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The Cost of Caring

ChinAfrica 2014年第9期6卷 32-33页

作者： kira mcdonald Hannah Edinger Frontier Advisory

SOUTH Africa＇s acute incidence of HIV/AI DS is well-known globally. According to the United Nations, about 6.1 million South Africans were living with HIV/ AIDS in 2012. This means that one in every six South Africans is infected and of these, 17.9 percent of indi- viduals between the ages of 15 and 49 - considered to be the most economically productive age group - are infected with HIV/AIDS. According to the World Bank, this high infection rate among the economically active population could, in the most undesirable of scenarios, result in South Africa＇s per-capita income halving by 2100. While still a few decades away, the projected adverse impact of HIV/AIDS on the South African economy has seen government embarking on the largest anti-retroviral treatment （ART） access cam- paign in the world.

关键词： HIV The Cost of Caring ART

lower Oil Prices Test Africa’s growth

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ChinAfrica 2015年第11期7卷 10-11页

作者： Hannah Edinger kira mcdonald Frontier Advisory

The foundations of the ＂Africa rising＂ narrative may have increasingly been tested in recent months. Security concerns, the Ebola crisis in West Africa and conflict in Libya have been some of the stumbling blocks the continent has had to face. These have continuously challenged its ability to respond to events that could derail the past years＇ economic growth. The impact of lower oil prices particularly could be a major shock to the region, especially for oilexporting countries.

关键词： lower Oil Prices Test Africa’s growth

Enhancing diabetic retinopathy screening:Non-mydriatic fundus photography-assisted telemedicine for improved clinical management

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第8期15卷 1820-1823页

作者： kira J Szulborski David J Ramsey Department of Ophthalmology Tufts University School of MedicineBostonMA 02111United States Lahey Department of Surgery Division of OphthalmologyUMass Chan Medical SchoolUniversity of MassachusettsBurlingtonMA 01805United States Graduate Faculty New England College of OptometryBostonMA 02115United States

The utilization of non-mydriatic fundus photography-assisted telemedicine to screen patients with diabetes mellitus for diabetic retinopathy provides an accurate,efficient,and cost-effective method to improve early detection of *** has also been shown to correlate with increased participation of patients in other aspects of diabetes *** particular,patients who undergo teleretinal imaging are more likely to meet Comprehensive Diabetes Care Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set metrics,which are linked to preservation of quality-adjusted life years and additional downstream healthcare savings.

关键词： Diabetes Diabetic retinopathy Telemedicine Tele-ophthalmology Nonmydriatic fundus photography-assisted telemedicine Vision screening Preventative health services Health policy

The Making of a Health Profession:How Chinese Medicine Became a Nationally Registered Allied Health Profession in Australia

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Chinese Medicine and Culture 2024年第1期7卷 51-62页

作者： John L mcdonald Judy B James School of Chinese Medicine Endeavour College of Natural HealthSouthport 4215Australia Acupuncture Now Australia Brisbane 4120Australia

In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser. Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine, followed by Portugal and, recently, New Zealand. The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s. The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses. Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees, and the development, by the profession, of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration. Professional associations, such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA), also developed a framework of professional selfregulation, including Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines, and provided leadership in the development of the profession. After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession, the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001. Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration, which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000, and subsequently became national in 2012. Despite national registration, some barriers still remain, and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare, chronic disease management scheme, and Veterans

关键词： Acupuncture Chinese medicine Registration Regulation Education Standards Australia TCM

Brain-penetrating neurotrophic factor mimetics: HER-096 as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1094-1095页

作者： Natalia Kulesskaya kira M.Holmström Henri J.Huttunen Herantis Pharma Plc EspooFinland

Neurotrophic factors as a therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative diseases:A major unmet need in the field of central nervous system diseases is disease-modifying *** for decades there have been various symptomatic treatments available to alleviate the symptoms of the disease,disease-modification,*** that stop,significantly delay,or reverse the progression of the disease,has been turned out to a difficult goal to achieve.

关键词： diseases treatment therapeutic

A Bayesian Mixture Model Approach to Disparity Testing

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第3期15卷 214-234页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester USA

The topic of this article is one-sided hypothesis testing for disparity, i.e., the mean of one group is larger than that of another when there is uncertainty as to which group a datum is drawn. For each datum, the uncertainty is captured with a given discrete probability distribution over the groups. Such situations arise, for example, in the use of Bayesian imputation methods to assess race and ethnicity disparities with certain insurance, health, and financial data. A widely used method to implement this assessment is the Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding (BISG) method which assigns a discrete probability over six race/ethnicity groups to an individual given the individual’s surname and address location. Using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the group means, the probability of a disparity hypothesis is estimated. Four methods are developed and compared with an illustrative data set. Three of these methods are implemented in an R-code and one method in WinBUGS. These methods are programed for any number of groups between two and six inclusive. All the codes are provided in the appendices.

关键词： Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding (BISG) Mixture Likelihood Function Posterior Distribution Metropolis-Hastings Algorithms Random Walk Chain Independence Chain Gibbs Sampling WinBUGS

Comparison of Block Design Nonparametric Subset Selection Rules Based on Alternative Scoring Rules

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第5期15卷 355-389页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.

关键词： Order Statistics Rank Scoring Methods Probability of a Correct Selection Subset Size Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatality Rates Homicide Rates Asymptotic Distributions

Lower Oil Prices Test Africa’s Growth

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On Performance Characteristics of a Nonparametric Subset Selection Procedure with a Small Randomized Block Experimental Design

中国与非洲·英文版 2015年第1期 10-11页

作者： Hannah Edinger kira mcdonald

The foundations of the"Africa rising"narrative may have increasingly been tested in recent *** concerns,the ebola crisis in west Africa and conflict in libya have been some of the stumbling blocks the

关键词： Africa narrative prices blocks forex persist currency barrel sector conflict

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第9期15卷 630-650页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This article addresses the issue of computing the constant required to implement a specific nonparametric subset selection procedure based on ranks of data arising in a statistical randomized block experimental design. A model of three populations and two blocks is used to compute the probability distribution of the relevant statistic, the maximum of the population rank sums minus the rank sum of the “best” population. Calculations are done for populations following a normal distribution, and for populations following a bi-uniform distribution. The least favorable configuration in these cases is shown to arise when all three populations follow identical distributions. The bi-uniform distribution leads to an asymptotic counterexample to the conjecture that the least favorable configuration, i.e. , that configuration minimizing the probability of a correct selection, occurs when all populations are identically distributed. These results are consistent with other large-scale simulation studies. All relevant computational R-codes are provided in appendices.

关键词： Rank Statistics Least Favorable Configuration Probability of Correct Selection Slippage Configuration Equal Spaced Configuration Counterexample Configuration