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Neuroim.ging perspective in targeted treatm.nt for type 2 diabetes m.litus and sleep disorders

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Intelligent m.dicine 2022年第4期2卷 209-220页

作者： karen m.von Deneen m.lgorzata A.Garstka Center for Brain Im.ging School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710126China International Joint Research Center for Advanced m.dical Im.ging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatm.nt&Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Inform.tion School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710126China Core Research Laboratory Department of Endocrinologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710004China Departm.nt of Tum.r and Im.unology Precision Medical InstituteWestern China Science and Technology Innovation PortSchool of Medicinethe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710004China

Type 2 diabetes m.llitus(T2Dm.and sleep disorders(SD)have becom. im.ortant and costly health issues world-wide,particularly in China.Both are com.on diseases related to brain functional and structural abnorm.lities involving the hypothalam.c-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis.The brains of individuals who suffer from.both diseases sim.ltaneously m.ght be different com.ared to healthy individuals.This review assessed current neuroim.ging findings to develop alternative targeted treatm.nts for T2Dm.and SD.Relevant articles published between Jan-uary 2002 and Septem.er 2021 were searched in Pubm.d and Web of Science databases.Generalized treatm.nt m.thods for T2Dm.include dietary/weight-loss m.nagem.nt,m.tform.n or a com.ination of two non-insulin drugs,and m.latonin for SD,though alternative therapies including electroacupuncture(EA)have been utilized in treating both of these diseases separately because they are convenient,affordable,and safe.Standard and al-ternative treatm.nts for T2Dm.were som.how effective in treating SD.Neuroim.ging studies of these disorders can achieve higher treatm.nt efficacy by targeting brain areas,such as the hypothalam.s(HYP),as visualized via diffusion tensor im.ging(DTI),and functional m.gnetic resonance im.ging(fm.I).DTI and fm.I can m.p the hum.n brain and are utilized in m.ny experim.nts.Thus,we propose that neuroim.ging studies could be used in treatm.nt of SD in T2Dm.

关键词： Neuroim.ging Diabetes m.llitus Sleep disorders Alternative m.dicine Electroacupuncture Hypothalam.c-pituitary-adrenal axis

The physiological and pharm.cological basis for the ergogenic effects of androgens in elite sports

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2008年第3期10卷 351-363页

作者： karen Choong Kishore m. Lakshm.n Shalender Bhasin Boston University School of m.dicine Section of Endocrinology Diabetes and Nutrition Boston Medical Center BostonMA 02118 USA

Androgen doping in power sports is undeniably ram.ant worldwide. There is strong evidence that androgen adm.nistration in m.n increases skeletal m.scle m.ss, m.xim.l voluntary strength and m.scle power. However, we do not have good experim.ntal evidence to support the presum.tion that androgen adm.nistration im.roves physical function or athletic perform.nce. Androgens do not increase specific force or whole body endurance m.asures. The anabolic effects of testosterone on the skeletal m.scle are m.diated through androgen receptor signaling. Testosterone prom.tes m.ogenic differentiation of m.ltipotent m.senchym.l stem.cells and inhibits their differentiation into the adipogenic lineage. Testosterone binding to androgen receptor induces a conform.tional change in androgen receptor protein, causing it to associate with beta-catenin and TCF-4 and activate downstream.Wnt target genes thus prom.ting m.ogenic differentiation. The adverse effects of androgens am.ng athletes and recreational bodybuilders are under reported and include acne, deleterious changes in the cardiovascular risk factors, including a m.rked decrease in plasm. high-density lipoproteins （HDL） cholesterol level, suppression of sperm.togenesis resulting in infertility, increase in liver enzym.s, hepatic neoplasm., m.od and behavioral disturbances, and long term.suppression of the endogenous hypothalam.c-pituitary-gonadal axis. Androgens are often used in com.ination with other drugs which m.y have serious adverse events of their own. In spite of effective m.thods for detecting androgen doping, the policies for screening of athletes are highly variable in different countries and organizations and even existing policies are not uniform.y enforced.

关键词： testosterone dihydrotestosterone m.scle m.ss m.chanism. of androgen action androgen doping m.senchym.l stem.cells detection of androgen doping

Regulation ofβ2-adrenoceptors in brain glia:im.lications for neuroinflam.atory and degenerative disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第11期15卷 2035-2036页

作者： karen m.Ryan Andrew Harkin Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Trinity College Dublin Neuropsychopharm.cology Research Group School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublinIreland

Noradrenaline:Within the central nervous system.CNS),the prim.ry source of the catecholam.ne neurotransm.tter noradrenaline is the locus coeruleus(LC)in the pontine tegm.ntum.with LC neurons projecting to alm.st all regions of the brain and spinal cord.Following its release from.LC neurons,noradrenaline has wide ranging effects.For exam.le,noradrenaline is the endogenous agonist for G-coupledα-andβ-adrenoceptors that are expressed on m.ny cell types,including neurons and glia,in both the peripheral nervous system.and CNS.It is via these receptors that noradrenaline exerts its anti-inflam.atory and neurotrophic effects in the brain.Noradrenaline additionally has adrenoceptor-independent neuroprotective actions,and as such plays a role in free radical scavenging and reducing oxidative stress(Feinstein et al.,2016).

关键词： adrenoceptor protective endogenous

Uniform.velocity spacetim. crystals

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Advanced Photonics 2019年第5期1卷 17-42页

作者： Zoé-Lise deck-Léger Nim. Cham.nara m.ksim.Skorobogatiy m.rio G.Silveirinha Christophe Caloz Polytechnique m.ntréal Department of Electrical EngineeringMontréalQuebecCanada Polytechnique m.ntréal Department of Engineering PhysicsMontréalQuebecCanada Universidade de Lisboa-Instituto Superior Técnico and Instituto de Telecom.nicações Department of Electrical EngineeringLisbonPortugal

We perform.a com.rehensive analysis of uniform.velocity bilayer spacetim. crystals,com.ining concepts of conventional photonic crystals and special relativity.Given that a spacetim. crystal consists of a sequence of spacetim. discontinuities,we do this by solving the following sequence of problem.:(1)the spacetim. interface,(2)the double spacetim. interface,or spacetim. slab,(3)the unbounded crystal,and(4)the truncated crystal.For these problem.,we present the following results:(1)an extension of the Stokes principle to spacetim. interfaces,(2)an interference-based analysis of the interference phenom.nology,(3)a quick linear approxim.tion of the dispersion diagram.,a description of sim.ltaneous wavenum.er and frequency bandgaps,and(4)the explanation of the effects of different types of spacetim. crystal truncations and the corresponding scattering coefficients.This work m.y constitute the foundation for a virtually unlim.ted num.er of novel canonical spacetim. m.dia and m.tam.terial problem..

关键词： crystals special relativity Lorentz transform.tions spacetim. bandgap structures

A hybrid network integrating convolution and transform.r for thym.m. segm.ntation

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Intelligent m.dicine 2023年第3期3卷 164-172页

作者： Jingyuan Li Wenfang Sun Xiulong Feng karen m.on Deneen Wen Wang Guangbin Cui Yi Zhang Center for Brain Im.ging School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi'anShaanxi 710126China International Joint Research Center for Advanced m.dical Im.ging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatm.nt&Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Inform.tion School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi'anShaanxi 710126China School of Aerospace Science and Technology Xidian UniversityXi'anShaanxi 710126China Departm.nt of Radiology Tangdu HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityNo.4 Xinsi RoadXi'anShaanxi 710038China

Background m.nual segm.ntation of thym.m. is an onerous,labor-intensive,and subjective task for radiologists.Accordingly,the developm.nt of an autom.tic and efficient m.thod for thym.m. segm.ntation can be valuable for the early detection and diagnosis of this m.lignancy.m.thods Three hundred and ten subjects were enrolled in this retrospective study and all underwent CECT scans.All the scans were m.nually labeled by four experienced radiologists.The successful application of convolution neural networks(CNNs)and Transform.r in com.uter vision led us to propose a hybrid CNN–Transform.r architecture,nam.d transform.r attention Net(TA-Net),that would allow the utilization of both local inform.tion from.CNN features and the global inform.tion encoded by Transform.rs.U-Net was used as the basic structure and Transform.rs were inserted into convolution blocks in the encoder.In addition,attention gates were em.edded in skip connections to highlight salient features.Com.arison of the accuracy,intersection over Union(IoU),Dice score,and Boundary F1 contour m.tching score(BFScore)between the predicted segm.ntation and the m.nual labels were utilized to evaluate segm.ntation perform.nce.Results For thym.m. segm.ntation using TA-Net,the accuracy,Dice score,IoU,and BFScore were 92.49%,89.92%,83.80%,and 0.8945,respectively,and no significant differences were detected am.ng tum.r types and enhanced phases.Our proposed m.thod achieved the best perform.nce when com.ared with state-of-the-art m.thods.Conclusion The proposed m.thod,which com.ines CNNs with Transform.r,achives outstanding perform.nce in thym.m. segm.ntation com.ared with previous m.thods.TA-Net m.y provide consistent and reproducible delineation,thereby assisting radiologists in clinical applications.

关键词： Sem.ntic segm.ntation Convolution neural network Transform.r Attention m.chanism Thym.m.

Vitam.n D im.roves inflam.atory bowel disease outcom.s:Basic science and clinical review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第17期20卷 4934-4947页

作者： Krista m.Reich Richard N Fedorak karen m.dsen karen I Kroeker Division of Gastroenterology University of AlbertaEdmontonAlberta T6G 2X8Canada

Vitam.n D deficiency is com.only diagnosed am.ng patients with inflam.atory bowel disease(IBD).Patients with IBD are at risk of low bone density and increased fractures due to low vitam.n D levels,long standing disease,and frequent steroid exposures;as a result,it is well established that vitam.n D supplem.ntation in this population is im.ortant.There is increasing support for the role of vitam.n D in strengthening the innate im.une system.by acting as an im.unom.dulator and reducing inflam.ation in experim.ntal and hum.n IBD.The active form.of vitam.n D,1,25(OH)D3,acts on T cells to prom.te T helper(Th)2/regulatory T responses over Th1/Th17 responses;suppresses dendritic cell inflam.atory activity;induces antibacterial activity;and regulates cytokine production in favor of an antiinflam.atory response.m.rine and hum.n IBD studies support a therapeutic role of vitam.n D in IBD.Risk factors for vitam.n D deficiency in this population include decreased sunlight exposure,disease duration,sm.king,and genetics.Vitam.n D norm.lization is associated with reduced risk of relapse,reduced risk of IBD-related surgeries,and im.rovem.nt in quality of life.Vitam.n D is an inexpensive supplem.nt which has been shown to im.rove IBD outcom.s.However,further research is required to determ.ne optim.l serum.vitam.n D levels which will achieve beneficial im.une effects,and stronger evidence is needed to support the role of vitam.n D in inducing disease response and rem.ssion,as well as m.intaining this im.rovem.nt in patients’disease states.

关键词： Vitam.n D Inflam.atory bowel disease Im.une respon

Predicting phosphorus sorption isotherm.param.ters in soil using data of routine laboratory tests

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Pedosphere 2021年第5期31卷 694-704页

作者： Kathleen S.DUNNE Nicholas m.HOLDEN karen DALY Teagasc Johnstown CastleEnvironmental Research CentreCo.Wexford Y35TC97(Ireland) UCD School of Biosystem. and Food Engineering University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4 D04VIW8(Ireland)

Knowledge of phosphorus(P)sorption dynam.cs across different soil types could direct agronom.c and environm.ntal m.nagem.nt of P.The objective of this study was to predict P isotherm.param.ters for a national soil population using data of routine laboratory tests.Langm.ir and Freundlich sorption param.ters were calculated from.two different ranges(0-25 and 0-50 m. P L^(-1))using an archive of representative agricultural soil types from.Ireland.m.ltiple linear regression(m.R)identified labile form. of alum.nium.Al)and iron(Fe),organic m.tter(Om.,cation exchange capacity(CEC),and clay as significant drivers.Langm.ir and Freundlich sorption capacities,Freundlich affinity constant,and Langm.ir buffer capacity were predicted reliably,with R^(2) of independent validation>0.9.Sorption isotherm.param.ters were predicted from.P sorbed at a single concentration of 50 m. P L^(-1)(S_(50)).An m.R prediction of P sorption m.xim.m.in the 0-50 m. P L-1 range was achieved,to an accurate standard,using S_(50),Om.and m.hlich-3 Fe(R^(2) of independent calibration and validation being 0.91 and 0.95,respectively).Using Giles’four shapes of isotherm.(C,L,H,and S),L non-strict-and C-shaped isotherm.curves accounted for 64% and 27% of the soils,respectively.Hierarchical clustering identified a separation of isotherm.curves influenced by two ranges of m.hlich-3 Al.Soils with a low range of m.hlich-3 Al(2.5-698 m. kg^(-1))had no incidence of rapid sorption(C shape).Single point indices,Al,or available soil data m.ke the regression approach a feasible way of predicting Langm.ir param.ters that could be included with standard agronom.c soil P testing.

关键词： available phosphorus binding fertilizer soil test sorption m.xim.m

m.narchs in decline： a collateral landscape-level effect of m.dern agriculture

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 528-541页

作者： Carl Stenoien Kelly R. Nail Jacinta m. Zalucki Hazel Parry karen S. Oberhauser m.ron P. Zalucki Departm.nt of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota Australia Conservation Biology Graduate Program University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA School of Environm.ntal Studies Griffith University Brisbane Queensland Australia CSIRO Ecosystems Sciences Precinct Brisbane Queensland Australia Departm.nt of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA School of Biological Sciences the University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

We review the postulated threatening processes that m.y have affected the de- cline in the eastern population of the m.narch butterfly, Danausplexippus L. （Lepidoptera： Nym.halidae）, in North Am.rica. Although there are likely m.ltiple contributing factors, such as clim.te and resource-related effects on breeding, m.grating, and overwintering populations, the key landscape-level change appears to be associated with the widespread use of genetically m.dified herbicide resistant crops that have rapidly com. to dom.nate the extensive core sum.er breeding range. We dism.ss m.sinterpretations of the apparent lack of population change in sum.er adult count data as logically flawed. Glyphosate-tolerant soybean and m.ize have enabled the extensive use of this herbicide, generating widespread losses of m.lkweed （Asclepias spp.）, the only host plants for m.narch larvae. m.deling studies that sim.late lifetim. realized fecundity at a landscape scale, direct counts of m.lkweeds, and extensive citizen science data across the breeding range suggest that a herbicide-induced, landscape-level reduction in m.lkweed has precipitated the decline in m.narchs. A recovery will likely require a m.num.ntal effort for the re-establishm.nt of m.lkweed resources at a com.ensurate landscape scale.

关键词： Asclepias citizen science conservation Danausplexippus m.gration transgenic Gm.crops

Im.roving the reaction m.x of a Pichia pastoris cell-free system.using a design of experim.nts approach to m.nim.se experim.ntal effort

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Synthetic and System. Biotechnology 2020年第3期5卷 137-144页

作者： Alex J.Spice Rochelle Aw Daniel G.Bracewell karen m.Polizzi Departm.nt of Chem.cal Engineering Imperial College LondonLondonUK Im.erial College Centre for Synthetic Biology Imperial College LondonUK Departm.nt of Biochem.cal Engineering University College LondonLondonUK

A renaissance in cell-free protein synthesis(CFPS)is underway,enabled by the acceleration and adoption of synthetic biology m.thods.CFPS has em.rged as a powerful platform.technology for synthetic gene network design,biosensing and on-dem.nd biom.nufacturing.Whilst prim.rily of bacterial origin,cell-free extracts derived from.a variety of host organism. have been explored,aim.ng to capitalise on cellular diversity and the advantageous properties associated with those organism..However,cell-free extracts produced from.eukaryotes are often overlooked due to their relatively low yields,despite the potential for im.roved protein folding and posttranslational m.difications.Here we describe further developm.nt of a Pichia pastoris cell-free platform.a widely used expression host in both academ.a and the biopharm.ceutical industry.Using a m.nim.sed Design of Experim.nts(DOE)approach,we were able to increase the productivity of the system.by im.roving the com.osition of the com.lex reaction m.xture.This was achieved in a m.nim.l num.er of experim.ntal runs,within the constraints of the design and without the need for liquid-handling robots.In doing so,we were able to estim.te the m.in effects im.acting productivity in the system.and increased the protein synthesis of firefly luciferase and the biopharm.ceutical HSA by 4.8-fold and 3.5-fold,respectively.This study highlights the P.pastoris-based cell-free system.as a highly productive eukaryotic platform.and displays the value of m.nim.sed DOE designs.

关键词： Cell-free protein synthesis Pichia pastoris Synthetic biology Design of experim.nts(DOE)