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An Impression Of China

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Beijing Review 2013年第50期56卷 48-48页

作者： kebede kassa mamo

This was my first trip to China. During my flight to Beijing, I was reading a book entitled General Knowledge of China.

关键词：中国经济经济发展经济建设对外合作

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Vegetation structural characteristics and topographic factors in the remnant moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, south central Ethiopia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2013年第3期24卷 419-430页

作者： mamo kebede Markku Kanninen Eshetu Yirdaw Mulugeta Lemenih Viikki Tropical Resources Institute (VITRI) Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Hawassa University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources

For forest ecosystem management to be effective, knowledge of the horizontal and vertical structural diversity of a forest is essential. The moist Afromontane highlands of Wondo Genet in south-central Ethiopia present an opportunity to restore and rehabilitate and enhance the ecosystem services to be obtained from this forest sustainably. We focused on the forest structural characteristics to better understand the current forest conditions to assist in the sustainable management of this resource. A total of 75 （20 m × 20 m） quadrats were sampled and diame- ter at breast height （DBH）〉2 cm and stem height 〉2 m were measured. Species identity and abundance, elevation, slope, and aspect were recorded for each plot. Structural characteristics were computed for each plot. Relationship of topographic factors with vegetation characteristics was conducted using R-Software. A total of 72 woody species was re- corded. Whereas, the overall diameter distribution shows an inverted J-shaped curve, the basal area followed a bell-shaped pattern. Five types of population structures are revealed. The mean tree density and basal area was 397.3 ***-1 and 31.4 ***-1, respectively. Only 2.8% of the tree species have densities of 〉25 ***^-1 and the percentage dis- tribution of trees show 56.2% in the DBH class 2-10 cm, indicating that the forest is dominated by medium-sized trees. Celtis africana （8.81 ***^-1） and Pouteria adolfi-friederieii （5.13 ***^-1） make the highest contribution to the basal area and species importance value index. The families/species with the highest importance value index are Ulmaceae, Fabacea and Sapotaceae. Species abundance （r2 = 0.32, p 〈0.001） and species richness （P =0.50, p 〈0.001） are positively related with tree density. Tree density is negatively related with elevation （~ = -0.36, p 〈0.001）, slope （r2 =-0.15, p 〈0.001） and aspect （r2 = -0.07, p 〈0.05）. While basal area is negatively related with elevation （r2 =-0.14, p 〈0.001）, it has a

关键词： forest structure basal area stratification topographic factors Afromontane forest

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Characterization of mycobacterium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,Addis Ababa Ethiopia:a cross sectional study

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015年第1期8卷 35-40页

作者： Biniam Mathewos Nigatu kebede Tesfu kassa Adane Mihret Muluwork Getahun Department of Immunology and Molecular biology School of Biomedical and Laboratory SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Gondar Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa University Armaour Hanson Research Institute Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute

Objective:To characterize mycobaclerium isolates from pulmomary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis from January 4 to February 22.2010 with total samples of ***:Sputum specimens were collected and processed:the deposits were *** culturing Lowenstein Jensen medium(LJ) and Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) were *** Neo was used for detecting NTM isolates from isolates of BACTEC *** Armauer Hansen Research Institute,Addis Ababa Ethiopia,Deletion typing PCR method for species identification(from confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC) isolates by Capilia Neo) uas ***:Out of 263 enrolled in the study.124 and 117 ol them were positive for mycobaeterium growth by BACTEC MGIT 960 and 1.1 culture method,*** BACTEC MGIT 960 positive media of 124 isolates.117 were randomly taken to perform Capilia TB Neo *** these 7(6%) of them were found to be NTM and 110(94%) were *** these 110 MTBC isolates,81 of them were randomly taken and run by the deletion typing RD9 PCR method of molecular *** of these 78(96.3%) were found to be species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 3(3.7%) were found to be not in the *** the types of methods of culture *** Growth Indicator Tube(BACTEC MGIT 960) method was found to have excellent agreement(with kappa value ol 0.78) with the routine method of ***:Pulmonary tuberculosis suspected cases visiting the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory at EHNR1 that were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis are caused by the species of Mycobacterium *** treatment regimen including pyrazinamide can be applied to the patients as the first choice in the study area in Addis *** is indication of the presence of NTM in patients visiting the tuberculosis ref

关键词： NTM Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex Mycobacteria growth indicator tube Lowenstein Jensen media

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Effect of spatial scale on runoff coefficient: Evidence from the Ethiopian highlands

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第4期6卷 289-296页

作者： Tesfaye Mebrate Lemma Gizaw Desta Gessesse Asfaw kebede kassa Desalegn Chemeda Edossa Debre Berhan University Debre BerhanEthiopia Water and Land Resources Center Addis AbabaEthiopia Haramaya Institute of Technology HaramayaEthiopia South-Man Engineering ManitobaWinnipegCanada

The runoff coefficient (RC) is the ratio between the runoff and rainfall amounts and is scale dependent, which is due in part to the heterogeneity of watershed characteristics. This study quantified the spatial scale effects on runoff using long-term rainfall-runoff data on runoff plots and small watersheds. Effect of spatial scale on RC was studied for 12 runoff plots (2m by 15m) and three small watersheds (113-477 ha) in the highlands of Ethiopia using a total of 4397 and 13,92515-day cumulative pairs of rainfall and runoff data at watershed and runoff plot scales, respectively. The observed average RC of runoff plots was extrapolated based on the extent of representation of a particular watershed in terms of slope, land use, cover and soil type. The weighted RC of plots was then compared with the observed RC of the watershed to determine a scale factor for extrapolation. A decrease in RC from plot to the watershed was observed in Anjeni and Andit Tid watersheds, while an increase in RC in Maybar watershed illustrates the role of specific watershed conditions in determining the scale effect. This, in turn, suggests that the variation in scale factor is not well explained by the difference in the area alone. The scale effect of runoff generation was better explained by extrapolating the RC based on the representation of different watershed characteristics. Thus, extrapolation exercises in runoff modeling and scaling efforts of soil and water conservation practices should consider the scale effect cautiously.

关键词： Runoff coefficient Spatial scale Rainfall-runoff relation Ethiopian highlands

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埃塞俄比亚对于尼罗河公平利用的公共外交倡议——以埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝为例

埃塞俄比亚对于尼罗河公平利用的公共外交倡议——以埃塞俄比亚复...

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作者： kebede kassa 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

长达6825千米、流域面积逾300万平方公里的尼罗河是世界上最长的河流,也是流经国家数量最多的跨境河流,中非、北非和东非的11个国家都在其流域之内。埃及和苏丹属于流域下游国家,其余国家位居上游。尼罗河流域以贫穷、高人口增长率、低... 详细信息

长达6825千米、流域面积逾300万平方公里的尼罗河是世界上最长的河流,也是流经国家数量最多的跨境河流,中非、北非和东非的11个国家都在其流域之内。埃及和苏丹属于流域下游国家,其余国家位居上游。尼罗河流域以贫穷、高人口增长率、低迷的经济、退化的环境和频繁的自然灾害为特征,由于河流利用不均而引发的冲突也成为其特征。每当有国家寻求利用尼罗河的水资源时,下游国家总会引用1929年和1959年签订的关于利用尼罗河水资源的协定来反对那些国家的行为。有鉴于此,上游国家表示他们不受这些条约的约束,或是说这些条约在各国独立之后就作废了。因此,他们争取其生来就有的使用其家门口的河流的权利。“历史赋予的权利”和“生来就有的权利”之间的斗争统治着尼罗河流域国家的关系。为什么尼罗河一直导致流经国家和相关主体之间的争端?这个问题的答案隐藏于包括埃及和苏丹在内的国家对历史赋予的权利的认识和其他流经国家对此不同的解释里。然而这只是一部分原因。尽管所有国家都极度需要水资源,并且尼罗河的水资源能够满足他们的基本需求,但这些拥有共同边界和身份、同在尼罗河旁耕种的国家依旧不能公平公正地利用尼罗河的资源,尼罗河的子女们被他们之间的误解和互相怀疑延误。本篇论文将走进事件的中心,展示出各国不协调的一面。由于对尼罗河的研究涉及的领域极广,包括历史、地理、经济、法律、主权、地缘政治、殖民条约和当代条约等等,本篇论文将仅涉及尼罗河流域的公共外交方面的内容,将范围限制到特定案例研究。笔者分析了埃塞俄比亚和下游国家的政府与民众之间的公共外交,尤其是埃塞俄比亚与埃及关于埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝。通过公共外交和软实力的概念,本文审视了埃塞俄比亚公共外交构想的可行性,并提出了相关问题的解决方法。以下是引导笔者进行研究的几个问题:1、在何种程度上,公共外交的缺位是尼罗河引起对抗的原因?2、埃塞俄比亚的软实力公共外交可利用的资源与潜在资源有什么?3、公共外交能如何推动尼罗河水资源的公平利用?4、对埃塞俄比亚的公共外交的评估说明了什么?本文主要是对埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝的定性研究,有赖于收集的可靠的第二手资料,如书籍、文章、各种出版物和政府机构与学术机构的报告,媒体报道和口头资料也是信息源之一。以上途径获得的资料通过内容分析技术进行了描述、解释和分析,并且,道德考虑被应用在其中。第一章:讨论研究设计与目标、重要性的介绍性章节,也强调了研究案例中相关方的立场。埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝是一座位于埃塞俄比亚的重力坝,占尼罗河86%的水资源量。正在修建的大坝在完工后有望发6000兆瓦的电力,使之成为非洲最大的水力发电厂,世界第11大。自其开工,埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝就成为了埃塞俄比亚和下游国家之间关系的热点。埃及持续表达对大坝的强烈反对,断言它将会影响尼罗河水资源的共享。尽管苏丹仍然坚持1958年尼罗河水资源协议,并拒绝签署尼罗河流域合作框架协议,先前一直对大坝持怀疑与焦虑态度的苏丹,如今支持修建大坝。苏丹的政治家和学者反复表示大坝将不会阻止河水流向苏丹和埃及,他们宁愿相信将会受益于大坝并督促埃及转变态度。对尼罗河水资源利用起重要作用的非洲联盟委员会倡议一种双赢的解决方法:在泛非洲主义和非洲复兴背景下的相关方之间的对话。然而国际河流组织和一些环境主义者组织声称大坝必然会影响埃及,而埃及的水资源供应几乎全部依赖尼罗河。国际河流组织则建议停止大坝修建,直到埃及和埃塞俄比亚达成共识。第二章是关于软实力、公共外交和尼罗河流域的文献综述。本章讨论了基本定义和概念。包括国际体系中非主要力量在内的不同国家都拥有软实力,这种软实力源于他们的文化、国内价值观和外交政策。通过公共外交发挥软实力时,国家难免会遭遇挑战。基于软实力,本章也分析了一国如何利用软实力达到其目标,而无需强制与代价。公共外交,作为一种靠推销软实力来达到预设的目标的方式,需要被策略式地全面考虑。本文关注了如何使公共外交更为熟知地影响其他国家及其民众,也强调对公共外交与宣传加以区别,以及利用公共外交缓和跨境河流流经国之间的紧张关系。第三章概述了流经国之间历史上的对抗交锋,尤其是埃及和埃塞俄比亚之间及其近来受埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝影响的关系。二者的关系在数百年间历经顺畅与坎坷,主要受到了几个议题的影响,如尼罗河水资源和某些有重要政治经济社会意义的关键区域。一些学术作品认为两个文明古国之间的对抗始于12世纪,在那时,基督埃塞俄比亚的国王警告穆斯林埃及苏丹将改道尼罗河,这种威胁通常针对宗教冲突。然而,其他学者认为改道尼罗河的想法是在14世纪提出来的。但大多数人的观点是,改道尼罗河只是一个假说。尽管如此,两个国家在19世纪还是爆发了几回合的战争。埃及也遭到过谴责,原因为或明或暗地暗算埃塞俄比亚的国家利益。本文通过丰富的案例,论证了遏制政策如今已经过时。可以看出,自从尼罗河流域国家组织

关键词：公共外交软实力尼罗河埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝

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