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Advances in Micr.biology 2023年第1期13卷 32-47页

作者： Uchenna B. Iloghalu Sar. E. Miller.Akamu J. Ewunkem janak r. khatiwada Shur.ita S. Davis Leonar. L. Williams Depar.ment of Biology North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA Depar.ment of Biology Guilford College Greensboro USA Depar.ment of Pathology Duke University Durham USA Depar.ment of Biological Sciences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem USA Center.for.Excellence in Post-Har.est Technologies Kannapolis North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA

Human nor.vir.ses (HuNoV) ar. the number.one cause of vir.l gastr.enter.tis wor.dwide r.sulting in a significant cause of mor.idity and mor.ality in all age gr.ups. However. despite the medical r.levance of HuNoV, effective tr.atment against nor.vir.s infection is yet to be developed. In this study, we investigated the anti-Nor.vir.l activity of Hibiscus sabdar.ffa (HS) calyces and Zanthoxylum ar.atum (ZA) seeds using mur.ne nor.vir.s, a sur.ogate of human nor.vir.s. The antivir.l mechanisms of action wer. also examined using a gene expr.ssion studies and tr.nsmission electr.n micr.scopy. Our.r.sults showed that vir.s-infected cells wer. left potentially void of all the cell machiner.es wher.as uninfected cells r.pr.sent healthy nor.al and dividing cells. The infected tr.ated cells with extr.cts showed r.stor.tion of the dense cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membr.ne, and the nucleus. These cells wer. also associated with the expr.ssion of Or. genes. This study demonstr.tes the antivir.l pr.per.ies of Hibiscus sabdar.ffa (HS) calyces and Zanthoxylum ar.atum (ZA) and thus indicates their.potential as natur.l r.medies to tr.at nor.vir.ses.

关键词： Nor.vir.s Plant Extr.cts Tr.nsmission Electr.n Micr.scope Pr.vention/Contr.l

An Integr.tive Taxonomy of Amphibians of Nepal:An Updated Status and Distr.bution

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Asian Her.etological r.sear.h 2021年第1期12卷 1-35页

作者： janak r.j khatiwada Bin WANG Tian ZHAO Feng XIE Jianping JIANG CAS Key Labor.tor. of Mountain Ecological r.stor.tion and Bior.sour.e Utilization&Ecological r.stor.tion and Biodiver.ity Conser.ation Key Labor.tor. of Sichuan Pr.vince Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences.Chengdu 610041SichuanChina

Amphibians ar. declining *** the same time,each year.many species of amphibians ar. descr.bed,indicating that biological diver.ity on Ear.h r.mains poor.y *** is especially tr.e for.mountainous r.gions,such as the Himalayas,which ar. also r.gar.ed as a biodiver.ity ***,it is most likely that the cur.ent diver.ity of amphibians in Nepal is highly *** inventor.es by the past r.sear.her. pr.mar.ly used phenotypic char.cter. as the basis for.species ***,the application of molecular.systematics methods to taxonomic studies has successfully uncover.d the taxonomic status of sever.l cr.ptic *** study used both molecular.16 S r.NA sequences)and mor.hological compar.sons and estimated the diver.ity of amphibians fr.m *** study r.por.s the occur.ence of 38 species of amphibians based on both molecular.and mor.hological *** them,thr.e species wer. r.cor.ed for.the fir.t time in *** study also invalids the taxonomic status of Sphaer.theca *** study highlights the impor.a nce of integr.tive taxonomic appr.aches that help to r.solve the cur.ent taxonomic ambiguities of Nepalese amphibians.

关键词： amphibian distr.bution molecular.phylogenetics Nepal species diver.ity taxonomy

Descr.ption of a New Species of Amolops Cope, 1865(Amphibia: r.nidae) fr.m Nepal and Nomenclatur.l Validation of Amolops nepalicus Yang, 1991

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Asian Her.etological r.sear.h 2020年第2期11卷 71-94页

作者： janak r.j khatiwada Guocheng SHU Bin WANG Tian ZHAO Feng XIE Jianping JIANG CAS Key Labor.tor. of Mountain Ecological r.stor.tion and Bior.sour.e Utilization&Ecological r.stor.tion and Biodiver.ity Conser.ation Key Labor.tor. of Sichuan Pr.vince Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China

A new species,Amolops mahabhar.tensis ***.,is descr.bed fr.m Mahabhar.t r.nge(middle mountain)of *** new species is a member.of the *** gr.up and is distinguished fr.m its congener. using mor.hological and molecular.*** new species is diagnosed by having numer.us war.s on dor.um and flanks,dor.al body gr.yish olivebr.wn/light br.wn,pr.sence of vomer.ne teeth ser.es,pr.sence of a pair.of subgular.vocal sacs in males and tadpole withⅢ:5+5/1+1:Ⅱ–labial tooth *** addition,evidenced by the phylogenetic and mor.hological analyses in this study,Amolops nepalicus is shown to be a valid species.A molecular.phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S r.bosomal gene for.six member. of the *** gr.up suggested that the new species is sister.to a clade containing *** and *** uncor.ected genetic diver.ences between the new species and its closest congener. ***,*** and *** based on 16 S r.NA gene wer. 10.5%,11.6%,and 8.6%*** new species showed wide distr.bution in the Mahabhar.t r.nge of Nepal.

关键词： A.mar.or.tus gr.up mahabhar.t r.nge molecular.phylogeny taxonomy

A New Species of the Genus Tylototr.ton(Amphibia: Ur.dela: Salamandr.dae) fr.m Easter. Himalaya

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Asian Her.etological r.sear.h 2015年第4期6卷 245-256页

作者： janak r.j khatiwada Bin WANG Subar.a GHIMIr. Kar.hikeyan VASUDEVAN Shanta PAUDEL Jianping JIANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Tr.bhuvan Univer.ity Central Department of Zoology CSIr.Centr. for.Cellular.and Molecular.Biology (CCMB) Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species Himalayan r.sear.h and Conser.ation Nepal

A new species of the genus Tylototr.ton is descr.bed fr.m easter. Himalaya based on molecular.and mor.hological compar.sons. The new species is diagnosable fr.m the closely-r.lated species by having light br.wn colour.tion in dor.al r.gion in life, flat and blunt snout, gr.atly separ.ted dor.olater.l bony r.dges on head and str.ightthick tailfin. In addition to head mor.hology, the new species is also mor.hologically distinguishable fr.m its closelyr.lated species Tylototr.ton shanor.m by having 16 dor.al war.s and aver.ge smaller.Snout Vent Length（SVL）.

关键词： Tylototr.ton himalayanus sp. nov. easter. Himalaya mor.hology molecular.phylogeny taxonomy

A Complete Embr.onic Developmental Table of Micr.hyla fissipes(Amphibia,Anur.,Micr.hylidae)

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Asian Her.etological r.sear.h 2017年第2期18卷 108-117页

作者： Shouhong WANG Lanying ZHAO Lusha LIU Dengwei YANG janak r.j khatiwada Bin WANG Jianping JIANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Access to embr.onic developmental stages is essential basic wor. for.under.tanding how or.anisms develop. In this study, seven egg clutches（r.nge 209–564 eggs） of or.amented pygmy fr.g Micr.hyla fissipes（Amphibia, Anur., Micr.hylidae） wer. obtained fr.m seven br.eding pair. in labor.tor.. One egg clutch of them was obser.ed for.the embr.onic development, and the staging table of nor.al development was constr.cted based on mor.hological and physiological char.cter.stics. For.y-five developmental stages wer. defined for.M. fissipes, and two major.developmental per.ods wer. designated： 1） ear.y embr.onic development per.od（stages 1–28）, fr.m fer.ilization to oper.ulum completion stage, lasted for.82.6 hour. at water.temper.tur.（WT） 23–25℃; 2） lar.al development per.od（stages 29–45）, fr.m oper.ulum completion to tail complete absor.tion stage, took 38 days at WT 22–26.5℃, showing that the embr.os of this species develop r.pidly. In addition, the tadpoles wer. tr.nspar.nt, which is similar.to those in field. These char.cter.stics suggest that M. fissipes would be a good model to study developmental biology, adaptive mechanisms fr.m aquatic to ter.estr.al phases, envir.nmental toxicology, and human disease.

关键词： Micr.hylidae embr.onic stage exter.al char.cter. mor.hogenesis

A New Species of Megophr.id Fr.g of the Genus Scutiger.fr.m Kangchenjunga Conser.ation Ar.a, Easter. Nepal

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Asian Her.etological r.sear.h 2019年第3期10卷 139-157页

作者： janak r.j khatiwada Guocheng SHU Tulsi r.m SUBEDI Bin WANG Annemar.eOHLEr.David CCANATELLA Feng XIE Jianping JIANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610041China Centr. for.Mar.ne and Coastal Studies(CEMACS) Universiti Sains MalaysiaPulau Pinang11800Malaysia Institut de Systématique évolutionBiodiversitéMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRS MNHN UPMC EPHESorbonne UniversitésCP307500525rue CuvierParis75005France Depar.ment of Integr.tive Biology University of TexasAustinUSA Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

This study investigated the systematics of the megophr.id genus Scutiger.fr.m easter. and wester. Nepal using molecular.and mor.hological data. Our.r.sults suppor. two diver.ent lineages, one of which has nuptial spines on the dor.al sur.ace of the fir.t thr.e finger. while the other.has spines only on the dor.al sur.ace of the fir.t two finger.. The Ghunsa lineage fr.m easter. Nepal shows significant mor.hological and molecular.differ.nces to other.species of genus Scutiger.and is her. descr.bed as a new species. Based on the molecular.analysis, the Muktinath lineage fr.m wester. Nepal is confir.ed to be Scutiger.boulenger. and r.pr.sents a species complex widespr.ad thr.ughout the Himalayan r.gion. The newly descr.bed taxon is endemic to the easter. Himalayas and cur.ently known only fr.m the Ghunsa valley, Taplejung distr.ct, Nepal.

关键词： Scutiger New species Easter. Himalaya Nepal

Char.cter.zation of glucose isomer.se-pr.ducing bacter.a and optimization of fer.entation conditions for.pr.ducing glucose isomer.se using biomass

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Gr.en Chemical Engineer.ng 2023年第2期4卷 239-249页

作者： Ar.stide Laur.l Mokale Kognou Chonlong Chio janak r.j khatiwada Sar.ta Shr.stha Xuantong Chen Hongwei Li Yuen Zhu Zi-Hua Jiang Chunbao(Char.es)Xu Wensheng Qin Depar.ment of Biology Lakehead UniversityThunder BayONP7B 5E1Canada Depar.ment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineer.ng Western UniversityLondonONN6A 5B9Canada School of Envir.nment and r.sour.es Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China Depar.ment of Chemistr. Lakehead UniversityThunder BayONP7B 5E1Canada

Glucose isomer.se(GI)is an enzyme with high potential *** of GI pr.ducing bacter.a with inter.sting pr.per.ies fr.m an industr.al point of view is *** sp.,Paenar.hr.bacter.sp.,Chr.seobacter.um sp.,Hymenobacter.sp.,Mycobacter.um sp.,and Stenotr.phomonas *** isolated fr.m soil *** of enzyme pr.duction yield was investigated in var.ous fer.entation conditions using r.sponse sur.ace *** isolates exhibited maximum GI activity at 40℃,pH 6–8 after.4 days of incubation.A mixtur. of peptone/yeast extr.ct or.tr.ptone/peptone enhanced higher.enzyme *** same tr.nd was obser.ed in fer.entation medium containing 1%xylose or.2%–2.5%wheat *** study advanced the knowledge of these bacter.al isolates in pr.moting wheat str.w as feedstock for.the bio-based industr..

关键词： Cellulolytic bacter.a Glucose/xylose isomer.se 16S r.NA Biomass conver.ion

Amphibian Diver.ity in the Himalaya:Species and Community r.sponse to Altitude

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Amphibian Diversity in the Himalaya:Species and Community Re...

Tr.atment Effect of Var.ous Concentr.tion of Plant Extr.cts on Mur.ne Nor.vir.s

四川省动物学会第十届会员代表大会暨第十一次学术研讨会

作者： janak r.j khatiwada Jianping JIANG Depar.ment of Her.etology Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Univer.ity of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Himalaya played a significant r.le in shaping the distr.bution patter. of *** shar. incr.ase of elevation in shor. geogr.phical distance fur.her.added the *** gr.dient is r.gar.ed as major.dr.ver. that r.gulate the distr.bution patter. of species r.chness and *** may r.sult that species gener.lly followed thr.e well accepted distr.bution patter.s;monotonic decline,mid-elevation peak and incr.asing tr.nd with ***,species r.chness patter. along elevation of ver.ebr.te faunal;especially,amphibian is gr.atly lacking in the easter. Nepal *** ar.a is r.gar.ed as a biological ***,it has been heavily fr.gmented due to high human population *** evaluated the distr.bution patter. of amphibian in theeaster. Himalayan elevation gr.dient,*** factor. gover.ing the distr.bution have also been *** applied combination of linear.and gener.lized linear.r.gr.ssion model,or.ination technique and cluster.analysis to deter.ine the effects of elevation on species r.chness and *** sur.eyed amphibians along the elevation gr.dient(90–4000 m) of the Ar.n and Tamor.r.ver.Basin,dur.ng r.iny seasons in 2014 and 2015 using time constr.ined visual encounter.sur.ey.A total of 32 species of amphibian wer. r.cor.ed dur.ng the *** study did not suppor. the pr.diction of mid-domin *** r.chness and abundance of amphibians showed declining tr.nd with incr.asing *** humidity,Soil p H and Water.temper.tur. model pr.dicted the combined effect on species *** var.ables;Number.of tr.es,Tr.e Height,Leaf litter.cover.r.ck height and Water.Velocity showed cumulative effect on species r.chness *** on the inter.olation data,Nepalese amphibian composition can be divided br.adly in to high and low *** is the fir.t ever.study in amphibian assemblages in Nepal Himalaya quantifying the effect of envir.nmental var.ables in the species r.chness a

关键词： amphibian species r.chness community composition elevation

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Advances in Micr.biology 2022年第4期12卷 242-253页

作者： Uchenna Iloghalu Sar. Miller.Akamu Ewunkem janak khatiwada Leonar. Williams Depar.ment of Biology North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA Depar.ment of Pathology Duke University Durham NC USA Depar.ment of Biological Science Winston-Salem State University Winston Salem NC USA Center.for.Excellence in Post-Har.est Technologies Kannapolis North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA

Nor.vir.ses ar. positive-sense, single-str.nded, non-enveloped r.A vir.s that measur.s appr.ximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and r.ces causing most cases of vir.l gastr.enter.tis wor.dwide. Infection r.sults fr.m ingestion of contaminated food or.water.as well as causing diar.hea and vomiting in humans. Extr.cts fr.m plants ar. known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammator., and adhesive pr.per.ies which ar. associated with bar.ier.functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether.plaque r.duction was due to an effect of methanolic plant extr.ct dir.ctly on the vir.s, whether.the extr.ct affects vir.l r.plication, and lastly, whether.the extr.ct disr.pts the cell sur.ace binding with the vir.s. The plant extr.cts of inter.st wer. the calyces of Hibiscus sabdar.ffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxylum ar.atum (ZA). Antivir.l activities of these extr.cts wer. deter.ined against mur.ne nor.vir.s. The logar.thmic vir.l r.duction per.plaque-for.ing unit was (22 log10) PFU/ml (contr.l), (15 log10) PFU/ml (tr.ated HS), and (12 log10) PFU/ml (tr.ated ZA) with a significant r.duction (68% and 55% r.spectively) when compar.d with the contr.l for.the dir.ct effect on the vir.s. The r.le of extr.cts on vir.s r.plication showed (25 log10) PFU/ml (contr.l) as against the HS tr.ated-vir.s-infected cells (9 log10) PFU/ml and ZA tr.ated-vir.s-infected cells (5 log10) PFU/ml (36% and 20% r.spectively). Finally, effect of the extr.ct on the vir.l attachment showed (31 log10) PFU/ml (contr.l), (12 log10) (HS-tr.ated) and (9 log10) PFU/ml (ZA-tr.ated), (39% and 29% r.spectively. Extr.ct tr.atment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a r.duced number.of plaques for.ation with the latter.having fewer.plaques. Both extr.cts have pr.ven potential to r.duce the vir.l multiplication pr.cess by inter.er.ng with the r.plication pr.cess. This study shows that Hibisc

关键词： Nor.vir.s Zanthoxylum Ar.atum Hibiscus Sabdar.ffa Plant Extr.cts Plaque For.ation Vir.l r.duction

Selected Plant Extr.cts Show Antivir.l Effects against Mur.ne Nor.vir.s Sur.ogate

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Advances in Micr.biology 2019年第4期9卷 372-384页

作者： Uchenna Iloghalu Br.ce Holmes janak khatiwada Leonar. L. Williams Nor.h Car.lina A&T State Univer.ity Greensboro USA Center.for.Excellence in Post-Har.est Technologies Kannapolis USA

Nor.vir.ses ar. the most common cause of acute gastr.enter.tis. Annually, 21 million Amer.cans ar. infected with nor.vir.s. r.cent advances in molecular.diagnostics have helped to establish nor.vir.s as the most common cause of outbr.aks of acute gastr.enter.tis acr.ss all ages. However. ther. is no effective or.efficient tr.atment/contr.l against nor.vir.s infection. Conventional inter.ention techniques used to inactivate nor.vir.s have shown lack of efficacy against human nor.vir.s. Cur.ently, effective tr.atment or.contr.l measur.s against human nor.vir.s have not been identified. In this study, mur.ne nor.vir.s acts as a model to human nor.vir.s to evaluate the inhibitor. effects of cr.de extr.cts of Zanthoxylum ar.atum and Hibiscus sabdar.ffa. The study also separ.ted, identified and quantified the selected compounds using the ultr.-liquid chr.matogr.phy (UPLC). To study the antivir.l activities of cr.de extr.cts and its fr.ctionated por.ions of Z. ar.atum and H. sabdar.ffa against nor.vir.s sur.ogate, r.W 264.7 cells wer. infected with Mur.ne nor.vir.s sur.ogate vir.s of human nor.vir.s and incubated at 37?C. Phytochemicals wer. extr.cted fr.m the seeds and calyces of the plants using methanolic extr.ction. Fr.ctionated por.ions of the cr.de extr.cts wer. subsequently used in both chr.matogr.phic and micr.biological studies. Our.data indicated that ther. was r.duction of vir.ses, when tr.ated with the 60% aqueous methanol extr.cts. Amongst the four.selected phenolic compounds (myr.cetin, quer.etin, kaempfer.l and luteolin), quer.etin showed the most significant logar.thmic vir.l r.ductions. These compounds wer. identified, pur.fied and quantified using UPLC. Extr.cts of Zanthoxylum ar.atum and Hibiscus sabdar.ffa showed antivir.l effects. Phenolic compounds ar. vir.cidal. Extr.cts of Hibiscus sabdar.ffa also exhibits anti-nor.vir.s activities. The r.sults ar. anticipated to contr.l/pr.vent the human nor.vir.s infections.

关键词： Plant Extr.cts Fr.ctionation Nor.vir.ses Plaque Assay