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Bile acid metabolism and signaling in liver disease and therapy

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liver Research 2017年第1期1卷 3-9页

作者： john Y.l.Chiang Department of Integrative Medical Sciences College of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOHUSA

Bile acids play a critical role in the regulation of glucose,lipid,and energy metabolism through activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor(FXR)and membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1(Gpbar-1,aka TGR5).Agonist activation of FXR and TGR5 improves insulin and glucose sensitivity and stimulates energy metabolism to prevent diabetes,obesity,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFlD).Bile acids have both pro-and anti-inflammatory actions through FXR and TGR5 in the intestine and *** the intestine,bile acids activate FXR and TGR5 to stimulate fibroblast growth factor 15 and glucagon-like peptide-1 *** and TGR5 agonists may have therapeutic potential for treating liver-related metabolic diseases,such as diabetes and NAFlD.

关键词： Bile acid metabolism Cholestatic liver diseases Metabolic diseases

Enterococcus faecalis can be distinguished from Enterococcus faecium via differential susceptibility to antibiotics and growth and fermentation characteristics on mannitol salt agar

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Frontiers in Biology 2012年第2期7卷 167-177页

作者： Maria l. G. QUIlOAN john VU john CARVAlHO Biology Program Biology Department California State University Dominguez Hills （CSUDH） Carson CA 90747 USA M. S. Biology Program Biology Department California State University Dominguez Hills （CSUDH） Carson CA 90747 USA Biology Department California State University Dominguez Hills （CSUDH） Carson CA 90747 USA

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are both human intestinal colonizers frequently used in medical bacteriology teaching laboratories in order to train students in bacterial identification. In addition, hospitals within the United States and around the world commonly isolate these bacteria because they are a cause of bacteremia, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, wound infections, and nosocomial infections. Given that enterococci are becoming more of a world health hazard, it is important for laboratories to be able to distinguish these bacteria within hospitalized patients from other bacterial genera. In addition, laboratories must differentiate different species within the Enterococcus genus as well as different strains within each species. Though enterococci are differentiated from other bacterial genera via classical culture and biochemical methods, nucleic acid sequencing is required to differentiate species within the genus--a costly, time consuming, and technically challenging procedure for laboratory technicians that, in itself, does not necessarily lead to speedy identification of bactericidal antibiotics. In this study, we perform antibiogram analysis to show （1） that penicillin can be rapidly employed to distinguish strains and clinical isolates of E. faecalis from E. faecium, （2） E. faecalis is susceptible to ampicillin, and （3） that vancomycin resistance in enterococci shows no sign of abating. Additionally, we show that E. faecalis can grow on mannitol salt agar and ferment mannitol, while E. faecium lacks these phenotypes. These data reveal that we now have rapid, cost effective ways to identify enterococci to the species, and not just genus, level and have significance for patient treatment in hospitals.

关键词： enterococci Staphylococcus antibiotic resistance bacteriology microbiology

Bile acid-based therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic Iiver disease

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2020年第2期9卷 152-169页

作者： Tiangang li john Y.l.Chiang Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOHUSA

Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol only in *** acids circulating in the enterohepatic system act as physiological detergent molecules to help solubilize biliary cholesterol and emulsify dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in small *** acids are signaling molecules that activate nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor(FXR)and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor *** critically regulates bile acid homeostasis by mediating bile acid feedback inhibition of hepatic bile acid *** addition,bile acid-activated cellular signaling pathways regulate metabolic homeostasis,immunity,and cell proliferation in various metabolically active *** the small and large intestine,gut bacterial enzymes modify primary bile acids to generate secondary bile acids to help shape the bile acid pool composition and subsequent biological *** turn,bile acids exhibit anti-microbial properties and modulate gut microbiota to influence host metabolism and ***,bile acid-based therapies including systemic and intestine-restricted FXR agonists,TGR5 agonists,fibroblast growth factor 19 analogue,intestine FXR antagonists,and intestine apical sodium-bile acid transporter(ASBT)inhibitors have been developed as promising treatments for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).These pharmacological agents improved metabolic and inflammatory disorders via distinct mechanisms of action that are subjects of extensive research *** recently,human and experimental alcoholic liver disease(AlD)has been associated with disrupted bile acid *** additional,new findings showed that targeting bile acid metabolism and signaling may be promising therapeutic approaches for treating AlD.

关键词： Bile acid farnesoid X receptor(FXR) microbiota non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) alcoholic liver disease(AlD)

Modelling and predicting the spatial dispersion of skin cancer considering environmental and socio-economic factors using a digital earth approach

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第6期13卷 661-682页

作者： Zohreh Masoumi john l.van Genderen Mohammad Sadi Mesgari Department of Earth Sciences Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic SciencesZanjanIran Department of Earth Observation Sciences(ITC) University of TewnteEnschedeThe Netherlands GIS departement Geomatics engineering facultyKhajeh Nasir Toosi University of TechnologyGeospatial Information SystemTehranIran

Almost all causative factors of diseases depend on *** Digital Earth approach is suitable for studying diseases *** information systems integrated with statistical models can be used to model the relationship between a disease and its causative *** modelling,the most important causative factors can be extracted and the epidemiology of the disease can be *** this paper,skin cancer(the most common type of cancer)has been modelled based on its causative factors,including climate factors,people’s occupations,nutrition habits,socio-economic factors,and usage of chemical *** fit the model,a data framework was first designed,and then data were gathered and ***,the disease was modelled using Generalised linear Models(GlM),a statistical model based on the location of the *** results of this study identify the most important causative factors together with their relative ***,a model was used to predict the change in skin cancer occurrences caused by a change in one of its causative *** work illustrates the ability of the model to predict disease ***,by using this Digital Earth approach,skincancer can be studied in all the key countries around the world.

关键词： Digital Earth skin cancer geo-statistics geospatial information systems(GIS) global climate change

Computationally predicted energies and properties of defects in GaN

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npj Computational Materials 2017年第1期3卷 374-383页

作者： john l.lyons Chris G.Van de Walle Center for Computational Materials Science Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDC 20375USA Materials Department University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106-5050USA

Recent developments in theoretical techniques have significantly improved the predictive power of density-functional-based *** this review,we discuss how such advancements have enabled improved understanding of native point defects in *** review the methodologies for the calculation of point defects,and discuss how techniques for overcoming the band-gap problem of density functional theory affect native defect *** particular,we examine to what extent calculations performed with semilocal functionals(such as the generalized gradient approximation),combined with correction schemes,can produce accurate *** properties of vacancy,interstitial,and antisite defects in GaN are described,as well as their interaction with common *** also connect the first-principles results to experimental observations,and discuss how native defects and their complexes impact the performance of nitride ***,we find that lower-cost functionals,such as the generalized gradient approximation,combined with band-edge correction schemes can produce results that are qualitatively ***,important physics may be missed in some important cases,particularly for optical transitions and when carrier localization occurs.

关键词： correction approximation properties

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012年第2期6卷 288-293页

作者： john WANC Peng JINt Paul l.BISHOP Fuzhi lI Meridian Aquatic Technology LLC.4061 Powder Mill RoadSuite 100CalvertonMD 20705USA Department of Civil and Environunental Engineering University of CincinnatiCincirmatiOH 45221USA Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Abstract lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand （BOD5）, ammonia （NH3） and total suspended solids （TSS） removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg. l-1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg. l-1 for larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg. l-1 for laurelville WWTE respectively. Two- year average BOD5 effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 ***, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg.l-l The systems also showed low fecal coliform （FC） levels in their effluents.

关键词： wastewater lagoons wastewater biologicaltreatment ammonia removal high surface area media,fine bubble aeration

A Comparison of Carlin-type Gold Deposits：Guizhou Province,Golden Triangle,Southwest China,and Northern Nevada,USA

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地学前缘 2013年第1期20卷 1-18页

作者： Jean S.CllNE john l.MUNTEAN Xuexiang GU Yong XIA University of Nevada las Vegas Nevada BareaH of Mines and Geology and University of Nevada Reno School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosiences(Beijing) State Key laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry.Institute of Geochemistry.Chinese Academy of Sciemces

Several Au deposits in Guizhou Province,southwest China,described as being similar to the highly productive Carlin-type gold deposits in northern ***,were examined to identify similarities and differences between the two *** were collected along transects from lowto high-grade rock,where possible,and fram stockpiles at the Shuiyindong,Zimudang,Taipingdong,Yata and Jinfeng(formerly lannigou)*** used to examine ore and alteration minerals included hand-sample description:reflectance spectroscopy using an ASD Terraspec spectrometer;analyses of hand samples by carbonate staining with Alizaren red and potassium ferricyanide;transmitted and reflected light petrography;chemical analyses,mineral identification,and imaging using a ***-5610 scanning electron microscope:and quantitative chemical analyses using a JEOl JXA-8900 electron probe *** analyses of hand samples for 52 elements were done by AlS *** indicate both similarities and differences between the two *** districts have similar geologic *** deposits at both locations appear to have formed as a result of similar tectonic *** the district in southwest China lacks evidence of eoeval felsic igneous activity;however,the ore-stage minerals and the fluids that produced the minerals and deposits have some significant *** Nevada deposits were dominated by fluid-rock reaction in which host rock Fe was sulfidized to form Au-bearing *** ore fluids sulfidized host rock Fe in the Cuizhou *** timing of Fe metasomatism is unknown,so whether the deposits formed in response to sulfidation or pyritization is ***-rock reaction between an acidic,aqueous fluid and highly reactive calcareous rocks in Nevada caused extensive decarbonatization of host rocks,jasperoid replacemerit of carbonate minerals,and alteration of silty rock components to illite and *** Guizhou,CO2-bearing ore flu

关键词：地质地理学地质构造气藏

Joint Statement on COVID-19

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Engineering 2021年第3期7卷 273-274页

作者： Xiaohong li Jim McDonald john l.Anderson Presidents of Chinese Aeademy of Einginering(CAE)Royal Amdemy of Ergineering(RAErg) and US national Academy of Engineering(NAE)

Advances in engineering and technology have played an indispensable role in shaping social and economic development.A host of new global challenges have appeared,though,that must be addressed through engineering education,research,and *** address such challenges,the national academies of engineering of China,the United Kingdom,and the United States have jointly sponsored four Global Grand Challenges Summits(GGCS)since *** GGCS were launched to accelerate global engage-ment on the Grand Challenges for Engineering-14 goals for improving life on the planet-and encourage international collabo-rations to achieve them.

关键词： jointly Grand planet

Typhoon disaster risk zoning for China’s coastal area

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2022年第2期16卷 291-303页

作者： Jing ZHU Yi lU Fumin REN john l McBRIDE longbin YE Xiamen Key laboratory of Straits Meteorology Xiamen Meteorological BureauXiamen 361012China Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration Shanghai 200030China State Key laboratory of severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 10081China School of Earth Science (Honorary)University of MelbourneMelbourne 3010Australia Research and Development Division(Emeritus Scientist) Bureau of MeteorologyMelbourne 3010Australia

Previous studies on typhoon disaster risk zoning in China have focused on individual provinces or small-scale areas and lack county-level *** this study,typhoon disaster risk zoning is conducted for China’s coastal area,based on data at the county *** precipitation and wind data for China and typhoon disaster and social data at the county level for China’s coastal area from 2004 to 2013,first we analyze the characteristics of typhoon disasters in China’s coastal area and then develop an intensity index of factors causing typhoon disasters and a comprehensive social vulnerability ***,by combining the two indices,we obtain a comprehensive risk index for typhoon disasters and conduct risk *** results show that the maximum intensity areas are mainly the most coastal areas of both Zhejiang and Guangdong,and parts of Hainan Island,which is similar to the distribution of typhoon *** maximum values of vulnerability in the northwest of Guangxi,parts of Fujian coastal areas and parts of the Shandong *** comprehensive risk index generally decreases from coastal areas to inland *** high-risk areas are mainly distributed over Hainan Island,south-western Guangdong,most coastal Zhejiang,the coastal areas between Zhejiang and Fujian and parts of the Shandong Peninsula.

关键词： typhoon disaster risk zoning comprehensive social vulnerability index China’s coastal area