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Climate change adaptation, greenhouse gas mitigation and economic profitability of conservation agriculture: Some examples from cereal systems of Indo-Gangetic plains

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第8期14卷 1524-1533页

作者： Tek B Sapkota M L Jat jeetendra p aryal R K Jat Arun Khatri-Chhetri International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Borlaug Institute for South Asia Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Research program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) International Water Management Institute

Achieving sustainability of the cereal system in the Indo-Gangetic plains（IGp）of India under progressive climate change and variability necessitates adoption of practices and technologies that increase food production,adaptation and mitigation in a sustainable *** paper examines conservation agriculture（CA）from the perspective of：（i）increased yield and farm income,（ii）adaptation to heat and water stresses,and（iii）reduction in greenhouse gas（GHGs）*** analyses and conclusions are based on the literature and evidences from a large number of on-station as well as farmers’field trials on CA in the cereal systems of *** analyses show that CA-based system substantially reduces the production cost（up to 23%）but produces equal or even higher than conventional system;thereby increasing economic profitability of production ***-based production systems also moderated the effect of high temperature（reduced canopy temperature by 1–4°C）and increased irrigation water productivity by 66–100%compared to traditional production systems thus well adapting to water and heat stress situations of *** continuous monitoring of soil flux of CO2,N2O and CH4 revealed that CA-based rice-wheat systems emit 10–15%less GHGs than conventional *** is the first time that CA and its components are synthesized and analyzed from food security-climate change *** this holistic analysis,we suggest that wide-scale promotion of suitable CA practices by integrating into national agriculture development strategy is a way forward to address food security,climate change adaptation and mitigation challenges faced by present agriculture.

关键词： zero-tillage residue retention climate change sustainability conservation agriculture

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Linking leaf elemental traits to biomass across forest biomes in the Himalayas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1518-1528页

作者： Nita DYOLA Eryuan LIANG Josep pEÑUELAS J.Julio CAMARERO Shalik Ram SIGDEL Sugam aryal Wentao LIN Xiang LIU Yongwen LIU Xingliang XU Sergio ROSSI State Key Laboratory of Tibetan plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratoire sur lesécosystèmes terrestres boréaux Département des Sciences FondamentalesUniversitédu QuébecàChicoutimi555Boulevard de l′UniversitéChicoutimi(QC)G7H2B1Canada CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UABBellaterraE-08193 CataloniaSpain CREAF Cerdanyola del VallèsE-08193 CataloniaSpain Instituto pirenaico de Ecología(IpE-CSIC) Avenida Montañana 1005Zaragoza 50059Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Institut für GeographieErlangen 91058Germany State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of EcologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

plants require a number of essential elements in different proportions for ensuring their growth and *** elemental concentrations in leaves reflect the functions and adaptations of plants under specific environmental ***,less is known about how the spectrum of leaf elements associated with resource acquisition,photosynthesis and growth regulates forest biomass along broad elevational *** examined the influence of leaf element distribution and diversity on forest biomass by analyzing ten elements(C,N,p,K,Ca,Mg,Zn,Fe,Cu,and Mn)in tree communities situated every 100 meters along an extensive elevation gradient,ranging from the tropical forest(80 meters above sea level)to the alpine treeline(4200 meters above sea level)in the Kangchenjunga Landscape in eastern Nepal *** calculated communityweighted averages(reflecting dominant traits governing biomass,i.e.,mass-ratio effect)and functional divergence(reflecting increased trait variety,i.e.,complementarity effect)for leaf elements in a total of 1,859 trees representing 116 *** increasing mass-ratio effect and decreasing complementarity in leaf elements enhance forest biomass accumulation.A combination of elements together with elevation explains biomass(52.2%of the variance)better than individual elemental trait diversity(0.05%to 21%of the variance).Elevation modulates trait diversity among plant species in biomass *** promotes biomass at lower elevations,but reduces biomass at higher elevations,demonstrating an interaction between elevation and *** interaction between elevation and mass-ratio effect produces heterogeneous effects on biomass along the elevation *** research indicates that biomass accumulation can be disproportionately affected by elevation due to interactions among trait diversities across vegetation *** higher trait variation enhances the adaptation of species to environmental changes,it reduces

关键词： Ecosystem function Elevational gradient Functional diversity Functional traits Leaf elements Niche complementarity

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喜马拉雅山不同森林群落主要树种叶片元素性状与生物量之间的关系

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第5期54卷 1544-1555页

作者： Nita DYOLA 梁尔源 Josep pEÑUELAS JJulio CAMARERO Shalik Ram SIGDEL Sugam aryal 林文涛刘向刘永稳徐兴良 Sergio ROSSI 中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 Laboratoire sur lesécosystèmes terrestres boréaux Département des Sciences FondamentalesUniversitédu QuébecàChicoutimi555Boulevard de l′UniversitéChicoutimi(QC)G7H2B1Canada CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UABBellaterraE-08193 CataloniaSpain CREAF Cerdanyola del VallèsE-08193 CataloniaSpain Instituto pirenaico de Ecología(IpE-CSIC) Avenida Montañana 1005Zaragoza 50059Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Institut für GeographieErlangen 91058Germany 兰州大学生态学院草种创新与草地农业生态系统全国重点实验室兰州730000 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101

植物需要多种基本元素调节并保持其特定比例以维持生长发育,叶片元素含量反映了植物的功能及其对环境的适应性.然而,在森林海拔梯度上,我们对于资源获取、光合作用和生长相关的叶片元素如何调节森林生物量仍知之甚少.本研究在喜马拉雅... 详细信息

植物需要多种基本元素调节并保持其特定比例以维持生长发育,叶片元素含量反映了植物的功能及其对环境的适应性.然而,在森林海拔梯度上,我们对于资源获取、光合作用和生长相关的叶片元素如何调节森林生物量仍知之甚少.本研究在喜马拉雅山干城章嘉峰地区沿热带森林(海拔80m)至高山树线(海拔4200m)设置海拔梯度样带,每间隔海拔100m设置一个样点,对116个树种的1859个个体测定了叶片中10种元素(C、N、p、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu和Mn)的含量,通过计算叶片元素含量的群落加权平均值(反映优势物种的性状优势度,表征质量比效应)和功能离散度(反映物种在生态位空间内的聚集或者离散程度,表征互补效应),探究叶片元素含量及其离散程度沿海拔梯度分异特征,解析其对森林群落生物量的影响.研究结果表明,较强的叶片元素质量比效应和较弱的互补效应有利于森林群落生物量的积累.叶片元素性状多样性与海拔的共同作用对生物量的解释量(解释方差:52.2%)高于元素性状多样性的解释量(解释方差:0.05%~21%).海拔调节了树种性状多样性在生物量积累中的作用,互补效应在低海拔和高海拔地区对生物量的影响分别体现为积极和消极作用,这表明海拔和互补效应之间也存在交互作用.此外,海拔和质量比效应的交互作用对海拔梯度上生物量的影响也存在异质性.本研究表明,不同森林群落生物量的积累可能受到由海拔调控的性状多样性的影响.尽管较高的性状分异不利于生物量的积累,但能增强高海拔地区树种对胁迫环境的适应性.

关键词：生态系统功能海拔梯度功能多样性功能性状叶片元素生态位互补

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Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 145-166页

作者： prashant Kumar Sisay E.Debele Soheila Khalili Christos H.Halios jeetendra Sahani Nasrin Aghamohammadi Maria de Fatima Andrade Maria Athanassiadou Kamaldeep Bhui Nerea Calvillo Shi-Jie Cao Frederic Coulon Jill L.Edmondson David Fletcher Edmilson Dias de Freitas Hai Guo Matthew C.Hort Madhusudan Katti Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen Steffen Lehmann Giuliano Maselli Locosselli Shelagh K.Malham Lidia Morawska Rajan parajuli Christopher D.F.Rogers Runming Yao Fang Wang Jannis Wenk Laurence Jones Global Centre for Clean Air Research(GCARE) School of SustainabilityCivil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK Institute for Sustainability University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHSurreyUK School of Built Environment University of ReadingWhiteknightsReading RG66BUUK School Design and the Built Environment Curtin University Sustainability Policy InstituteKent StBentley 6102Western Australia Harry Butler Institute Murdoch UniversityMurdoch 6150Western Australia Atmospheric Sciences Department Institute of AstronomyGeophysics and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05508-090Brazil Met Office FitzRoy RoadExeter EX13PBUK Department of psychiatry and Nuffield Department of primary Care Health Sciences Wadham CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies University of WarwickWarwickUK School of Architecture Southeast University2 SipailouNanjing 210096China Cranfield University School of WaterEnvironment and EnergyCranfield MK430ALUK plants PhotosynthesisSoil ClusterSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffield S102TNUK UK Centre for Ecology&Hydrology Environment Centre WalesDeiniol RoadBangor LL572UWUK Air Quality Studies Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityChancellorRaleighNC 27695USA Departments of Architecture&Civil Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK School of Architecture University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154USA Department of Tropical Ecosystems Functioning Center of Nuclear Energy in AgricultureUniversity of São PauloPiracicaba 13416-000Sao PauloBrazil School of Ocean Sciences Bangor UniversityMenai BridgeAnglesey LL595 ABUK International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Science and Engine

The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate ***,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air *** many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are *** systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their *** screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main *** GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling ***,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)*** most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCp8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the *** the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future *** global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,fi

关键词： estuary walls extreme

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Shifting paradigms for Nepal＇s protected areas： history, challenges and relationships

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第5期14卷 964-979页

作者： Babu R BHATTARAI Wendy WRIGHT Buddi S pOUDEL Achyut aryal Bhupendra p YADAV Radha WAGLE Department of National parks and Wildlife Conservation #860KathmanduNepal Faculty of Science and Technology Federation University AustraliaVictoriaAustralia Department of Forest Research and Survey #3339KthmanduNepal Institute of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Massey University#102904AucklandNew Zealand Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation #12476 KathmanduNepal

The modern history of protected area(pA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National parks and Wildlife Conservation Act(1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.

关键词： protected area National park Conservation Management Development history Nepal

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Drug Resistance pattern in pulmonary Tuberculosis patients and Risk Factors Associated with Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2017年第2期5卷 106-117页

作者： S. Maharjan A. Singh D. K. Khadka M. aryal Central Department of Microbiology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal National Tuberculosis Center Thimi Nepal

Introduction: Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is a major problem in tuberculosis (TB) control programme, particularly multi-drug resistance TB (MDR-TB) in Nepal. Drug resistance is difficult to treat due to its associated cost and side effects. The objective of this study was to assess the drug resistance pattern and assess risk factor associated with MDR-TB among pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending National Tuberculosis Center. Methodology: The comparative cross sectional study was conducted at National Tuberculosis Center during August 2015 to February 2015. Early morning sputum samples were collected from pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining and fluorochrome staining and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium. Drug Susceptibility test was performed on culture positive isolates by using proportion method. Univariate and multivariate analysis was computed to assess the risk factors of MDR-TB. Results: Out of 223 sputum samples, 105 were fluorochrome staining positive, 85 were ZN staining positive and 102 were culture positive. Out of 102 culture positive isolates, 37.2% were resistance to any four anti-TB drugs. 11 (28.9%) were initial drug resistance and 28 (43.7%) were acquired drug resistance. The overall prevalence of MDR-TB was 11.7%, of which 2 (5.3%) were initial MDR-TB and 10 (15.6%) were acquired MDR-TB. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed female were significantly associated (p = 0.05) with MDR-TB. Conclusion: Drug resistance TB particularly MDR-TB is high. The most common resistance pattern observed in this study was resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin. Female were found to be associated with MDR-TB. Thus, early diagnosis of TB and provision of culture and DST are crucial in order to combat the threat of DR-TB.

关键词： Tuberculosis pulmonary Tuberculosis Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance MDR-TB

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Regulation of Mucin-type O-Glycan Biosynthesis Through the Cosmc and T-synthase—Implications in Human Diseases

Regulation of Mucin-type O-Glycan Biosynthesis Through the C...

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21st IUBMB and 12th FAOBMB International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

作者： Tongzhong Ju Yingchun Wang Xiaokun Ding Rajindra p.aryal Wenyl Wang Caleb J.Stowell Richard D.Cummings Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA 30322USA

＜正＞The T-synthase（core 1 3-galactosyltransferase） is a glycosyl transferase responsible for converting GalNAcl-Ser/Thr（Tn antigen） to ***1- Ser/Thr（core 1 structure,T antigen）,which is a precursor for many mucin type O-glycans on animal *** of T-synthase in mice results in embryonic lethality due to impaired ***,

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The properties of Nitrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films Grown by Microwave Surface-wave plasma CVD: Effects of Gas Composition pressure

The Properties of Nitrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films Grown ...

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第十五届国际光伏科学与工程大会

作者： Sudip Adhikari Hare Ram aryal Ashraf M.M.Omer Sunil Adhikary Hideo Uchida Masayoshi Umeno Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan Department of Electronics and Information Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan Department of Electronics and Information Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan Department of Electronics and Information Engineering Chubu University1200 Matsumoto-choKasugai 487-8501Japan

＜正＞ Nitrogenated amorphous carbon （a-C:N） thin films were grown on p-type silicon and quartz substrates by microwave surface wave plasma chemical vapor deposition （CVD） with various gas composition pressures （GCp）. The deposited a-C:N films were characterized for their optical, structural and electrical properties through UV/VIS/NIR spectroscopy, X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solar simulator measurements. Optical absorption coefficient is decreased with increasing GCp. The roughness of the a-C:N is found to be very smooth （about 0.50 nm）. The film deposited at 90 pa exhibited relatively good photovoltaic action compared to the films deposited at other GCps.

关键词： Nitrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films MW SWp-CVD Gas Composition pressure Films properties

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Long-Term Outcomes Comparing Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair versus Conventional Mitral Valve Surgery

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2018年第8期8卷 127-139页

作者： Matthew Jackson Manraj S. Sandhu Chao Dong Bilal Bawamia Muhammad Qureshi Khalid Khan Andrew Goodwin Simon Kendall Steven Hunter Richard Graham jeetendra Thambyrajah Enoch F. Akowuah Cardiothoracic Surgery The James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough UK Cardiology The Freeman Hospital Newcastle UK

Objectives: To compare the long term outcomes between minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MiMVR) and conventional surgery. Current retrospective comparisons between the techniques frequently report echocardiographical (echo) outcomes early after surgery and rarely report them later. Methods: patients were selected for MiMVR by the surgical multi-disciplinary meeting from June 2008-March 2013. patients included had at least two transthoracic post-operative echocardiograms. Echocardiographic parameters including left ventricular size and systolic function, degree of mitral regurgitation (MR) and mean mitral valve gradient were recorded. Clinical outcomes including all-cause mortality, re-operation, recurrence of at least moderate MR and elevated mean mitral valve gradients > 5 mmHg were recorded and compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: 223 patients were screened, 96 (43%) met the criteria and were included. Thirty-seven patients underwent conventional surgery and 59 underwent MiMVR. Mean clinical follow-up was 6.3 years and echo follow up was 3.2 years. There was a significantly higher recurrence of moderate MR in the conventional group (38% (n = 19) versus 17% (n = 10)). The mean LV end-diastolic diameter was 4.8 cm (conventional) versus 5.0 cm (MiMVR). The incidence of elevated pG was 26% (n = 13, conventional) and 23% (n = 14, MiMVR). There was no significant difference in incidence in re-operation (conventional 12% (n = 6), MiMVR 8.3% (n = 5)). Long-term mortality was higher in the conventional group (1.7% vs. 18% p = 0.004) although the logistic Euroscore was significantly higher 6.8% ± 5.4 vs. 3.6% ± 1.6. Conclusions: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is safe and feasible in selected patients with good medium and long-term echocardiographic follow-up.

关键词： Mitral Valve Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery Echocardiogram Clinical Outcomes

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髋关节置换术后短期内患者生活质量调查分析

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长江大学学报(自然科学版) 2015年第18期12卷 14-15页

作者： Niranjan aryal 许永涛汪勇刚长江大学荆州临床医学院荆州市中心医院骨科

目的:观察全髋关节置换和半髋置换术后3个月内患者生活质量果。方法:对2013年3月到12月期间在荆州市中心医院骨科进行髋关节置换术的31例患者进行回访调查,并进行健康生活质量(HRQoL)、生理功能(pF)调查与评估以及体能健康的局限(Rp)、... 详细信息

目的:观察全髋关节置换和半髋置换术后3个月内患者生活质量果。方法:对2013年3月到12月期间在荆州市中心医院骨科进行髋关节置换术的31例患者进行回访调查,并进行健康生活质量(HRQoL)、生理功能(pF)调查与评估以及体能健康的局限(Rp)、躯体疼痛(Bp)、一般健康(GH)的评分和36项健康调查问卷(SF-36)的填写。调查方式是以病人的医疗记录为调查内容。SF-36评分的平均变化的临床意义在于术后和术前评分之间的平均差异有统计学意义且术后平均SF-36评分能与健康的65岁或以上的老年人一致。结果:3个月随访后,术前患者SF-36问卷评分后pF、Rp、Bp和GH值分别为39.4、18.5、30.6和47.3。术后患者的pF、Rp、Bp和GH值分别为45.2、30.6、46.9和52.6。术后患者以上4个值的平均分数均高于术前得分,平均Bp得分在统计学上有显著改善(ppF、Rp和GH的变化无统计学差异(p>0.05)。结论:全髋关节置换3个月后,虽然患者疼痛显著减轻,但患者总体生活质量无明显改善。

关键词：髋关节置换术骨关节炎股骨颈骨折生活质量

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