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Cichlid fish visual systems: mechanisms of spectral tuning

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 75-86页

作者： karen CARLETON Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkUSA

Hundreds of species of cichlid fishes have evolved in the Great Lakes of *** colorful fishes are known for their ecological ***,we discuss the diversity of their visual *** have seven unique cone opsin genes,which produce visual pigments sensitive from the ultraviolet to the red end of the *** species typically express three visual pigments to produce a trichromatic visual *** species differ in which sets of opsin genes they express,visual sensitivities can differ *** addition to the large visual pigment shifts from changing gene expression,cichlids can also more finely tune visual pigments through altera-tions in opsin amino acid *** of these tuning mechanisms likely play an important role in cichlid ecology and could contribute to the evolution of cichlid diversity through speciation.

关键词： cichlid fish opsin gene vision visual pigments.

VISUAL PROGRAMMING FOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING:ENERGY AND SHADING ANALYSIS CASE STUDIES

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Journal of Green Building 2015年第4期10卷 28-43页

作者： karen Kensek University of Southern California School of ArchitectureWatt Hall#204Los AngelesCA 90089-0291

INTRODUCTION Although visual programming is being broadly implemented in other disciplines,it has only relatively recently become an important supplement to three-dimensional modeling programs in the architecture,engineering,and construction ***,Grasshopper in conjunction with Rhino is a leading example of a visual programming environment that is strongly supported by a user community that is developing additional functionality,but Grasshopper does not yet work directly with building information modeling(BIM)*** is relatively new,but shows considerable promise in becoming a constructive tool to complement BIM,3D modeling,and analysis programs because it includes parametric geom-etries and works with Revit,a leading BIM software *** case studies are described:extensibility of Dynamo through the use of a building energy simu-lation package,controlling a virtual model’s response through light level sensors,and interactively updating shading components for a building facade based on solar *** demonstrate that one can work directly within building information models(BIM)using a visual programming language through updating component *** case studies demonstrate the feasibility of a workflow for sustain-able design simulations that is different than that more commonly used--having a separation between design and analysis models and using a neutral file format exchange such as IFC or gbXML to transfer *** visual programming languages are still a bit uncommon in the building industry,a short background is provided to place them within the tool set of other customizable tools that designers have been developing.

关键词： visual programming language VPL building information modeling BIM Dynamo Revit Grasshopper computational design

Exploring Loss and Damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： karen Elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change Loss and damage Mitigation United Nations

Application of Image Analysis Based on SEM and Chemical Mapping on PC Mortars under Sulfate Attack

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2014年第3期29卷 534-539页

作者：于诚孙伟 Scrivener karen School of Materials Science and Engineering Southeast University Jiangsu Key Lab of Construction Material Laboratory of Construction Materials Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)Ecublens 1015 LausanneSwitzerland

The degradation mechanisms of cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solutions have been controversial, despite considerable research. In this paper, two methodologies of image analysis based on scanning electron microscope and chemical mapping are used to analyse Portland cement mortars exposed to sodium sulfate solution. The effects of sulfate concentration in solution and water to cement ratio of mortar, which are considered as the most sensitive factors to sulfate attack, are investigated respectively by comparing the macro expansion with microstructure analysis. It is found that the sulfate concentration in pore solution, expressed as sulfate content in C-S-H, plays a critical role on the supersaturation with respect to ettringite and so on the expansion force generated.

关键词： image analysis mapping sulfate attack pore solution

Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第11期28卷 86-96页

作者： David J.Thomas karen Bradham Pharmacokinetics Branch Integrated Systems Toxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Offilce of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Parle NC 27709 USA Public Health Chemistry Branch Exposure Methods and Measurements Division National Exposure Research Laboratory Offilce of Researchand Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA

For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to *** to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here,we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals（arsenosugars, arsenolipids,and trimethylarsonium compounds） that are found in foods and consider their origins,metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.

关键词： Arsenic Arsenobetaine Arsenolipids Arsenosugars

A case of an intussuscepted neuroendocrine carcinoma of the appendix

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第6期12卷 971-973页

作者： RachelEThomas OlorundaRotimi karen Maude Department of Histopathology Algernon Firth BuildingLeeds General Infirmary Great George StreetLeeds LS 1 3EXUnited Kingdom Academic Department of Surgery Clarendon WingLeeds General Infirmary Great George StreetLeeds LS1 3EXUnited Kingdom

We have described a previously unreported entity of an intussuscepted neuroendocrine carcinoma of the appendix. Our patient was a 70-year-old man whose only complaint was insipient weight loss. Colonoscopy showed a malignant cecal ＂polyp＇; and an extended right hemicolectomy was performed. We have reviewed the literature on the causes of appendiceal intussusception and their appropriate treatment options, and clarified the classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

关键词： Neuroendocrine carcinoma Appendix Intussusception

A critical review of national physical activity policies relating to children and young people in England

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2021年第3期10卷 255-262,F0003页

作者： Anna Chalkley karen Milton School of Sport Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough LE113TUUK Norwich Medical School University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Background:There has been an increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical *** has been suggested that the 4 cornerstones of policy comprise(1)national guidelines on physical activity(PA),(2)setting population goals and targets,(3)surveillance or health-monitoring systems,and(4)public *** current study aimed to review the policy actions that have addressed each of these elements for children and youth in England and to identify areas of progress and remaining ***:A literature search was undertaken to identify past and present documents relevant to PA policy for children and youth in *** document was analyzed to identify content relevant to the 4 cornerstones of ***:Physical activity guidelines(Cornerstone 1)for children and youth have been in place since 1998 and reviewed *** activity targets(Cornerstone 2)have focussed on the provision of opportunities for PA,mainly through physical education in schools rather than in relation to the proportion of children meeting recommended PA *** has been much surveillance(Cornerstone 3)of children’s PA,but this has been undertaken infrequently over time and with varying inclusions of differing domains of *** has been only 1 campaign(Cornerstone 4)that targeted children and their intermediaries,Change4Life,which was an obesity campaign focussing on dietary behavior in combination with *** recently,a government infographic supporting the PA guidelines for children and young people was developed,but details of its dissemination and usage are ***:There have been many developments in national PA policy in England targeted to children and young *** area of most significant progress is national PA *** prevalence targets,streamlining surveillance systems,and investing in public education with supportive policies,environments,and opportunities would st

关键词： Physical activity Policy Public education Recommendations Surveillance

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3204-3212页

作者： karen A Diefenbach Christopher K Breuer Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Surgery330 Cedar StreetRm. 132 FMBNorth HavenCT 06520United States

Inflammatory bowel disease is an important cause of gastrointestinal pathology in children and adolescents. The incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease is increasing; therefore, it is important for the clinician to be aware of the presentation of this disease in the pediatric population. Laboratory tests, radiology studies, and endoscopic procedures are helpful in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease and differentiating between Crohn＇s disease and ulcerative colitis. Once diagnosed, the goal of medical management is to induce remission of disease while minimizing the side effects of the medication. Specific attention needs to be paid to achieving normal growth in this susceptible population. Surgical management is usually indicated for failure of medical management, complication, or malignancy. Algorithms for diagnostic evaluation and treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease are presented. The specific psychosocial issues facing these patients are also discussed in this review as are the future goals of research in the complex problem of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

关键词： Pediatric Inflammatory bowel Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease

Nielsen coincidence theory on infra-solvmanifolds of Sol

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Science China Mathematics 2021年第8期64卷 1861-1884页

作者： Jong Bum Lee karen Regina Panzarin Department of Mathematics Sogang UniversitySeoul 121-742Korea Departamento de Matematica Universidade Federal de Sao CarlosSao CarlosSP 13565-905Brazil

We derive averaging formulas for the Lefschetz coincidence numbers,the Nielsen coincidence numbers and the Reidemeister coincidence numbers of maps on infra-solvmanifolds modeled on a connected and simply connected solvable Lie group of type(R).As an application,we compare our formula for the Nielsen coincidence numbers with a result of Jezierski(1992)for pairs of maps on some infra-solvmanifolds of *** all the pairs of self-maps of a nonorientable infra-solvmanifold of Sol,we determine the sets of all the possible values of the Nielsen coincidence numbers and the Reidemeister coincidence numbers.

关键词： averaging formula infra-solvmanifold Lefschetz coincidence number Nielsen coincidence number Reidemeister coincidence number Sol-geometry