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Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché regulates the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids in Liver by Activation of PPArα without Affectation on PPArγ in Vivo and in Vitro

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第7期14卷 763-781页

作者： Julio Cesar Almanza-perez Vladimir Hernandez-rosado Angeles Fortis-Barrera Gerardo Blancas-Flores Edgar Alarcon-Villaseñor jose Luis Flores-Saenz Wendoline rosiles-Alanis Francisco Javier Alarcon-Aguilar Pharmacology Laboratory Department of Health Sciences Division of Biological and Health Sciences Metropolitan Autonomous University Mexico City Mexico Adyderma Medical International Institute Mexico City Mexico

Diabetes mellitus control in Mexico is practiced by using antidiabetic agents and, by empirical way using medicinal plants. Cucurbita ficifolia (C. ficifolia) has been attributed with hypoglycemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and anti-inflam- matory effects, and D-chiro-inositol (DCI), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and β-sitosterol were proposed as active principles. The last two compounds were suggested as activators of two transcription factors, PPArα and PPArγ, in C2C12 myocytes, which participate in β-oxidation of fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. However, the involvement of the hepatocytic and adipocytic PPArs in the effects of C. ficifolia has not yet been explored. This research aimed to determine the effects of C. ficifolia on PPArα, PPArγ, and inflammatory cytokines in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mice, HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, implicating two additional cell types associated with metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. STZ-induced diabetes mice received C. ficifolia (200 mg/kg/day) for 30 days, measuring serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). rNA was extracted from liver. Besides, HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells were incubated (24 h) with C. ficifolia (0.078 mM DCI), using pioglitazone or fenofibrate as controls. rNA was also extracted from cells and PCr in real-time was performed to determinate PPArα and PPArγ expression. In diabetic animals, C. ficifolia decreased glycemia and body weight, decreasing the expression level of TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, C. ficifolia increased PPArα expression in liver of diabetic animals, in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells;PPArγ expression only significantly increased in HepG2 cells. The data suggest that the effects on the glycemia and lipids of C. ficifolia and its anti-inflammatory effects imply, besides skeletal muscle cells, hepatic and adipocytic PPArα activation, without affectation on PPArγ. PPArs regulation by C. ficifolia may improve the metabolic dysfunctions associated with metabolic disease, controlling the intake, ac

关键词： Cucurbita ficifolia Diabetes Mellitus Hypoglycemic Plants Anti-Inflammatory Plants PPArs PPArα

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Early Feeding vs 5-Day Fasting after Distal Elective Bowel Anastomoses in Children.A randomized Controlled Trial

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Surgical Science 2013年第1期4卷 45-48页

作者： roberto Davila-perez Eduardo Bracho-Blanchet Francisco Galindo-rocha jose Tovilla-Mercado Gustavo Varela-Fascinetto Emilio Fernandez-Portilla Pablo Lezama-del-Valle Jaime Nieto-Zermeno Pediatric Surgery Department Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico GomezMexico CityMexico

Purpose: Determine the safety and efficacy of early enteral feeding after distal elective bowel anastomoses (DEBA) in children. Methods: Controlled randomized trial including pediatric patients with DEBA, excluding non-elective and high risk patients. Variables: Demographics, operative time, anastomosis placement, beginning peristalsis and bowel movement, time to full diet intake, post-operative stay, persisting vomiting and abdominal distention, wound infection or dehiscence, anastomotic leak, reoperation, death. randomization into: 1) Experimental group (EG): early feeding group, after a minimum 24 hours fasting period, oral fluids and diet was started;2) Control group (CG): obligatory 5-day fasting. Descriptive Statistics: Student’s t test for quantitative and Chi square for qualitative variables, a p-value 0.05 was considered significant. results: 60 patients were included since June 2003 to May 2004, 30 ineach group. Mean age 2 years, weight16 kg, malnutrition 33%. Stomal Ethiology: Anorectal-malformation 46%, Hirschsprung 13%, inflammatory 35%, tumoral 5%. Mostly in colon 71%. Mean surgical time 142 min. None developed vomiting or required nasogastric-tube. Mild abdominal distension 13%, mild fever 16.5% and wound complications 18%. Anastomosis leakage 6.5%, none required reoperations. Demographic variables showed no statistical differences. Full oral intake was in the 2nd postoperative day in the EG vs CG (p = 0.001). Postoperative hospital stay was 6.0 ± 3 in the EG vs 9.8 ± 4 days in the CG with clinical but not statistical significance. Peristalsis beginning, first flatus passage and bowel movements showed no statistical differences. The complication incidence was low and equally distributed. Conclusions: Early feeding after DEBA is safe and well tolerated in children.

关键词： Early Feeding Bowel Anastomosis Children

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Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Ormosia coccinea （Aubl,） Jacks in vivo

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Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2017年第6期5卷 289-298页

作者： Miguel Angel Diaz C. Lorena H. Cruz M. Mahabir P. Gupta Dionisio Olmedo jose Luis Lopez-perez Estela Guerrero De Leon Juan Antonio Moran-Pinzon Direccidn Nacional de Farmacia y Drogas Ministerio de Salud Panama Apartado 06812-0816 Republica de Panama Centro de lnvestigaciones Farmacognosticas de la Flora Panamena (CIFLOrPAN) Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Panama Panama Apartado 0824-00172 Republica de Panama Departamento de Quimica FarmacOutica Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Apartado 37007 Spain Departamento de Farmacologla Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Panama Panama Apartado 0824 Panama

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of rachis of Ormosia coccinea （Aubl.） Jacks （MEOC） using animal models of nociception and inflammation. The antinociceptive activity of the extract was assessed using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot-plate, and formalin tests. Oral administration of MEOC （500 mg/kg） produced significant （t7 〈 0.05） antinociceptive effects when tested in mice using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test and on the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. It was also demonstrated that MEOC had no significant effect on the response latency time to the heat stimulus in the thermal model of the hot plate test. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was assessed using carrageenan, histamine and serotonin induced oedema in rat paw. The oral administration of MEOC showed maximum inhibition （64.29%） at 1 h on carrageenan edema, but it did not modify the edema induced by histamine and serotonin. The present results suggest that MEOC has a peripheral antinoeiceptive and anti-inflammatory action.

关键词： Ormosia coccinea antinociceptive anti-inflammatory fabaceae.

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形变导致的蜘蛛大壶状腺丝力学行为的记忆与变异

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材料导报 2023年第23期37卷 233-241页

作者：蒋平吕太勇吴丽华 jose perez-rigueiro 胡梦蕾徐丽萍黄诗怡王安萍郭聪井冈山大学生命科学学院生态环境与资源研究所江西省生物多样性与生态工程重点实验室江西吉安343009 西南医科大学附属医院核医学系四川省核医学与分子影像重点实验室四川泸州646000 井冈山大学商学院江西吉安343009 马德里理工大学生物医学与技术中心西班牙马德里28223 马德里理工大学材料科学系西班牙马德里28040 四川大学生命科学学院生物资源与生态环境教育部重点实验室成都610065

纤维材料的形变与力学行为之间的关系密切。在自然条件下蛛丝会被反复拉伸,但其被拉伸后的力学行为被搁置的时间与形变效应鲜见报道。为此,本工作采用METS电子万能试验机测试研究了反复定伸长拉伸松弛后的间隔时间与形变对蜘蛛大壶状腺... 详细信息

纤维材料的形变与力学行为之间的关系密切。在自然条件下蛛丝会被反复拉伸,但其被拉伸后的力学行为被搁置的时间与形变效应鲜见报道。为此,本工作采用METS电子万能试验机测试研究了反复定伸长拉伸松弛后的间隔时间与形变对蜘蛛大壶状腺丝的力学行为的影响。结果表明,不论天然的还是经水最大限度超收缩干燥后的大壶状腺丝被定伸长反复拉伸过屈服点和屈服区甚至拉至加强区的力学行为曲线都能很好地重叠;经长时间(≥20 min)间隔后也只需一次拉伸就能不受拉伸历史的影响重现之前的力学行为,具有良好的纵向拉伸的形状与力学行为记忆。通过增加应变值对蜘蛛大壶状腺丝进行一系列的加载-卸载循环试验,并分析这些循环中其应力-应变曲线,计算每个循环中它的弹性模量、屈服应力、吸收和耗散的能量,以评估这些力学性能参数随循环增加的微观进化与演变。研究表明,蜘蛛丝力学行为的记忆与变异可以通过不可逆和可逆两种变形微观机制及其组合来解释,其中材料的粘弹性起主导作用。这些研究对人们进行新型功能纤维材料的仿生设计具有重要的指导意义。

关键词：天然高分子材料蜘蛛大壶状腺丝形变力学行为记忆

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Effectiveness and safety of first-generation protease inhibitors in clinical practice:Hepatitis C virus patients with advanced fibrosis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第30期21卷 9163-9174页

作者： Javier Salmeron Carmen Vinaixa ruben Berenguer Juan Manuel Pascasio Juan jose Sanchez ruano Miguel angel Serra Ana Gila Moises Diago Manuel romero-Gomez jose Maria Navarro Milagros Testillano Conrado Fernandez Dolores Espinosa Isabel Carmona jose Antonio Pons Francisco Jorquera Francisco Javier rodriguez ramon perez jose Luis Montero rafael Granados Miguel Fernandez Ana Belen Martin Paloma Munoz de rueda rosa Quiles CIBErehd Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ28029 MadridSpain Unit for Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada University Hospital Politecnico La Fe Unit for Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases University Hospital Virgen Del Rocio Hospital Toledo University Clinic Hospital of Valencia University General Hospital of Valencia Unit for Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases University Hospital Nuestra Senora de Valme Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol University Hospital Cruces Gastroenterology Unit University Hospital Fundacion Alcorcon University Hospital Virgen macarena University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital of Leon University General Hospital reina Sofia Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Central de Asturias University Hospital reina Sofia University Hospital De Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara

AIM:To evaluates the effectiveness and safety of the first generation,NS3/4A protease inhibitors(PIs) in clinical practice against chronic C virus,especially in patients with advanced fibrosis. METHODS:Prospective study and non-experimental analysis of a multicentre cohort of 38 Spanish hospitals that includes patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1,treatment-na?ve(TN) or treatment-experienced(TE),who underwent triple therapy with the first generation NS3/4A protease inhibitors,boceprevir(BOC) and telaprevir(TVr),in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. The patients were treatment in routine practice settings. Data on the study population and on adverse clinical and virologic effects were compiled during the treatment period and during follow ***:One thousand and fifty seven patients were included,405(38%) were treated with BOC and 652(62%) with TVr. Of this total,30%(n = 319) were TN and the remaining were TE:28%(n = 298) relapsers,12%(n = 123) partial responders(Pr),25%(n = 260) null-responders(Nr) and for 5%(n = 57) with prior response unknown. The rate of sustained virologic response(SVr) by intention-to-treatment(ITT) was greater in those treated with TVr(65%) than in those treated with BOC(52%)(P reas by modified intention-to-treatment(m ITT) no were found significant differences. By degree of fibrosis,56% of patients were F4 and the highest SVr rates were recorded in the non-F4 patients,both TN and TE. In the analysis by groups,the TN patients treated with TVr by ITT showed a higher SVr(P = 0.005). However,by m ITT there were no significant differences between BOC and TVr. In the multivariate analysis by m ITT,the significant SVr factors were relapsers,IL28 B CC and non-F4; the type of treatment(BOC or TVr) was not significant. The lowest SVr values were presented by the F4-Nr patients,treated with BOC(46%) or with TVr(45%). 28% of the patients interrupted the treatment,mainly by non-viral response(51%):this outcome was

关键词： Hepatitis C Boceprevir Telaprevir First-generation protease inhibitors Advanced fibrosis

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S-adenosyl-L-methionine modifies antioxidant-enzymes,glutathione-biosynthesis and methionine adenosyltransferases-1/2 in hepatitis C virus-expressing cells

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第14期22卷 3746-3757页

作者： Sonia Amelia Lozano-Sepulveda Eduardo Bautista-Osorio jose Angel Merino-Mascorro Marta Varela-rey Linda Elsa Munoz-Espinosa Paula Cordero-perez María Luz Martinez-Chantar Ana Maria rivas-Estilla Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine School of Medicine Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey Metabolomic Unit CIC bio GUNE CIBERehd Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Liver Unit School of Medicine and Hospital Universitario Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon

AIM: To elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S-adenosyl-L-methionine(SAM) decreases hepatitis C virus(HCV) ***: We examined the effects of SAM on viral expression using an HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Huh7 HCV-replicon cells were treated with 1 mmol/L SAM for different times(24-72 h), then total rNA and proteins were isolated. c DNA was synthesized and real time-PCr was achieved to quantify HCV-rNA, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2(SOD-1, SOD-2) catalase, thioredoxin 1, methionine adenosyltransferase 1A and 2A(MAT1A, MAT2A) expression, and GAPDH and rPS18 as endogenous genes. Expression of cellular and viral protein was evaluated by western-blot analysis using antibodies vs HCV-NS5 A, SOD-1, SOD-2, catalase, thioredoxin-1, MAT1 A, MAT2 A, GAPDH and actin. Total glutathione levels were measured at different times by Ellman's recycling method(0-24 h). reactive oxidative species(rOS) levels were quantified by the dichlorofluorescein assay(0-48 h); Pyrrolidin dithiocarbamate(PDTC) was tested as an antioxidant control and H2O2 as a positive oxidant ***: SAM exposition decreased HCV-rNA levels 50%-70% compared to non-treated controls(24-72 h). SAM induced a synergic antiviral effect with standard IFN treatment but it was independent of IFN signaling. In addition, 1 mmol/L SAM exposition did not modify viral rNA stability, but it needs cellular translation machinery in order to decrease HCV expression. Total glutathione levels increased upon SAM treatment in HCV-replicon cells. Transcriptional antioxidant enzyme expression(SOD-1, SOD-2 and thioredoxin-1) was increased at different times but interestingly, there was no significant change in rOS levels upon SAM treatment, contrary to what was detected with PDTC treatment, where an average 40% reduction was observed in exposed cells. There was a turnover from MAT1A/MAT2 A, since MAT1 A expression was increased(2.5 fold-times at 48 h) and MAT2 A was diminished(from 24 h) upon SAM treatment a

关键词： Hepatitis C virus S-adenosyl-L-methionine Superoxide dismutase 1 Superoxide dismutase 2 replication Hepatitis C virus-rNA NS5A Oxidative stress Antioxidants Viral proteins reactive oxygen species Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate

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Edaphoclimatic seasonal trends and variations of the Salmonella spp. infection in Northwestern Mexico

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2021年第1期6卷 805-819页

作者： Yasiri Mayeli Flores Monter Andrea Chaves Beatriz Arellano-reynoso Andres Mauricio Lopez-perez Humberto Suzan-Azpiri Gerardo Suzan Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico City04510Mexico Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa RicaSan Jose11501-2060Costa Rica Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95695United States Laboratorio de Ecología Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro76230Mexico

Currently,Salmonella *** the bacterium causing the highest number of food-borne diseases(FADs)in the *** is primarily associated with contaminated water used to that irrigates crops from intensive livestock ***,literature emphasizes that the reservoirs for Salmonella *** in wildlife and there are unconventional sources or secondary reservoirs,such as *** soil-borne diseases have not been modeled in spatial scenarios,and therefore it is necessary to consider soil and other climatic factors to anticipate the emergence of new strains or serotypes with potential threat to public and animal *** objective of this research was to investigate whether edaphic and climatic factors are associated with the occurrence and prevalence of Salmonella *** Northwestern *** estimated the potential distribution of Salmonella *** an interpolation method of unsampled kriging areas for 15 environmental variables,considering that these factors have a seasonal dynamic of change during the year and modifications in longer ***,a database was generated with human salmonellosis cases reported in the epidemiological bulletins of the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance(SIVE).For the Northwest region,there were 30,595 human cases of paratyphoid and other salmonellosis reported have been reported in Baja California state,71,462 in Chihuahua,and 16,247 in Sonora from 2002 to *** highest prevalence was identified in areas with higher temperatures between 35 and 37℃,and precipitation greater than 1000 *** edaphic variables limited the prevalence and geographical distribution of Salmonella spp.,because the region is characterized by presenting a low percentage of organic matter(≤4.3),and most of the territory is classified as aridic and xeric,which implies that the humidity comprises≤180 days a ***,the seasonal time series indicated that in the states of Baja California and Chihuahua the rainy quarter of

关键词： Potential distribution Soil Temperature Precipitation Salmonella spp

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Anemia in patients with high-risk acute coronary syndromes admitted to Intensive Cardiac Care Units

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2020年第1期17卷 35-42页

作者： Victoria Lorente Jaime Aboal Cosme Garcia Jordi Sans-rosello Antonia Sambola rut Andrea Carlos Tomas Gil Bonet David Vinas Nabil el Ouaddi Santiago Montero Javier Cantalapiedra Margarida Pujol Isabel Hernandez Maria perez-rodriguez Isaac Llao jose C Sanchez-Salado Miquel Gual Albert Ariza-Sole 无 Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge L’Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain Hospital Unversitari josep Trueta GironaSpain Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona BarcelonaSpain Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Instituto de Investigación Biomedica IIB Sant PauUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona(UAB)BarcelonaSpain Hospital Universitari de la Vall d’Hebron BarcelonaSpain Hospital Clinic i Provicial BarcelonaSpain Hospital Arnau de Vilanova LleidaSpain Hospital Joan XXIII TarragonaSpain the Grup de Treball de Cures Agudes Cardiologiques de la Societat Catalana de Cardiologia

Background Little information exists about the role of anemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes(ACS)admitted to Intensive Cardiac Care Units(ICCU).The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of anemia and its impact on management and outcomes in this clinical *** All consecutive patients admitted to eight different ICCUs with diagnosis of non-ST segment elevation ACS(NSTEACS)were prospectively *** was defined as hemoglobinrtality or readmission at six months was assessed by the Cox regression *** A total of 629 patients were *** age was 66.6 years.A total of 197 patients(31.3%)had *** angiography was performed in most patients(96.2%).Patients with anemia were significantly older,with a higher prevalence of comorbidities,poorer left ventricle ejection fraction and higher GrACE score *** with anemia underwent less often coronary angiography,but underwent more often intraaortic counterpulsation,non-invasive mechanical ventilation and renal replacement *** ICCU and hospital stay were significantly longer in patients with *** the incidence of mortality(Hr=3.36,95%CI:1.43–7.85,P=0.001)and the incidence of mortality/readmission were significantly higher in patients with anemia(Hr=2.80,95%CI:2.03–3.86,P=0.001).After adjusting for confounders,the association between anemia and mortality/readmission remained significant(P=0.031).Conclusions Almost one of three NSTEACS patients admitted to ICCU had *** patients underwent coronary *** was independently associated to poorer outcomes at 6 months.

关键词： Acute coronary syndromes Anemia Intensive cardiac care units Prognosis

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Evaluation of the Chemical Integrity of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics by Iodine-Based Assay

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2015年第11期3卷 91-99页

作者： Abraham Salois Iris perez Ervin Palma Ethan Goolish Yuri Griko Chief Dull Knife College Lame Deer USA Evergreen Valley College San Jose USA California State University Eastbay Hayward USA Mountain View High School Mountain View USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field USA

One of the major problems associated with the therapeutic application of β-lactam antibiotics is their significant instability [1]-[3]. Analogs from that group are easily degraded in aqueous solutions and in solid state, which happens predominantly as a result of β-lactam ring chemical degradation. Because of this, the chemical integrity of β-lactam antibiotics must be closely monitored to meet FDA requirements. The original iodometric method based on visual detection of the end products of beta-lactamase hydrolysis that has been used to test beta-lactamase activity [4] was modified to quantitatively assess the amount of degraded product in amoxicillin. A UV-visible spectrophotometric method has been used, focusing on the ability of the products from the degradation of β-lactam analogs to absorb iodine from bulk solution, resulting in a significant reduction in the absorption spectra. Amoxicillin trihydrate tablets with different expiration dates and amoxicillin samples pre-loaded with known amounts of degraded amoxicillin have been used to generate a calibration curve and quantify the presence of degraded materials. results show that the changes in the absorption spectra of iodine reagent directly correlate with the fraction of degraded β-lactam antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, in commercial products. The proposed assay might be as close as one step from simpler and cheaper methods of quantitative analysis of degraded β-lactam analogs, with estimated sensitivity in the range of 1% - 2%, which is better than the current FDA requirements.

关键词： Amoxicillin Iodine Chemical Integrity

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A High-resolution Modeling Strategy to Assess Impacts of Climate Change for Mesoamerica and the Caribbean

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American Journal of Climate Change 2016年第2期5卷 202-228页

作者： robert Oglesby Clinton rowe Alfred Grunwaldt Ines Ferreira Franklyn ruiz Jayaka Campbell Luis Alvarado Francisco Argenal Berta Olmedo Alejandro del Castillo Pilar Lopez Edwards Matos Yosef Nava Carlos perez Joel perez Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA Climate Change and Sustainability Division Inter-American Development Bank Washington DC USA Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia Bogota Colombia University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica Instituto Meteorológico Nacional Costa rica San Jose Costa Rica Servicio Meteorológico Nacional de Honduras Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil Tegucigalpa Honduras Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica Paname?a Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean (CATHALAC) Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Unidad de Análisis Meteorológico Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica Paname?a Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático Mexico City Mexico National Weather Service MARN San Salvador El Salvador

Mesoamerica and the Caribbean are low-latitude regions at risk for the effects of climate change. Global climate models provide large-scale assessment of climate drivers, but, at a horizontal resolution of 100 km, cannot resolve the effects of topography and land use as they impact the local temperature and precipitation that are keys to climate impacts. We developed a robust dynamical downscaling strategy that used the WrF regional climate model to downscale at 4 - 12 km resolution GCM results. Model verification demonstrates the need for such resolution of topography in order to properly simulate temperatures. Precipitation is more difficult to evaluate, being highly variable in time and space. Overall, a 36 km resolution is inadequate;12 km appears reasonable, especially in regions of low topography, but the 4 km resolution provides the best match with observations. This represents a tradeoff between model resolution and the computational effort needed to make simulations. A key goal is to provide climate change specialists in each country with the information they need to evaluate possible future climate change impacts.

关键词： regional Climate Models Dynamical Downscaling Strategy Mesoamerica and Caribbean Climate Change

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