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Reply to “Comments on ‘There Is No Axiomatic System for the Quantum Theory’”

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Journal of Quantum Information Science 2014年第4期4卷 195-200页

作者： koji nagata 13-3 West 6 South 27 Obihiro Hokkaido Japan

Barros discusses that [Jose Acacio de Barros, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50, 1828 (2011)] nagata derives inconsistencies from quantum mechanics [K. nagata, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 48, 3532 (2009)]. Barros considers that the inconsistencies do not come from quantum mechanics, but from extra assumptions about the reality of observables. Here we discuss the fact that there is a contradiction within the quantum theory. We discuss the fact that only one expected value in a spin-1/2 pure state 〈σx〉rules out the reality of the observable. We do not accept extra assumptions about the reality of observables. We use the actually measured results of quantum measurements (raw data). We use a single Pauli observable. We stress that we can use the quantum theory even if we give up the axiomatic system for the quantum theory.

关键词： Quantum Measurement Theory Quantum Computer Formalism

Beyond Set Theory in Bell Inequality

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Journal of Modern Physics 2016年第1期7卷 65-73页

作者： Germano Resconi koji nagata Department of Mathematics and Physics Catholic University Brescia Italy Department of Physics Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea

Feynman pointed out a logic and mathematical paradox in particle physics. The paradox is that we get for the same entity only local dependence and global dependence at the time. This contradiction is coming from the dual nature of the particle viewed as a wave. In the first capacity it has only local dependence;in the second (wave) capacity it has a global dependence. The classical logic has difficulties in resolving this paradox. Changing the classical logic to logic makes the paradox apparent. Particle has the local property or zero dependence with other particles, media has total dependence so it is a global unique entity. Now, in set theory, any element is independent from the other so disjoint set has no elements in common. With this condition we have known that the true/ false logic can be applied and set theory is the principal foundation. Now with conditional probability and dependence by copula the long distance dependence has an effect on any individual entity that now is not isolate but can have different types of dependence or synchronism (constrain) whose effect is to change the probability of any particle. So particle with different degree of dependence can be represented by a new type of set as fuzzy set in which the boundary is not completely defined or where we cannot separate a set in its parts as in the evidence theory. In conclusion the Feynman paradox and Bell violation can be explained at a new level of complexity by many valued logics and new types of set theory.

关键词： Quantum Non Locality Quantum Entanglement Formalism

Pathological evaluation of gastrointestinal endoscopic submucosal dissection materials based on Japanese guidelines

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2012年第11期4卷 489-499页

作者： koji nagata Michio Shimizu Department of Pathology Saitama Medical University International Medical Center

Endoscopic surgery first started as snare polypectomy and then progressed to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). In order to resect a lesion that is more than 2 cm, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed. ESD therapy has now been established and is being used for early stage neoplastic lesions in the stomach, colon, esophagus, larynx and pharynx. In ESD specimens, we deal with relatively small lesions; therefore, more meticulous and precise pathological diagnosis is required compared to that in surgically resected specimens. In addition, we should be expert in the eligibility criteria of the different organs for ESD therapy. Here, we explain the biopsy diagnosis, including the Japanese group classification as well as the Vienna classification, handling the specimen, including fixation, photography, cutting and paraffin embedding, histological type, depth, vascular invasion and evaluation of the surgical margins, based on the latest Japanese guidelines. Japanese histopathology diagnostic criteria for the stomach, colon and esophagus are also described. We also demonstrate some examples of those mentioned above.

关键词： Esophagus Stomach Colon Rectum Biopsy Endoscopic mucosal dissection Surgical pathology Diagnosis Guideline Immunohistochemistry

Von Neumann’s Theory, Projective Measurement, and Quantum Computation

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2015年第7期3卷 874-897页

作者： koji nagata Tadao Nakamura Department of Physics Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea Department of Information and Computer Science Keio University Yokohama Japan

We discuss the fact that there is a crucial contradiction within Von Neumann’s theory. We derive a proposition concerning a quantum expected value under an assumption of the existence of the orientation of reference frames in N spin-1/2 systems (1 ≤ N to a new constant . It may be said that a new type of the quantum theory early approaches Newton’s theory in the macroscopic scale than the old quantum theory does. We discuss how our solution is used in an implementation of Deutsch’s algorithm.

关键词： Von Neumann’s Theory Projective Measurement and Quantum Computation

Analysis of Bell-Type Experiments and Its Local Realism

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2015年第7期3卷 898-902页

We investigate the violation factor of the original Bell-Mermin inequality. Until now, we have used an assumption that the results of measurement are . In this case, the maximum violation factor is as follows: and . The quantum predictions by n-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state violate the Bell-Mermin inequality by an amount that grows exponentially with n. Recently, a new measurement theory is proposed [K. nagata and T. Nakamura, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 49, 162 (2010)]. The values of measurement outcome are . Here we use the new measurement theory. We consider a multipartite GHZ state. We use the original Bell-Mermin inequality. It turns out that the original Bell-Mermin inequality is satisfied irrespective of the number of particles. In this case, the maximum violation factor is as follows: and . Thus the original Bell-Mermin inequality is satisfied by the new measurement theory. We propose the following conjecture: All the two-orthogonal-settings experimental correlation functions admit local realistic theories irrespective of a state if we use the new measurement theory.

关键词： Quantum Nonlocality Quantum Measurement Theory

Information and Conditional Probability to Go beyond Hidden Variables

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第12期4卷 2203-2214页

作者： koji nagata Germano Resconi Tadao Nakamura Han Geurdes Department of Physics Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon South Korea Department of Mathematics and Physics Catholic University Brescia Italy Department of Information and Computer Science Keio University Yokohama Japan Geurdes Data Science Den Haag The Netherlands

We study the relation between the possibility of describing quantum correlation with hidden variables and the existence of the Bloch sphere. We derive some proposition concerning a quantum expected value under an assumption about the existence of the Bloch sphere in N spin-1/2 systems. However, the hidden variables theory violates the proposition with a magnitude that grows exponentially with the number of particles. Therefore, we have to give up either the existence of the Bloch sphere or the hidden variables theory. We show that the introduction of curved information and the continuity equation of probability are in agreement with classical quantum mechanics. So we give up the hidden variable theory as local theory and we accept the Bloch sphere as global theory connected with the information space.

关键词： Quantum Non Locality Formalism

Short term results of endoscopic submucosal dissection in superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2010年第2期2卷 69-74页

作者： Kouichi Nonaka Shin Arai Keiko Ishikawa Masamitsu Nakao Yousuke Nakai Osamu Togawa koji nagata Michio Shimizu Yutaka Sasaki Hiroto Kita Department of Gastroenterology Saitama Medical University International Medical Center Saitama 350-1298 Japan Department of Pathology Saitama Medical University International Medical Center Saitama 350-1298 Japan Department of Gastroenterology Faculty of Medicine Kumamoto University Kumamoto 860-0856 Japan

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms. METHODS: Between July 2007 and March 2009, 27 consecutive superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms in 25 enrolled patients were treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection. The therapeutic efficacy, complications, and follow-up results were assessed. RESULTS: The mean size of the lesions was 21 ± 13 mm (range 2-55 mm); the mean size of the resection specimens was 32 ± 12 mm (range 10-70 mm). The enblock resection rate was 100% (27/27), and en block resection with tumor-free lateral/basal margins was 88.9% (24/27). Perforation occurred in 1 patient who was managed by conservative medical treatments. None of the patients developed local recurrence or distant metastasis in the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is applicable to superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms with promising results.

关键词： Endoscopic submucosal dissection Esophageal cancer Squamous cell Neoplasm Endoscopy

A case of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in which magnified endoscopy with narrow band imaging was useful in the diagnosis

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2012年第4期4卷 151-156页

作者： Kouichi Nonaka Keiko Ishikawa Shin Arai Masamitsu Nakao Michio Shimizu Takaki Sakurai koji nagata Makoto Nishimura Osamu Togawa Yasutoshi Ochiai Yutaka Sasaki Hiroto Kita Department of Gastroenterology Saitama Medical University International Medical Center Saitama 350-1298 Japan Department of Pathology Saitama Medical University International Medical Center Saitama 350-1298 Japan Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan

Recently, we reported a case of gastric mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma presenting with unique vascular features. In the report, we defined the tree-like appearance (TLA) on the images of abnormal blood vessels which resembled branches from the trunk of a tree in the shiny mucosa, in which the glandular structure was lost. The 67-year-old female was diagnosed with gastric MALT lymphoma. The patient received eradication therapy for H. pylori. Conventional endoscopy revealed multiple ill-delineated brownish depressions in the stomach and cobblestonelike mucosa was observed at the greater curvature to the posterior wall of the upper gastric body 7 mo after successful eradication. Unsuccessful treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma was suspected on conventional endoscopy. Conventional endoscopic observations found focal depressions and cobblestone-like appearance, and these lesions were subsequently observed using magnified endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging to identify abnormal vessels presenting with a TLA within the lesions. Ten biopsies were taken from the area where abnormal vessels were present within these lesions. Ten biopsies were also taken from the lesions without abnormal vessels as a control. A total of 20 biopsy samples were evaluated to determine whether the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma could be obtained histologically from each sample. A positive diagnosis was obtained in 8/10 TLA (+) sites and in 2/10 TLA(-) sites. Target biopsies of the site with abnormal blood vessels can potentially improve diagnostic accuracy of gastric MALT lymphoma.

关键词： Mucosa associated-lymphoid tissue Magnified endoscopy Narrow band imaging Tree-like appearance

Advances in traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection:What is the best traction method and traction direction?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第1期28卷 1-22页

作者： Mitsuru nagata Department of Endoscopy Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai HospitalKanagawa 251-0041Japan

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed as a treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms,which can achieve en bloc resection regardless of the lesion ***,ESD is technically difficult because endoscopists cannot bring their hand into the gastrointestinal tract,unlike surgeons in regular *** is difficult to obtain sufficient tension in the dissection plane and a good field of ***,ESD is associated with a long procedure time and a high risk of adverse events in comparison with endoscopic mucosal *** methods have been developed to provide sufficient tension for the dissection plane and a good field of vision during the ESD ***,traction direction is limited in most traction methods,resulting in insufficient effect in some *** traction direction is considered important,there have been few investigations of its *** the first half of this review,important traction methods are discussed,including traction *** second half,appropriate traction methods for each organ are *** important considerations for traction method,such as ability to adjust traction strength,interference between traction device and endoscope,and the need for specialized devices are also discussed.

关键词： Endoscopic submucosal dissection Traction method Countertraction Traction direction Vertical traction