MM patients in our Singapore population. Methods Forty-five newly-diagnosed, morphologically confirmed patients comprising 18 males and 27 females, aged 46-84 years （median 65 years） were investigated by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH）. FISH employing standard panel probes and lp36/lq21 and 6q21/15q22 probes was performed on diagnostic bone marrow samples. Results Thirty-four cases （75.6%） had karyotypic abnormalities. Including FISH, a total detection rate of 91.1% was at- tained. Numerical and complex structural aberrations were common to both hyperdiploid and non-hyperdiploid patients. Numerical gains of several recurring chromosomes were frequent among hyperdiploid patients while structural rear- rangements of several chromosomes including 8q24.1 and 14q32 characterized non-hyperdiploid patients. With FISH, immunoglobulin heavy chain （IGH） gene rearrangements, especially fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 （FGFR3）/IGH and RB1 deletion/monosomy 13 were the most common abnormalities （43.4%）. Amplification lq21 was 10 times more frequent （42.5%） than del（1p36） and del（6q21）. Conclusions We have successfully reported the comprehensive cytogenetic profiling of a cohort of newly-diagnosed myeloma patients in our population. This study indicates that the genetic and cytogenetic abnormalities, and their frequencies, in our study group are generally similar to other populations.

关键词： amp(l q21), del(13q) fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunoglobulin heavy chain, Southeast Asia

Efficacy of Vaccine Protection Against COVID-19 Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2023年第3期11卷 718-735页

作者： Carmen Ka Man Cheung Kimmy Wan Tung Law alvin Wing Hin Law Man Fai Law Rita Ho Sunny Hei Wong Department of Medicine and Therapeutics Prince of Wales HospitalHong KongChina West Island School Hong KongChina Department of Medicine North District HospitalHong KongChina Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics State Key Laboratory of Digestive DiseaseLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChinaLee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 is a use-ful weapon to combat the virus. Patients with chronic liver diseases (CLDs), including compensated or decompensated liver cirrhosis and noncirrhotic diseases, have a decreased immunologic response to coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. At the same time, they have increased mortality if infected. Current data show a reduction in mortality when patients with chronic liver diseases are vaccinated. A suboptimal vac-cine response has been observed in liver transplant recipi-ents, especially those receiving immunosuppressive therapy, so an early booster dose is recommended to achieve a better protective effect. Currently, there are no clinical data com-paring the protective efficacy of different vaccines in patients with chronic liver diseases. Patient preference, availability of the vaccine in the country or area, and adverse effect profiles are factors to consider when choosing a vaccine. There have been reports of immune-mediated hepatitis after coronavi-rus disease 2019 vaccination, and clinicians should be aware of that potential side effect. Most patients who developed hepatitis after vaccination responded well to treatment with prednisolone, but an alternative type of vaccine should be considered for subsequent booster doses. Further prospec-tive studies are required to investigate the duration of immu-nity and protection against different viral variants in patients with chronic liver diseases or liver transplant recipients, as well as the effect of heterologous vaccination.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Chronic liver disease Liver transplanta-tion Vaccine mRNA.