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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第2期8卷 391-404页

作者： Sandra J.A.van Kuijk José C.del Río Jorge Rencoret Ana Gutiérrez Anton S.M.Sonnenberg Johan J.P.Baars wouter H.Hendriks john w.cone Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen UniversityDe Elst 16708 WD WageningenThe Netherlands Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologica de Sevilla(IRNAS-CSIC) Avenida Reina Mercedes1042012 SevilleSpain Plant Breeding Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands

Background： The present work investigated the influence of lignin content and composition in the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in order to improve rumen degradability. wheat straw and wood chips,differing in lignin composition, were treated with Lentinula edodes for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk and the changes occurring during fungal degradation were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and detergent fiber ***： L. edodes preferentially degraded lignin, with only limited cellulose degradation, in wheat straw and wood chips, leaving a substrate enriched in cellulose. Syringyl（S）-lignin units were preferentially degraded than guaiacyl（G）-lignin units, resulting in a decreased S/G ratio. A decreasing S/G ratio（wheat straw： r =-0.72, wood chips： r =-0.75） and selective lignin degradation（wheat straw： r =-0.69, wood chips： r =-0.88） were correlated with in vitro gas production（IVGP）, a good indicator for rumen ***： L. edodes treatment increased the IVGP of wheat straw and wood chips. Effects on IVGP were similar for wheat straw and wood chips indicating that lignin content and 3D-structure of cell walls influence in vitro rumen degradability more than lignin composition.

关键词： Fungal treatment In vitro rumen degradability Lignocellulosic biomass Py-GC/MS

The effect of particle size and amount of inoculum on fungal treatment of wheat straw and wood chips

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第1期8卷 217-225页

作者： Sandra J. A. van Kuijk Anton S. M. Sonnenberg Johan J. P. Baars wouter H. Hendriks john w. cone Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen University De Elst 1 6708WD Wageningen The Netherlands Plant Breeding Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708PB Wageningen The Netherlands

Background： The aim of this study was to optimize the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass by stimulating the colonization. wheat straw and wood chips were treated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Lentinula edodes with various amounts of colonized millet grains（0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 % per g of wet weight of substrate） added to the substrates. Also, wheat straw and wood chips were chopped to either 0.5 or 2 *** of the fungal treatment after 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk of incubation was determined by changes in chemical composition, in vitro gas production（IVGP） as a measure for rumen degradability, and ergosterol content as a measure of fungal ***： Incomplete colonization was observed for C. subvermispora treated wheat straw and L. edodes treated wood chips. The different particle sizes and amounts of inoculum tested, had no significant effects on the chemical composition and the IVGP of C. subvermispora treated wood chips. Particle size did influence *** treatment of wheat straw. The L. edodes treatment of 2 cm wheat straw resulted in a more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than the smaller particles. Addition of 1.5 % or 3 % L. edodes inoculum to wheat straw resulted in more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than addition of 0.5 % ***： Particle size and amount of inoculum did not have an effect on C. subvermispora treatment of wood chips. At least 1.5 % L. edodes colonized millet grains should be added to 2 cm wheat straw to result in an increased IVGP and acid detergent lignin（ADL） degradation.

关键词： Amount of inoculum Fungal treatment In vitro rumen degradability Lignin degradation Lignocellulosic biomass Particle size

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如何走入“游戏化”

中国远程教育 2014年第6期 113-114页

作者： Karl M.Kapp john cone 陈阵(译)

除了用Point（积分）、Badge（证章）、Leader—board（优胜者排名）等游戏奖励机制之外，学习和发展领域的专业人士应该以更宽广的视角来思考“游戏化”的定义。“游戏化”应该是这样的一个概念：使用游戏的机制、游戏美学和游戏思维... 详细信息

除了用Point（积分）、Badge（证章）、Leader—board（优胜者排名）等游戏奖励机制之外，学习和发展领域的专业人士应该以更宽广的视角来思考“游戏化”的定义。“游戏化”应该是这样的一个概念：使用游戏的机制、游戏美学和游戏思维去吸引人们参与，激励行动，推进学习和解决问题。

关键词：游戏化 Point 奖励机制专业人士优胜者学习

Study of hybrid nanofluid flow in a stationary cone-disk system with temperature-dependent fluid properties

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第4期45卷 677-694页

作者： A.S.john B.MAHANTHESH G.LORENZINI Center for Mathematical Needs Department of MathematicsCHRIST(Deemed to be University)Karnataka 560029India School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences The University of Texas Rio Grande ValleyTexas 78539U.S.A. Department of Engineering and Architecture University of ParmaParma 43124Italy

cone-disk systems find frequent use such as conical diffusers,medical devices,various rheometric,and viscosimetry *** this study,we investigate the three-dimensional flow of a water-based Ag-Mg O hybrid nanofluid in a static cone-disk system while considering temperature-dependent fluid *** the variable fluid properties affect the dynamics and heat transfer features is studied by Reynolds's linearized model for variable viscosity and Chiam's model for variable thermal *** single-phase nanofluid model is utilized to describe convective heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids,incorporating the experimental *** model is developed as a coupled system of convective-diffusion equations,encompassing the conservation of momentum and the conservation of thermal energy,in conjunction with an incompressibility condition.A self-similar model is developed by the Lie-group scaling transformations,and the subsequent self-similar equations are then solved *** influence of variable fluid parameters on both swirling and non-swirling flow cases is ***,the Nusselt number for the disk surface is *** is found that an increase in the temperature-dependent viscosity parameter enhances heat transfer characteristics in the static cone-disk system,while the thermal conductivity parameter has the opposite effect.

关键词： hybrid nanofluid cone-disk system laminar flow variable fluid property Nusselt number

Nanoparticle meta-grid for enhanced light extraction from light-emitting devices

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Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 842-852页

作者： Debabrata Sikdar john B.Pendry Alexei A.Kornyshev Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite CityLondon W120BZUK Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039India The Blackett Laboratory Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonLondon SW72AZUK Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials Imperial College LondonLondon SW72AZUK

Based on a developed theory,we show that introducing a meta-grid of sub-wavelength-sized plasmonic nanoparticles(NPs)into existing semiconductor light-emitting-devices(LEDs)can lead to enhanced transmission of light across the LED-chip/encapsulant *** results from destructive interference between light reflected from the chip/encapsulant interface and light reflected by the NP meta-grid,which conspicuously increase the efficiency of light extraction from ***“meta-grid”,should be inserted on top of a conventional LED chip within its usual encapsulating *** described by the theory,the nanoparticle composition,size,interparticle spacing,and distance from the LED-chip surface can be tailored to facilitate maximal transmission of light emitted from the chip into its encapsulating layer by reducing the Fresnel *** analysis shows that transmission across a typical LEDchip/encapsulant interface at the peak emission wavelength can be boosted up to ~99%,which is otherwise mere~84% at normal *** scheme could provide improved transmission within the photon escape cone over the entire emission spectrum of an *** would benefit energy saving,in addition to increasing the lifetime of LEDs by reducing ***,the scheme will be easy to implement and adopt into existing semiconductor-device technologies,and it can be used separately or in conjunction with other methods for mitigating the critical angle loss in LEDs.

关键词： light particle reflected

Poly(lactic acid)-starch/Expandable Graphite (PLA-starch/EG) Flame Retardant Composites

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2018年第1期6卷 26-37页

作者： Mfiso Emmanuel Mngomezulu Adriaan Stephanus Luyt Steve Anthony Chapple Maya Jacob john Department of Chemistry University of the Free State(Qwaqwa Campus)Private Bag X13Phuthaditjhaba 9866South Africa Center for Advanced Materials Qatar UniversityPO Box 2713DohaQatar CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence AreaPO Box 1124Port Elizabeth 6000South Africa Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceNelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityPO Box 1600Port Elizabeth 6000South Africa

This work reports on the effect of commercial expandable graphite(EG)on the flammability and thermal decomposition properties of PLA-starch *** PLA-starch/EG composites were prepared by melt-mixing and their thermal stability,volatile pyrolysis products and flammability characteristics were *** char residues of the composites,after combustion in a cone calorimeter,were analyzed with environmental scanning electron microscopy(ESEM).The thermal decomposition stability of the composites improved in the presence of ***,the char content was less than expected as per the combination of the wt%EG added into PLA-starch and the%residue of *** flammability performance of the PLA-starch/EG composites improved,especially at 15 wt%EG content,due to a thick and strong worm-like char *** peak heat release rate(PHRR)improved by 74%,the total smoke production(TSP)by 40%and the specific extinction area(SEA)by 55%.The improvements are attributed to the ability of EG to exfoliate at increased temperatures during which time three effects occurred:(i)cooling due to an endothermic exfoliation process,(ii)dilution due to release of H2O,SO2 and CO2 gases,and (iii)formation of a protective intumescent char ***,the CO and CO2 yields were found to be unfavorably high due to the presence of EG.

关键词： Poly(lactic acid)-starch composites expandable graphite thermal stability flammability properties

Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan

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National Science Review 2018年第6期5卷 863-869页

作者： Jianni Liu Rudy Lerosey-Aubril Michael Steiner Jason A. Dunlop Degan Shu john R. Paterson Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment The Key Laboratory of Continental DynamicsDepartment of Geology Northwest University Palaeoscience Research Centre School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New England Institut für Geologische wissenschaften 4. Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science

The rapid rise of arthropods during the Cambrian quickly established some clades, such as the euarthropod stem-group called Radiodonta, as the dominant and most diverse predators in marine ecosystems. Recent discoveries have shown that the size and dietary ecology of radiodontans are far more diverse than previously thought, but little is known about the feeding habits of juveniles. Here, we document a very small(～18-mm-long), near-complete specimen of the radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of China. This specimen is the smallest radiodontan individual known,representing a juvenile instar. Its adult-like morphology—especially the fully developed spinose frontal appendages and tetraradial oral cone—indicates that L. unguispinus was a well-equipped predator at an early developmental stage, similar to modern raptorial euarthropods, such as mantises, mantis shrimps and arachnids. This evidence, coupled with the basal phylogenetic position of radiodontans, confirms that raptorial feeding habits in juvenile euarthropods appeared early in the evolutionary history of the group.

关键词： Lyrarapax Radiodonta Arthropoda Cambrian predation feeding ecology

Seeing red: color vision in the largemouth bass

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Current Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 43-52页

作者： Lisa D. MiTCHEM Shannon Stanis Muchu Zhou Ellis LoEw john M. Epifanio Rebecca C. Fuller Department of Animal Biology School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA Department of Biomedical Sciences and Section of Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA Illinois Natural History Survey Champaign IL 61820 USA

How animals visually perceive the environment is key to understanding important ecological behaviors, such as predation, foraging, and mating. This study focuses on the visual system properties and visual perception of color in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. This study (1) documents the number and spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors,(2) uses these parameters to model visual perception, and (3) tests the model of color perception using a behavioral assay. Bass possess single cone cells maximally sensitive at 535 nm, twin cone cells maximally sensitive at 614 nm, and rod cells maximally sensitive at 528 nm. A simple model of visual perception predicted that bass should not be able to discern between chartreuse yellow and white nor between green and blue. In contrast, bass should be able to discern red from all achromatic (i.e., gray scale) stimuli. These predictions were partially upheld in behavioral trials. In behavioral trials, bass were first trained to recognize a target color to receive a food reward, and then tested on their ability to differentiate between their target color and a color similar in brightness. Bass trained to red and green could easily discern their training color from all other colors for target colors that were similar in brightness (white and black, respectively). This study shows that bass possess dichromatic vision and do use chromatic (i.e., color) cues in making visual-based decisions.

关键词： bass cones photoreceptors rods vision

Contact radius of stamps in reversible adhesion

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2011年第1期1卷 7-9页

作者： Seok Kim Andrew Carlson Keh-Chih Hwang john A.Rogers Department of Materials Science and Engineering Beckman Instituteand Seitz Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIllinois 61801 Department of Engineering Mechanics Tsinghua University

A mechanics model is developed for the contact radius of stamps with pyramid tips in transfer *** is important to the realization of reversible control of adhesion,which has many important applications,such as climbing robots,medical tapes,and transfer printing of *** contact radius is shown to scale linearly with the work of adhesion between the stamp and the contacting surface,and inversely with the plane-strain modulus of the stamp. It also depends on the cone angle and tip radius of the stamp,but is essentially independent of details of the tip geometry.

关键词： contact mechanics reversible adhesion contact radius

Theoretical Investigation of Structural, Electronic, and Mechanical Properties of Two Dimensional C, Si, Ge, Sn

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Crystal Structure Theory and Applications 2016年第3期5卷 43-55页

作者： Rita john Benita Merlin Department of Theoretical Physics University of Madras Guindy Campus Chennai India Department of Electronics and Communication Science Alpha Arts and Science College Chennai India

In this article, we investigate the predictions of the first principles on structural stability, electronic and mechanical properties of 2D nanostructures: graphene, silicene, germanene and stenane. The electronic band structure and density of states in all these 2D materials are found to be generic in nature. A small band gap is generated in all the reported materials other than graphene. The linearity at the Dirac cone changes to quadratic, from graphene to stenane and a perfect semimetalicity is exhibited only by graphene. All other 2D structures tend to become semiconductors with an infinitesimal band gap. Bonding characteristics are revealed by density of states histogram, charge density contour, and Mulliken population analysis. Among all 2D materials graphene exhibits exotic mechanical properties. Analysis by born stability criteria and the calculation of formation enthalpies envisages the structural stability of all the structures in the 2D form. The calculated second order elastic stiffness tensor is used to determine the moduli of elasticity in turn to explore the mechanical properties of all these structures for the prolific use in engineering science. Graphene is found to be the strongest material but brittle in nature. Germanene and stenane exhibit ductile nature and hence could be easily incorporated with the existing technology in the semiconductor industry on substrates.

关键词： 2D Nanomaterials Electronic Band Structure Graphene Silicene Germanene Stenane Mechanical Properties Bonding Characteristics