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Forest Ecosystems 2016年第2期3卷 126-137页

作者： Zachary L. Christin kenneth j. Bagstad Michael A. Verdone Earth Economics 107 N Tacoma Ave Tacoma WA 98403 USA. U.S. Geological Survey Geosciences & Environmental Change Science Center Box 25046 MS 980 Denver CO 80225 USA. International Union for the Conservation of Nature 1630 Connecticut Ave. NW #300 Washington DC 20009 USA.

Restoring degraded forests and agricultural lands has become a global conservation priority. A growing number of tools can quantify ecosystem service tradeoffs associated with forest restoration. This evolving ＂tools landscape＂ presents a dilemma： more tools are available, but selecting appropriate tools has become more challenging. We present a Restoration Ecosystem Service Tool Selector （RESTS） framework that describes key characteristics of 13 ecosystem service assessment tools. Analysts enter information about their decision context, services to be analyzed, and desired outputs. Tools are filtered and presented based on five evaluative criteria： scalability, cost, time requirements, handling of uncertainty, and applicability to benefit-cost analysis. RESTS uses a spreadsheet interface but a web-based interface is planned. Given the rapid evolution of ecosystem services science, RESTS provides an adaptable framework to guide forest restoration decision makers toward tools that can help quantify ecosystem services in support of restoration.

关键词： Decision support Ecosystem services Forest restoration Modeling Valuation Comparative toolsassessment

The Power of Branding

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Chinese Business Review 2012年第12期11卷 1264-1269页

作者： kenneth shaw State University of New York at Oswego Oswego USA

One of the most valuable assets a company has is/are the brand name（s） associated its products or services Branding can act as a springboard for advertising and planning advertising campaigns around single brands or a family of brands. Many companies are organized around brands or brand groups. Companies like Proctor and Gamble allow the brand to represent the product and do not associate the corporate name with their various brands and product lines. Branding is a powerful business tool. A number of dimensions of branding are discussed in this paper. General reference is made to brand identity, brand identity traps, the value of brands, and brand loyalty. The paper then discusses the influence of brand loyalty on consumer behavior, the importance of global brands, and country of origin effects. Lastly the paper discusses elements of customer loyalty

关键词： brand identity brand identity traps value of brands brand loyalty global brands country of origin

The Influence of Culture and Customs on International Business Communications

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Chinese Business Review 2015年第9期14卷 430-436页

作者： kenneth shaw State University of New York at Oswego New York USA

This paper discusses culture. Scholars have not been able to agree on a definition of culture but most include values and norms as components of their definition. Intercultural communication is vital that skill managers must possess in order to effectively do business in foreign countries. Hofstede＇s theory of national cultural dimensions is employed to provide a framework for defining intercultural communication. Subsequently, several countries are examined using Hofstede＇s scoring system for cultural dimensions. This is followed by a discussion of ways to achieve intercultural competence.

关键词： culture values norms intercultural communication power distance collectivism individualism masculinity femininity uncertainty avoidance short-term versus long term orientation indulgence restraint

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Privatizing War

Chinese Business Review 2015年第7期14卷 360-366页

作者： kenneth shaw State University of New York New York USA

Since the advent of the U.S. Iraq war in 2003, there has seen an acceleration of functions and operations which used to be the province of government become increasingly privatized. The division of the world into public and private spheres is at the center of a debate over what the government＇s role should be. This paper seeks to frame the debate between public and private roles regarding security issues. The military has been one area where there has never been a question of nation states outsourcing or privatizing. This paper will touch on the use of mercenaries and then discuss the growing use of corporate entities to supply what were considered to be traditional military activities and obj.ctives.

关键词： privatization mercenaries private armies security firms

Assessment strategies and fighting patterns in animal contests： a role for serotonin？

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 257-263页

作者： Andrew N. BUBAK Alison R. GERKEN Michael j. WATT j.mie D, COSTABILE kenneth j. RENNER j.hn G. SWALLOW Integrative Biology University of Colorado-Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA Center for Brain and Behavior Research Basic Biomedical Sciences University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA Biology Department University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Accurate assessment of the probability of success in an aggressive confrontation with a conspecific is critical to the survival and fitness of the individuals. Various game theory models have examined these assessment strategies under the assumption that contests should favor the animal with the greater resource-holding potential （RHP）, body size typically being the proxy. Mutual assessment asserts that an individual can assess their own RHP relative to their opponent, allowing the inferior animal the chance to flee before incurring unnecessary costs. The model of self-determined persistence, however, assumes that an individual will fight to a set personal threshold, independ- ent of their opponent＇s RHP. Both models have been repeatedly tested using size as a proxy for RHP, with neither receiving unambiguous support. Here we present both morphological and neuro- physiological data from size-matched and mismatched stalk-eyed fly fights. We discovered differ- ing fighting strategies between winners and losers. Winners readily escalated encounters to higher intensity and physical contact and engaged in less low-intensity, posturing behaviors compared with losers. Although these fighting strategies were largely independent of size, they were associ- ated with elevated levels of 5-HT. Understanding the neurophysiological factors responsible for mediating the motivational state of opponents could help resolve the inconsistencies seen in cur- rent game theory models. Therefore, we contend that current studies using only size as a proxy for RHP may be inadequate in determining the intricacies of fighting ability and that future studies investigating assessment strategies and contest outcome should include neurophysiological data.

关键词： aggression assessment fighting strategies serotonin monoamines resource-holding potential.

Power regulation of kinematic control inputs for forward flying Drosophila

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2014年第6期30卷 809-818页

作者： kenneth MacFarlane Imraan Faruque j.Sean Humbert 3181 Glenn L Martin Hall University of MarylandCollege Park MD 20742 USA

The choices of insect wing kinematic programs is not well understood,particularly the mechanism by which an insect selects a distortion to achieve flight control.A methodology to evaluate prospective kinematic control inputs is presented based on the reachable states when control actuation was constrained to a unit of *** method implements a computationally-derived reduced order model of the insect’s flight dynamics combined with calculation of power *** kinematic inputs are evaluated based on this criterion for a Drosophila size insect in forward *** bias is shown to be the dominant control input using this power normalized evaluation measure.

关键词： Flight control Control Drosophila Power

The organization of societal conflicts by pavement ants Tetramorium caespitum： an agent-based model of amine-mediated decision making

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 277-284页

作者： Kevin M. HOOVER Andrew N. BUBAK Isaac j. LAW j.zmine D. W. YAEGER kenneth j. RENNER j.hn G. SWALLOW Michael j. GREENE Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Neuroscience Program University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA Department of Biology University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA

Ant colonies self-organize to solve complex problems despite the simplicity of an individual ant＇s brain. Pavement ant Tetramorium caespitum colonies must solve the problem of defending the ter- ritory that they patrol in search of energetically rich forage. When members of 2 colonies randomly interact at the territory boundary a decision to fight occurs when： 1） there is a mismatch in nest- mate recognition cues and 2） each ant has a recent history of high interaction rates with nestmate ants. Instead of fighting, some ants will decide to recruit more workers from the nest to the fighting location, and in this way a positive feedback mediates the development of colony wide wars. In ants, the monoamines serotonin （5-HT） and octopamine （OA） modulate many behaviors associated with colony organization and in particular behaviors associated with nestmate recognition and ag- gression. In this article, we develop and explore an agent-based model that conceptualizes how in- dividual changes in brain concentrations of 5-HT and OA, paired with a simple threshold-based de- cision rule, can lead to the development of colony wide warfare. Model simulations do lead to the development of warfare with 91% of ants fighting at the end of 1 h. When conducting a sensitivity analysis, we determined that uncertainty in monoamine concentration signal decay influences the behavior of the model more than uncertainty in the decision-making rule or density. We conclude that pavement ant behavior is consistent with the detection of interaction rate through a single timed interval rather than integration of multiple interactions.

关键词： agent-based model aggressive behavior ants decision making monoamines octopamine serotonin.

Intraocular lens power calculation in eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery

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Eye and Vision 2018年第1期5卷 172-181页

作者： Giacomo Savini kenneth j.Hoffer G.B.Bietti Eye Foundation RomeItaly. Stein Eye Institute University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA.3 St.Mary’s Eye CenterSanta MonicaCAUSA

Background:This review aims to explain the reasons why intraocular lens(IOL)power calculation is challenging in eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery and what solutions are currently available to obtain more accurate ***:After IOL implantation in eyes with previous LASIK,PRK or RK,a refractive surprise can occur because (i)the altered ratio between the anterior and posterior corneal surface makes the keratometric index invalid;(ii)the corneal curvature radius is measured out of the optical zone;and (iii)the effective lens position is erroneously predicted if such a prediction is based on the post-refractive surgery corneal *** methods are currently available to obtain the best refractive outcomes in these eyes,even when the perioperative data(*** corneal power and surgically induced refractive change)are not *** this review,we describe the most accurate methods based on our clinical ***:IOL power calculation after myopic corneal refractive surgery can be calculated with a variety of methods that lead to relatively accurate outcomes,with 60 to 70%of eyes showing a prediction error within 0.50 diopters.

关键词： Cataract Intraocular lens power LASIK PRK Excimer laser Corneal surgery Keratometry

Biparental behavior in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis： a role for dopamine？

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 285-291页

作者： S. Carmen PANAITOF j.zmine D. W. YAEGER j.rod P. SPEER kenneth j. RENNER Department of Biology UniversiW of Nebraska at Keamey Kearney NE 68849 USA Department of Biology University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Burying beetles Nicrophorus orbicollis exhibit facultative biparental care of young. To reproduce, a male-female burying beetle pair bury and prepare a small vertebrate carcass as food for its altricial young. During a breeding bout, male and female behavior changes synchronously at appropriate times and is coordinated to provide effective care for offspring. Although the ecologicaj.and evolutionary factors that shape this remarkable reproductive plasticity are well characterized, the neuromodulation of parental behavior is poorly understood. j.venile hormone levels rise dramat- ically at the time beetle parents accept and feed larvae, remain highly elevated during the stages of most active care and fall abruptly when care is terminated. However, hormonal fluctuations alone cannot account for this elaborate control of reproduction. The biogenic amines octopamine （OA）, dopamine （DA）, and serotonin （5-HT） mediate a diversity of insect reproductive and social behav- iors. In this study, we measured whole brain monoamine levels in individual male and female bury- ing beetles and compared OA, DA, and 5-HT profiles between breeding （parental） and nonbreed- ing, unmated beetles. Remarkably, after 24 h of care, when parental feeding rates begin to peak, DA brain levels increase in breeding beetles when compared to nonbreeding controls. In contrast, brain OA and 5-HT levels did not change significantly. These results provide the first evidence for a potential role of DA in the modulation of burying beetle parental behavior.

关键词： dopamine Nicrophorus neuromodulation octopamine parental care serotonin.