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刚果民主共和国东部地区建立可持续和平的挑战（2006-2018）

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刚果民主共和国东部地区建立可持续和平的挑战（2006-2018）

作者： Chinya ay Munguromo,jean baptiste 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

从1998年至今,刚果民主共和国(DRC,简称刚果(金))东部地区正面临着本国史上前所未有的冲突,二十多年来,这一地区一直受到国内外武装团体活动的影响。冲突中平民付出了沉重的代价,自1997年敌对行动开始以来,已有多达600多万平民死于冲突... 详细信息

从1998年至今,刚果民主共和国(DRC,简称刚果(金))东部地区正面临着本国史上前所未有的冲突,二十多年来,这一地区一直受到国内外武装团体活动的影响。冲突中平民付出了沉重的代价,自1997年敌对行动开始以来,已有多达600多万平民死于冲突混战。刚果(金)政府和国际社会致力于该地区和平的行动都以失败告终,2008年1月刚果(金)政府与武装团体各派别之间签署的和平协议也没有给该地区带来持久和平。尽管有联合国刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(MONUSCO,简称联刚稳定团)的存在,但联刚稳定团及其军事干预旅的优先任务是解除当地武装团体的作战能力、促成区域停火协定和其他区域倡议,如与刚果国民军的联合军事行动,在此情况下,本地区仍面临持续的武装冲突。本研究旨在回答以下问题:为什么刚果民主共和国东部的武装冲突持续如此之久?这一主要问题可分为以下两个子问题:该地区和平的主要障碍是什么?为什么刚果(金)政府和联刚稳定团未能恢复该地区和平?本文试图引入新战争理论来回答这些问题,结果表明,影响刚果民主共和国东部稳定的主要障碍有国内和国外两大因素。国内因素:国家机器缺乏对暴力的垄断地位助长了武装团体的扩散。刚果(金)政府无法将其权力扩展到整个国家领土,武装团体利用这一现状,在其控制的地区建立了平行政府,在这些地区他们一直具有最高权威。此外,刚果军队内部存在机能障碍,某些经济和政治参与者也在利用这一局势谋利。国际因素:与该地区接壤的包括卢旺达和乌干达在内的国家在玩一场模棱两可的游戏,虽然它们都是次区域安全、稳定和发展协定协议的签署国,但它们继续向反叛团体提供后勤支助,并为冲突地区非法贩运矿物提供便利。刚果(金)政府没有坚定地致力于结束本国东部的暴力冲突循环和武装团体的扩散。事实证明,政府进行的所有安抚行动都是无效的,因为这些行动的重点是将武装团体纳入国民军或给予其他奖励,而不是解决冲突的起因。就联刚稳定团而言,由于联合国解决刚果民主共和国冲突恶性循环的决心较小,它一直面临着一些制约因素,无法正确执行稳定任务。联刚稳定团不仅受到刚果(金)政府合作不力的阻碍,也缺乏联合国安理会的战略支持。因此,它在刚果民主共和国存在20年也没有给该国东部地区带来和平。本文采用定性方法收集资料,包括一手文献和二手文献。一手资料包括联刚稳定团、非政府组织、民间社会、区域协定、联合国安理会决议发布的报告,二手资料包括有关文章、研究论文、书籍和互联网手稿等。本研究意义是以新战争理论为基础,考察了在刚果民主共和国东部建设可持续和平的主要挑战,并向刚果(金)政府和国际社会提出了在刚果民主共和国实现持久和平的备选方案,丰富了刚果民主共和国冲突研究相关文献。全文共分为五章,第一章为绪论。本章回顾1996年以来刚果民主共和国政治和安全问题的标志性事件,阐述开展本研究的目标、意义、方法和思路,综述不同学者对该问题的其他研究。第二章概述刚果民主共和国东部主要活跃武装团体的背景。本章第一节重点介绍了最主要的国内外武装团体,包括其领导人的姓名、成立年份和活动区域。本章第二节提到了玛丽·卡尔多(Mary Kaldor)的新战争理论,论述了刚果民主共和国东部由于缺乏有效的国家权力导致武装团体平行政府的建立,还介绍了该地区武装团体成立的社会和经济动机。第三章阐述影响刚果民主共和国东部武装冲突持续的主要因素。本章着重讨论该地区冲突持续存在的决定因素,回顾了使该地区冲突长期存在的国内和国外因素。本章第一节强调国内因素。首先,刚果军队内部的机能障碍是如何摧毁了该地区实现和平的所有努力,对于一支由包括前叛军在内的多个组成部分组成的军队来说,凝聚力和忠诚是一个巨大的挑战;其次,尚未解决的土地冲突是如何助长武装冲突的,农业和手工采矿仍然是当地人民唯一的收入来源;最后,活跃在当地的武装团体如何与中央政府以及省、地方政府的某些官员之间保持联系的。本章第二节着重于国际因素,强调与刚果民主共和国东部省份接壤的国家在助长武装冲突方面的作用。卢旺达和乌干达是从该地区岌岌可危的安全局势中谋利的两个典型国家,它们在刚果边界漏洞百出的情况下,通过促进冲突地区矿物非法贸易和武器贩运受益匪浅。第四章分析关键角色在处理刚果民主共和国东部武装冲突时的限制因素。本章第一节中解释了刚果(金)政府对付武装团体战略的局限性。这些战略包括军事一体化政策,该政策的重点是承诺晋升军衔和提供其他奖励,以诱使反叛分子加入和平进程。政府采取了以牺牲军事压力为代价的谈判策略,可以用“多胡萝卜少大棒”的方式来概括。本节还强调了政府政策的不稳定导致行动缺乏协调性和一致性。自该地区出现冲突以来,对武装团体和支持其的精英网络的政治或司法压力从未达到最大,所采取的办法助长了有罪不罚现象。本章第二节着重讨论联刚稳定团在刚果民主共和国执行稳定任务时遇到的限制,主要战略制约因素是与

关键词：刚果民主共和国东部联刚稳定团武装团体可持续和平武装冲突

The Genetic Algorithm in the Minimum Bit Error Rate Multi-User Detection Assisted Space Division Multiple Access System

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The Genetic Algorithm in the Minimum Bit Error Rate Multi-Us...

2011 International Conference on Internet Computing and Information Services （ICICIS 2011）

作者： jean-baptiste YAMINDI Wu Mu-qing Institute School of Information and Telecommunication Engineering Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications

This is a recent research on Space Division Multiple Access-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing（SDMA-OFDM） based on the biological technique of Genetic Algorithm（GA） which is reminiscent of the rules of evolution and survival where a group of fitters’ individuals in a population will survive more and more using in the wireless communication in the Multi-User Detection. The goal of this research is using Genetic Algorithm assisted by Minimum Bit Error Rate（MBER） comparatively of the Conjugate Graduate（CG） method to MultiUser Detection on OFDM due to the technique using the symbol chromosomes to obtain an initial Frequency Domain-CHannel Transfer Function（FD-CHTF） assisted by Minimum Bit Error Rate that the GA is capable of approaching the MBER solution at a lower complexity than the CG algorithm and it can be achieved by the simulation results provided to demonstrate the improvement of Multi-User Detection using Genetic Algorithm assisted by Minimum Bit Error Rate.

关键词： Multi-User Bit Error Rate chromosome detection graduate

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Intravenous immunoglobulin-mediated expansion of regulatory T cells in autoimmune patients is associated with increased prostaglandin E2 levels in the circulation

1968年

作者： jean-baptiste Say 钱公博译

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2015年第5期12卷 650-652页

作者： Mohan S Maddur Jamma Trinath Magalie Rabin Francis Bolgert Moneger guy jean-Michel Vallat Laurent Magy Kithiganahalli N Balaji Srini V Kaveri Jagadeesh Bayry Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Paris France Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Equipe - Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention Paris France Sorbonne Universites - UPMC Univ Paris 6 Paris France Universite Paris Descartes Paris France Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Centre de Reference 'Neuropathies Peripheriques Rares' et Service de Neurologie Hopital Universitaire Limoges Limoges France Reanimation Neurologique Neurologie 1 Hopital de la Pitie-Salpetriere Paris France International Associated Laboratory IMPACT (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale France -Indian Council of Medical Research India) National Institute of Immunohaematology Mumbai India

CD4＋FoxP3＋ regulatory T cells （Tregs） are immunosuppressive cells that are critical for immune tolerance. Several studies have demonstrated that one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin （Wig） involves the expansion of Tregs. Recently, we demonstrated that IVIgmediated Treg expansion involves the cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）-dependent induction of prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） in human dendritic cells （DCs）. However, the validity of these findings in autoimmune patients is lacking.

关键词： associated increased prostaglandin

Maternal and Perinatal Complications of Severe Preeclampsia in Three Referral Hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015年第12期5卷 723-730页

作者： jean Dupont Kemfang Ngowa jean Marie Kasia jean Alima Joel Fokom Domgue Anny Ngassam jean baptiste Bogne Sebastien Mba Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit Yaoundé General Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Yaoundé General Hospital Yaoundé Cameroon

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine maternal and perinatal complications of pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia in three tertiary care centers in Cameroon. Methods: We carried out a descriptive cross sectional study from the 1st of June 2012 to the 31th of June 2014, among pregnant women with severe preeclampsia followed up in three tertiary level hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon: the Yaoundé General Hospital, the Yaoundé Central Hospital, and the Yaoundé University Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using EPI 3.5.5. Data were described as means ± standard deviation, percentages and numbers. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used where appropriate. Results: Of the 2500 deliveries registered during the study period, 111 cases (8.49%) were managed as severe preeclampsia. Four patients refused to participate and were excluded from the study. Most of these patients were non workers (58.0%), pauciparous (61.7%) and young (median age of 27.47 years ± 6.46). Eclampsia (12.14%), abruptio placentae (11.21%) and hypertensive retinopathy (7.47%) were the most frequent maternal complications. Two cases (1.86%) of maternal deaths occurred in patients who had eclampsia. Prematurity (48.6%), intra uterine fetal death (13.1%) and oligoamnios (11.2%) were the most frequent fetal complications. All four neonatal deaths occurred in women in whom the diagnosis of severe preeclampsia was done between 28 and 33 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia had significantly high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Cameroon. The complications of severe preeclampsia can be prevented by more widespread use of antenatal care, education of primary medical care personnel, prompt diagnosis of high-risk patients and timely referral to tertiary medical centers.

关键词： Pregnancy Hypertension Severe Preeclampsia Maternal and Perinatal Complications Cameroon

Phenotypic, Cytological and Molecular (AFLP) Analyses of the Cotton Synthetic Allohexaploid Hybrid (G. hirsutum×G. longicalyx)²

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Open Journal of Genetics 2020年第2期10卷 35-49页

作者： N’Guessan Olivier Konan jean-Marie Jacquemin jean-Pierre Baudoin guy Mergeai Laboratory of Crop Improvement Agroforestry Unit Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa C&#244 te D’Ivoire Laboratory of Tropical Agroecology Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Liège University Gembloux Belgium Department of Life Sciences Bioengineering Unit Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CrAw) Gembloux Belgium

The wild cotton diploid species (2n = 2x = 26) are important sources of useful traits such as high fiber quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses etc., which can be introgressed into the cultivated tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum L (2n = 4x = 52), for its genetic improvement. The African wild diploid species G. longicalyx Hutchinson and Lee could be used as donor of the desirable traits of fiber fineness and resistance to reniform nematode. However, hybridization of wild diploid species and cultivated tetraploid cotton encounters a sterility problem of the triploid (2n = 3x = 59), mainly due to ploidy. The restoration of the fertility can be done by creating an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 78) through the doubling with colchicine of the sterile triploid chromosomes. With this method, a synthetic allohexaploid hybrid (G. hirsutum × G. longicalyx)2 has been obtained. This genotype was studied using phenotypic, cytological and molecular (AFLP) analyses in order to confirm its hybridity and its caryotype, and also to verify the expression of the desirable traits coming from G. longicalyx. The studied genotype showed a quite good level of pollen fertility (83%), and apart from larger seeds and some minor seedling anomalies, most of its morphological characteristics were intermediate between the two parental species. It had 78 chromosomes, proving its hexaploid status. Molecular analysis revealed 136 AFLP loci in this hexaploid, all from G. hirsutum and G. longicalyx, demonstrating its hybrid status. In addition, the hexaploid exhibited the useful traits of G. longicalyx with regard to its remarkable fiber fineness and its high resistance to the reniform nematode. This allohexaploid hybrid constitutes an interesting agronomic material, which can be used as a bridge for the transfer of useful agronomic traits from wild species to varieties of G. hirsutum.

关键词： Gossypium spp Hexaploid Hybrid Chromosomes AFLP Marker Plant Breeding

Predictive Values of Platelets Count and Spleen Diameter in the Diagnosis of Esophageal Varices in Black African Cirrhotic Patients

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第12期10卷 317-328页

作者： jean baptiste Okon Fabrice Ake Mamadou Diakite Olivier Kouadio Koffi Amadou Kone Hepato-Gastroenterology Department University Hospital Center of Bouake Bouake Ivory Coast

Background: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from ruptured esophageal varices is of concern in Africa where gastrointestinal fibroscopy for diagnosis is lacking. Purpose: To determine the performance of the length of the spleen, of the platelet count in the diagnosis of esophageal varices (OVs) by specifying the diagnostic thresholds in order to facilitate the prophylaxis of varicose hemorrhages in black African cirrhotic patients. Material and Method: This was a prospective study with a descriptive and analytical aim on cirrhotic patients hospitalized at the university hospital of Bouake (Ivory Coast) from 2017 to 2019. The patients included in the study were the cirrhotic of black race hospitalized having carried out an abdominal ultrasound with measurement of the spleen diameter (SD), an eso-gastro-duodenal endoscopy, and a blood count with platelet count (PC). The first primary endpoint was the diagnosis of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was retained by the combination of clinical, biological, ultrasound and endoscopic arguments. The OVs were distributed according to size and the presence of red signs. The platelet count, and the measurement of the spleen to calculate the PC/SD ratio were the second endpoint. The secondary endpoints studied were, the viral and ethyl etiologies of the cirrhosis, the Chlid-Pugh prognostic score. Performance was assessed using the ROC curve. The difference was significant for p less than 0.05. Results: The study included 101 patients;they were 79 men (78.2%) and 22 women (21.8%). The mean age of the cirrhotic patients was 48 ± 14. Esophageal varices were present in (n = 93;92%) of cases. The different etiologies were hepatitis B virus (HBV) (n = 65;78.3%), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (n = 21;25, 3%), and alcohol (n = 6;7.2%). Platelet count (PC) 130 mm) and PC/SD rat

关键词： Non-Invasive Methods Platelets Count Spleen Diameter Esophageal Varices

Factors Associated with the Applicability of EPAGE (European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) and the Suitability of Indications for Eso-Gastroduodenal Endoscopy in a West African Country

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第10期11卷 173-183页

作者： jean baptiste Okon Fabrice Ake Mamadou Diakite Olivier Koffi Kouadio Amadou Kone University Hospital Center of Bouake Bouake Ivory Coast

Background: EGDF’s reference examination for exploring the digestive tract has seen steadily increasing demands over the past few years. The exam can be expensive and often poorly tolerated. Its prescription must take the cost/be- nefit and its relevance into account. The EPAGE criteria were developed to allow the appropriate selection of endoscopic procedures. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the applicability and appropriateness of the EGDF indications by the EPAGE criteria in our context in order to limit the number of inadequate EGDFs. Material and Method: Prospective cross- sectional study on the applicability of EPAGE (European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) and the relevance of the indications for Eso-Gastro-Duodenal Fibroscopy (EGDF) according to the criteria of the EPAGE in two large public hospitals located in the central region of Ivory Coast over a period of 8 months from September 2019 to May 2020. The following parameters (age, sex, history and comorbidities of th

关键词： EPAGE EGDF Indications Relevance Ivory Coast

Mortality Factors for Cirrhotics in an Ivorian University Hospital (Ivory Coast)

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第9期10卷 231-241页

作者： jean baptiste Okon Mamadou Diakite Fabrice Ake Olivier Koffi Kouadio Amadou Kone Hepato-Gastroenterology Department University Hospital Center of Bouake Bouake Ivory Coast

Background: Cirrhosis, an ineluctable development of chronic liver disease, still has high mortality throughout the world despite many advances in physiopathology and therapy. This high mortality is closely related to the unpredictable course of cirrhosis with numerous complications. Objective: To evaluate the predictive factors of death during cirrhosis. Materials and methods: This is an observational, descriptive study on cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the hepatology unit of the Center Hospitalier Universitaire in Bouake (Ivory Coast) during the period from January 01, 2018 to December 31, 2019. The study focused on the data collected in the medical files (paper format) of hospitalized cirrhotics and the death register of the service. The diagnosis of cirrhosis and the death of the cirrhotic were the main criteria for judgment. The secondary criteria defined were: history of cirrhosis, reasons for consultation, clinical signs, biological signs, complications of cirrhosis and the treatment received. The relationship between the parameters was expressed as an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and the significance threshold fixed at p 0.05. Results: The study retained 206 files of

关键词： Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mortality CHU Bouake