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Drugs,sex,and enhancement:Threats to sports integrity at the Olympics

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The Innovation 2024年第5期5卷 1-2页

作者： Yannis p.pitsiladis Zongwei Cai Department of Sport Physical Educationand HealthHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong SARChina International Federation of Sports Medicine LausanneSwitzerland European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations LausanneSwitzerland State Key Laboratory of Environmental&Biological Analysis Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong SARChina

*** Olympic Games represents a majestic sporting showcase on a uniquely global *** paris 2024 Olympics could mark the start of a new era for the Olympic *** viewpoint focuses on three existential threats to modern Olympic Games:doping,gender issues,and enhancement,while cutting-edge research and science need to be at the heart of a concerted reaction to restore integrity of competition and protect the concept of“true”*** enhancement in the context of sport denotes or relates to a drug or other substance or method used with the prospect of improving an athlete’s performance;specifically,substances and methods that enhance any number of components of physical and mental performance,such as agility,speed,strength,power,endurance,and competition preparation and execution.

关键词： uniquely viewpoint sport

Mechanisms behind the environmental sensitivity of carbon fiber reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene(pTFE)

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Friction 2024年第5期12卷 997-1015页

作者： pontus JOHANSSON p.MARKLUND M.BJORLING Y.SHI Division of Machine Element LuleåUniversity of TechnologyLuleåSE-97187Sweden

Carbon fiber reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (CF/pTFE) composites are known for their exceptional tribological performance when sliding against steel or cast iron in inert gas environments. Compared to experiments in humid air, about an order of magnitude lower wear rate and several times lower coefficient of friction have been reported for tests conducted in dry nitrogen and hydrogen. Moreover, trace moisture has been shown to affect the friction and wear significantly of this tribosystem, although a possible effect of oxygen cannot be ruled out due to uncertainties regarding the oxygen concentrations. While several studies have pointed out the environmental sensitivity of CF/pTFE, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms are very limited. The objective of this research is to investigate the individual and combined effect of oxygen and moisture on the tribological behavior of CF/pTFE sliding against steel. Additionally, this study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that govern the environmental sensitivity of the system. Climate-controlled three-pin-on-disc experiments were conducted in nitrogen atmospheres at various concentrations of oxygen and moisture. The tribological results clearly demonstrate that both moisture and oxygen contribute to increased friction and wear. However, the adverse effect was much more pronounced for oxygen than moisture. A qualitative method was developed to estimate the tribofilm coverage on the CF/pTFE surface. Results showed strong correlation between high coverage of strongly adhered tribofilm and low wear rate. Moreover, a loosely adhered tribofilm was observed on top of the CF/pTFE surface in presence of moisture. FTIR analysis indicated that the loosely adhered tribofilm found in the moisture-enriched environment contained a significant amount of adsorbed water, which may explain the lower coefficient of friction in presence of moisture compared to oxygen. The adsorbed water in the loosely adhered tribofilm coul

关键词： polymer composite tribofilm tribochemistry atmosphere

Biocompatible Biphasic Iontronics Enable Neuron-Like Ionic Signal Transmission

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Research 2024年第3期2024卷 795-796页

作者： Xiaoyi Wang Aleksandar p.Ivanov Joshua B.Edel Department of Chemistry Imperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondon W12 OBZUK

Biocompatible connections between external artificial devices and living organisms show promise for future neuroprosthetics and *** study in Science by Zhao and colleagues introduces a cascade-heterogated biphasic gel(HBG)iontronic device,which facilitates electronic-to-multi-ionic signal transduction for abiotic–biotic *** by neuron signaling,the HBG device demonstrated its biocompatibility by regulating neural activity in biological tissue,paving the way for wearable and implantable devices,including brain–computer interfaces.

关键词： asi Signal Neuron

System integration analysis of a zeolite 13x thermal energy storage

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Energy and Built Environment 2024年第4期5卷 568-579页

作者： S.De Antonellis L.p.M.Colombo p.Castellazzi A.Rossetti L.Marocco politecnico di Milano Department of Energyvia Lambruschini 4Milan 20156Italy Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico-RSE S.p.A. Tecnologie di Generazione e Materialivia R.Rubattino 54Milan 20134Italy

Nowadays a major energy transition aimed at cutting CO 2 emissions has begun,with the ambitious goal of drasti-cally reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and promoting the use of renewable energy *** this context,energy storage systems play a key role in ensuring a stable,secure and time-aligned energy *** sorption thermal energy storages(TESs)can contribute to such transition,since they are simple and cheap devices able to provide a hot airflow with a high energy density and to store energy for long *** this work,open sorption TES systems operated with Zeolite13X are investigated with a focus on the integration in practical ***,the experimental analysis and modelling of the sole TES system is ***,the integration of the TES at system level is carried *** analysis evidences that a significant reduction of storage capac-ity occurs if air humidification is necessary before the adsorption process or afterwards to keep adequate indoor comfort conditions for the *** the exemplary case study considered,an energy density of 150 kWhm^(−3) can drop to 40 kWhm−3 in case of complete compensation of the adsorbed water through a *** paper provides useful guidelines for evaluating the performance of a TES integrated system in terms of specific energy and *** also identifies applications involving high latent loads(e.g.,swimming pools,locker rooms)or for which low relative air humidity is required(*** of vehicles to prevent condensation on windows)as particularly beneficial for using a TES system.

关键词： Energy storage Adsorption Zeolite System integration Numerical model

Anthropogenic Influence on Decadal Changes in Concurrent Hot and Dry Events over China around the Mid-1990s

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 233-246页

作者： Qin SU Buwen DONG Fangxing TIAN Nicholas p.KLINGAMAN Yunnan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters and Climate Resources in the Great Mekong Subregion Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China Department of Atmospheric Sciences Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China National Centre for Atmospheric Science Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingRG66BBUK Geofysisk Institut University of BergenBergen 5007Norway Citadel Investment Group Moor House120 London WallLondonRG66BBUK

The frequency and duration of observed concurrent hot and dry events(HDEs) over China during the growing season(April–September) exhibit significant decadal changes across the mid-1990s. These changes are characterized by increases in HDE frequency and duration over most of China, with relatively large increases over southeastern China(SEC), northern China(NC), and northeastern China(NEC). The frequency of HDEs averaged over China in the present day(pD,1994–2011) is double that in the early period(Ep, 1964–81);the duration of HDEs increases by 60%. Climate experiments with the Met Office Unified Model(MetUM-GOML2) are used to estimate the contributions of anthropogenic forcing to HDE decadal changes over China. Anthropogenic forcing changes can explain 60%–70% of the observed decadal changes,suggesting an important anthropogenic influence on HDE changes over China across the mid-1990s. Single-forcing experiments indicate that the increase in greenhouse gas(GHG) concentrations dominates the simulated decadal changes,increasing the frequency and duration of HDEs throughout China. The change in anthropogenic aerosol(AA) emissions significantly decreases the frequency and duration of HDEs over SEC and NC, but the magnitude of the decrease is much smaller than the increase induced by GHGs. The changes in HDEs in response to anthropogenic forcing are mainly due to the response of climatological mean surface air temperatures. The contributions from changes in variability and changes in climatological mean soil moisture and evapotranspiration are relatively small. The physical processes associated with the response of HDEs to GHG and AA changes are also revealed.

关键词： concurrent hot and dry events decadal variation greenhouse gases aerosol emissions

performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDI Diesel Engine Fuelled by SiO_(2) Nanoparticle-Waste Fat Biodiesel Blends

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China petroleum processing & petrochemical Technology 2024年第1期26卷 56-66页

作者： Babu Aurtherson p Dinesh Babu Munuswamy Ravikumar Jayabal Yuvarajan Devarajan Department of Mechanical Engineering Mahat Amma Institute of Engineering and TechnologyPudukkottaiTamil NaduIndia Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajalakshmi Institute of TechnologyChennaiTamil NaduIndia Department of Thermal Engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesChennaiTamil NaduIndia

This study investigates the use of waste fat biodiesel(WFB)from the leather industry as a substitute for diesel ***,it examines the diesel engine performance of WFB,a blend of WFB and diesel(B50),and different blends of WFB and silicon dioxide(SiO_(2))nanoparticles(B50SiO_(2)40,B50SiO_(2)80,and B50SiO_(2)120μg/g).The results indicate that the B50SiO_(2)120 blend increases brake thermal efficiency by 10.03%compared to pure biodiesel but falls 1.93%short of neat ***,the B50SiO_(2)120 mixture reduces smoke,hydrocarbon,and carbon monoxide emissions by 31.87%,34.14%,and 43.97%respectively,compared to ***,the B50SiO_(2)120 blend shows a 4.91%increase in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel.

关键词： waste fat transesterification biodiesel silicon dioxide emission

Artificial ground freezing of underground mines in cold regions using thermosyphons with air insulation

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2024年第5期34卷 643-654页

作者： Ahmad F.Zueter Mohammad Zolfagharroshan Navid Bahrani Agus p.Sasmito Department of Civil and Resource Engineering Dalhousie UniversityHalifax B3H4R2Canada Department of Mining Engineering McGill UniversityMontreal H3A0E8Canada

Current practice of underground artificial ground freezing(AGF)typically involves huge refrigeration systems of large economic and environmental *** this study,a novel AGF technique is proposed deploying available cold wind in cold *** is achieved by a static heat transfer device called thermosyphon equipped with an air insulation layer.A refrigeration unit can be optionally integrated to meet additional cooling *** introduction of air insulation isolates the thermosyphon from ground zones where freezing is not needed,resulting in:(1)steering the cooling resources(cold wind or refrigeration)towards zones of interest;and(2)minimizing refrigeration *** design is demonstrated using well-validated mathematical models from our previous work based on two-phase enthalpy method of the ground coupled with a thermal resistance network for the *** Canadian mines are considered:the Cigar Lake Mine and the Giant *** results show that our proposed design can speed the freezing time by 30%at the Giant Mine and by two months at the Cigar Lake ***,a cooling load of 2.4 GWh can be saved at the Cigar Lake ***,this study provides mining practitioners with sustainable solutions of underground AGF.

关键词： Artificial ground freezing Underground mining Sustainable mining Thermosyphon Air insulation Cold regions

A combined experimental and DEM investigation of grain interlocking in sheared granular assemblies

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particuology 2024年第7期90卷 436-451页

作者： Rui Lu Qiang Luo Tengfei Wang David p.Connolly Tao Xie School of Civil Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031China Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Engineering(Southwest Jiaotong University) Ministry of EducationChengdu 610031China School of Civil Engineering University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK Department of Civil Engineering McMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada

Compacted granular material,integral to geotechnical engineering,undergoes translation,rotation,and interlocking when subject to shear displacements or external *** present study focuses on the interlocking of heterogeneous granular materials,a complex behavior influenced by gradation,compaction,and varying particle geometry,and has consequently received limited attention in existing *** address this research gap,we conducted an analysis on the effect of grain interlocking on the shear resistance of granular assemblies,using a combination of laboratory testing and the discrete element method(DEM).Initially,large-scale direct shear tests were conducted on gravel−sand mixes with varying degrees of compaction and normal *** of the mixes also underwent subsequent shear reversal to explore the differences in grain interlocking between the two shearing processes on the shear *** analyzing the laboratory results,a mesoscopic scale investigation was performed by replicating the test using discrete element *** facilitate this,granular particle geometries were measured using 3D laser scanning based on the physical lab ***,based on these scans,discrete element R-block and ball models were utilized to construct both the coarse and fine particles within the *** vibro-compaction was employed to regulate the degree of *** results indicate that an increase in vertical pressure,coupled with a zero dilatancy angle,results in a rising stress ratio,indicative of grain *** interlocking exhibits a positive correlation with both the coarse content and the degree of compaction,and varies depending on the shear *** interlocking progresses,the shear band,induced by particle movement,expands and is associated with reduced particle rotation near the shear *** study further reveals a consistent positive correlation between interlocking and the principal orientation angle of strong normal c

关键词： Granular material Interlocking Shear resistance Direct shear Discrete element method Vibro-compaction

In-situ study of the microstructure evolution during tension of a Mg-Y-Zn-Al alloy processed by rapidly solidified ribbon consolidation technique

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第5期12卷 2024-2040页

作者： Jeno Gubicza Kristián Máthis péter Nagy péter Jenei Zoltán Hegedus Andrea Farkas Jozef Vesely Shin-ichi Inoue Daria Drozdenko Yoshihito Kawamura Department of Materials physics Faculty of ScienceEotvos Loránd UniversityPázmány P.sétány 1/ABudapest H-1117Hungary Department of physics of Materials Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityKe Karlovu 512116 Praha 2Czech Republic Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr.85Hamburg 22603Germany Magnesium Research Center Kumamoto University2-39-1 KurokamiChuo-kuKumamoto 860-8555Japan

Mg-Y-Zn-Al alloys processed by rapidly solidified ribbon consolidation(RSRC)technique exhibit an exceptional mechanical performance indicating promising application *** material has a bimodal microstructure consisting of fine recrystallized and coarse non-recrystallized grains with solute-rich stacking faults forming cluster arranged layers(CALs)and nanoplates(CANaps),or complete long period stacking ordered(LpSO)*** order to reveal the deformation mechanisms,in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction line profile analysis was employed for a detailed study of the dislocation arrangement created during tension in Mg-0.9%Zn-2.05%Y-0.15%Al(at%)*** uncovering the effect of the initial microstructure on the mechanical performance,additional samples were obtained by annealing of the as-consolidated specimen at 300 and 400℃ for 2 *** heat treatment at 300℃ had no significant effect on the initial microstructure,its evolution during tension and,thus,the overall deformation behavior under tensile *** the other hand,annealing at 400℃ resulted in a significant increase of the recrystallized grains fraction and a decrease of the dislocation density,leading to only minor degradation of the mechanical *** maximum dislocation density at the failure of the samples corresponding to the plastic strain of 10-25% was estimated to be about 16-20×10^(14)m^(-2).The diffraction profile analysis indicated that most dislocations formed during tension were of non-basal and pyramidal types,what was also in agreement with the Schmid factor values revealed independently from orientation *** was also shown that the dislocation-induced Taylor hardening was much lower below the plastic strain of 3% than above this value,which was explained by a model of the interaction between prismatic dislocations and CANaps/LpSO plates.

关键词： Mg-Zn-Y-Al alloy Long period stacking ordered(LpSO)phase Cluster arranged nanoplates(CANaps) Annealing Tension Dislocation density Hardening