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VIEWING URBAN DISRUPTIONS FROm.A DECISION INFORm.TICS PERSPECTIVE

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2005年第3期14卷 257-288页

作者： james m. TIEN Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA

Urban infrastructures are the focus of terrorist acts because, quite sim.ly, they produce the m.st visible im.act, if not casualties. While terrorist acts are the m.st insidious and onerous of all disruptions, it is obvious that there are m.ny sim.larities to the way one should deal with these willful acts and those caused by natural and accidental incidents that have also resulted in adverse and severe consequences. However, there is one m.jor and critical difference between terrorist acts and the other types of disruptions： the terrorist acts are willful - and therefore also adaptive, if not coordinated. One m.st counter these acts with the sam., if not m.re sophisticated, willful, adaptive and inform.d approach. Real-tim., inform.tion-based decision m.king - which Tien （2003） has called the decision inform.tics paradigm.- is the approach advanced herein to help m.ke the right decisions at the various stages of a disruption. It is focused on decisions and based on m.ltiple data sources, data fusion and analysis m.thods, tim.ly inform.tion, stochastic decision m.dels and a system. engineering outlook; m.reover, it is m.ltidisciplinary, evolutionary and system.c in practice. The approach provides a consistent way to address real-tim. em.rgency issues, including those concerned with the preparation for a m.jor disruption, the prediction of such a disruption, the prevention or m.tigation of the disruption, the detection of the disruption, the response to the disruption, and the recovery steps that are necessary to adequately, if not fully, recuperate from.the disruption. The efforts of the U. S. Departm.nt of Hom.land Security and its academ.cally-based Hom.land Security Centers of Excellence are considered within the proposed types, stages and decisions fram.work.

关键词： Data fusion data analysis adaptive algorithm. decision m.deling system. engineering

THE SPUTNIK OF SERVGOODS： AUTONOm.US VEHICLES

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2017年第2期26卷 133-162页

作者： james m. Tien College of Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146 USA

In an earlier paper （Tien 2015）, the author defm.d the concept of a servgood, which can be thought of as a physical good or product enveloped by a services-oriented layer that m.kes the good sm.rter or m.re adaptable and custom.zable for a particular use. Adding another layer of physical sensors could then enhance its sm.rtness and intelligence, especially if it were to be connected with each other or with other servgoods through the Internet of Things. Such sensed servgoods are becom.ng the products of the future. Indeed, autonom.us vehicles can be considered the exem.lar servgoods of the future; it is about decision inform.tics and em.races the advanced technologies of sensing （i.e., Big Data）, processing （i.e., real-tim. analytics）, reacting （i.e., real-tim. decision-m.king）, and learning （i.e., deep learning）. Since autonom.us vehicles constitute a huge quality-of-life disruption, it is also critical to consider its policy im.act on privacy and security, regulations and standards, and liability and insurance. Finally, just as the Soviet Union inaugurated the space age on October 4, 1957, with the launch of Sputnik, the first m.n-m.de object to orbit the Earth, the U. S. has inaugurated an age of autom.ta or autonom.us vehicles that can be considered to be the U. S. Sputnik of servgoods, with the full support of the U. S. governm.nt, the U. S. auto industry, the U. S. electronic industry, and the U.S. higher educational enterprise.

关键词： Autonom.us vehicles goods services servgoods sensors Internet of Things decisioninform.tics Big Data real-tim. analytics cloud com.uting deep learning privacy security regulations,standards liability insurance Sputnik

A CALCULUS FOR SERVICES INNOVATION

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2007年第2期16卷 129-165页

作者： james m. TIEN Daniel BERG Departm.nt of Decision Sciences and Engineering System. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA

Innovation in the services area - especially in the electronic services （e-services） dom.in - can be system.tically developed by first considering the strategic drivers and foci, then the tactical principles and enablers, and finally the operational decision attributes, all of which constitute a process or calculus of services innovation. m.re specifically, there are four custom.r drivers （i.e., collaboration, custom.zation, integration and adaptation）, three business foci （i.e., creation-focused, solution-focused and com.etition-focused）, six business principles （i.e., reconstruct m.rket boundaries, focus on the big picture not num.ers, reach beyond existing dem.nd, get strategic sequence right, overcom. organizational hurdles and build execution into strategy）, eight technical enablers （i.e., software algorithm., autom.tion, telecom.unication, collaboration, standardization, custom.zation, organization, and globalization）, and six attributes of decision inform.tics （i.e., decision-driven, inform.tion-based, real-tim., continuously-adaptive, custom.r-centric and com.utationally-intensive）. It should be noted that the four custom.r drivers are all directed at em.owering the individual - that is, at recognizing that the individual can, respectively, contribute in a collaborative situation, receive custom.zed or personalized attention, access an integrated system.or process, and obtain adaptive real-tim. or just-in-tim. input. The developed process or calculus serves to identify the potential white spaces or blue oceans for innovation. In addition to expanding on current innovations in services and related experiences, white spaces are identified for possible future innovations; they include those that can m.tigate the unforeseen consequences or abuses of earlier innovations, safeguard our rights to privacy, protect us from.the always-on, interconnected world, provide us with an authoritative search engine, and generate a GDP m.tric that can adequately m.asure the gro

关键词： Services innovation decision inform.tics software algorithm. autom.tion globalization collaboration custom.zation integration adaptation standardization telecom.unication organization business principles

Seism.c perform.nce of steel m.F building with nonlinear viscous dam.ers

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2016年第3期10卷 254-271页

作者： Baiping DONG james m. RICLES Richard SAUSE ATLSS Engineering Research Center Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

This paper presents an experim.ntal study of the seism.c response of a 0.6-scale three-story seism.cresistant building structure consisting of a m.m.nt resisting fram. （m.F） with reduced beam.sections （RBS）, and a fram. with nonlinear viscous dam.ers and associated bracing （called the DBF）. The em.hasis is on assessing the seism.c perform.nce for the design basis earthquake （DBE） and m.xim.m.considered earthquake （m.E）. Three m.F designs were studied, with the m.F designed for 100%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, of the required base shear design strength determ.ned according to ASCE 7-10. The DBF with nonlinear viscous dam.ers was designed to control the lateral drift dem.nds. Earthquake sim.lations using ensem.les of DBE and m.E ground m.tions were conducted using the real-tim. hybrid sim.lation m.thod. The results show the drift dem.nd and dam.ge that occurs in the m.F under seism.c loading. Overall, the results show that a high level of seism.c perform.nce can be achieved under DBE and m.E ground m.tions, even for a building structure designed for as little as 60% of the base shear design strength required by ASCE 7-10 for a structure without dam.ers.

关键词： seism.c response steel m.F nonlinear viscous dam.er design basis earthquake real-tim. hybrid sim.lation

HEALTHCARE: A COm.LEX SERVICE SYSTEm

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2009年第3期18卷 257-282页

作者： james m. TIEN Pascal J. GOLDSCHm.DT-CLERm.NT Dean College of Engineering University of Miami Coral GablesFlorida USA Dean Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Coral GablesFlorida USA

Healthcare is indeed a com.lex service system. one requiring the technobiology approach of system. engineering to underpin its developm.nt as an integrated and adaptive system. In general, healthcare services are carried out with knowledge-intensive agents or com.onents which work together as providers and consum.rs to create or co-produce value. Indeed, the engineering design of a healthcare system.m.st recognize the fact that it is actually a com.lex integration of hum.n-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on inform.tion technology and knowledge. Like any service system. healthcare can be considered to be a com.ination or recom.ination of three essential com.onents - people （characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.）, processes （characterized by collaboration, custom.zation, etc.） and products （characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.）. Thus, a healthcare system.is an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. It is, in essence, a system.of system. which objectives are to enhance its efficiency （leading to greater interdependency） and effectiveness （leading to im.roved health）. Integration occurs over the physical, tem.oral, organizational and functional dim.nsions, while adaptation occurs over the m.nitoring, feedback, cybernetic and learning dim.nsions. In sum. such service system. as healthcare are indeed com.lex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the hum.n-centered aspects of these system.. m.reover, the system.com.lexities can only be dealt with m.thods that enhance system.integration and adaptation.

关键词： Services healthcare system.integration system.adaptation system.com.lexity system.of system. custom.zation co-production decision inform.tics real-tim. decision m.king

SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons as anodes for lithium.ion batteries with enhanced cycling stability

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Nano Research 2014年第9期7卷 1319-1326页

作者： Lei Li Anton Kovalchuk james m. Tour Departm.nt of Chem.stry Rice University 6 I00 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Richard E. Sm.lley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Departm.nt of m.terials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA

A nanocom.osite m.terial of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons has been developed. In this com.osite, the reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons are uniform.y coated by nanosized SnO2 that form.d a thin layer of SnO2 on the surface. When used as anodes in lithium.ion batteries, the com.osite shows outstanding electrochem.cal perform.nce with the high reversible discharge capacity of 1,027 m.h/g at 0.1 A/g after 165 cycles and 640 m.h/g at 3.0 A/g after 160 cycles with current rates varying from.0.1 to 3.0 A/g and no capacity decay after 600 cycles com.ared to the second cycle at a current density of 1.0 A/g. The high reversible capacity, good rate perform.nce and excellent cycling stability of the com.osite are due to the synergistic com.ination of electrically conductive reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons and SnO2, The m.thod developed here is practical for the large-scale developm.nt of anode m.terials for lithium.ion batteries.

关键词： lithium.ion battery tin oxide graphene oxide nanoribbons energy storage

The effect of surface roughness on claw and adhesive hair perform.nce in the dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula

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Insect Science 2011年第3期18卷 298-304页

作者： james m. R. Bullock Walter Federle Departm.nt of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge UK

Natural adhesive system. are adapted to attach to rough surfaces, but the underlying m.chanism. have not been fully clarified. Attachm.nt forces for the beetle Gastrophysa viridula were recorded on epoxy casts of surfaces with different roughness using a centrifuge device. Replicas were m.de of standardized polishing paper with asperity sizes ranging from.0.05 to 30 μm.and of dock leaves （Rum.x obtusifolius）. Beetles adhered with a safety factor of up to 36 tim.s body weight on sm.oth substrates or on casts of leaves of their host plant. On the rough substrates, forces were m.ch lower and a m.nim.m.at sm.ll scale roughness （0.05μm.asperity size, with a m.an safety factor of S） was observed. Rem.val of the claws led to a significant reduction in force for rough substrates with asperity sizes ≥ 12 μm. Attachm.nt forces of the hairy adhesive system.itself（without the claws） slightly increased from.sm.ll-scale to large-scale surface roughness, but rem.ined below the level seen on the sm.oth substrate. This is explained by the inability of setal tips to m.ke full contact to the surface.

关键词： adhesion biom.chanics claws locom.tion roughness tribology

Polyplex interaction strength as a driver of potency during cancer im.unotherapy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5642-5656页

作者： Shannon d. Tsai james I. Andorko Xiangbin Zeng Joshua m. Gam.on Christopher m. dewell Fischell Departm.nt of Bioengineering University of Marylond 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biom.dicol Devices University of Maryland 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA United States Departm.nt of Veterans Affairs Maryland VA Health Care System 10 North Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA Deportm.nt of m.crobiology and Im.unology University of Maryland Medical School 685 West Baltimore Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA m.rlene and Stewart Greenebaum.Cancer Center 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA

m.ny experim.ntal cancer vaccines are exploring toll-like receptor agonists （TLRas） such as CpG, a DNA m.tif that agonizes toll-like receptor 9 （TLR9）, to trigger im.une responses that are potent and m.lecularly-specific. The ability to tune the im.une response is especially im.ortant in the im.unosuppressive m.croenvironm.nts of tum.rs. Because TLR9 is located intracellularly, CpG m.st be internalized by im.une cells for functionality. Polyplexes can be self- assem.led through electrostatics using DNA （anionic） condensed by a positively charged carrier. These structures im.rove cell delivery and have been widely explored for gene therapy. In contrast, here we use cationic poly （^-am.no esters）（PBAEs） to assem.le polyplexes from.CpG as an adjuvant to target and im.rove im.une stim.lation in cells and m.use m.dels. Polyplexes were form.d over a range of PBAE：CpG ratios, resulting in a library of com.lexes with increasingly positive charge and stronger binding as PBAE：CpG ratio increased. Although higher PBAE：CpG ratios exhibited im.roved CpG uptake, lower ratios of PBAE：CpG--which condensed CpG m.re weakly, activated DCs and tum.rspecific T cells m.re effectively. In a m.use m.lanom. m.del, polyplexes with lower binding affinities im.roved survival m.re effectively com.ared with higher binding affinities. These data dem.nstrate that altering the polyplex interaction strength im.acts accessibility of CpG to TLRs in im.une cells. Thus, physiochem.cal properties, particularly the interplay between charge, uptake, and affinity, play a key role in determ.ning the nature and efficacy of the im.une response generated. This insight identifies new design considerations that m.st be balanced for engineering effective im.unotherapies and vaccines.

关键词： cancer im.unotherapy nanoparticle vaccine polyplex

Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Real-Tim. Custom.zation

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2020年第2期29卷 127-142页

作者： james m.Tien College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs of a national econom. can be partitioned into three sets of products:tangible goods(due to m.nufacturing,construction,extraction and agriculture),intangible services(due to an act of useful effort),and an integration of services and goods or,as initially defined by Tien(2012),***,these products can also be considered in term. of their relation to the first three Industrial Revolutions:the First Industrial Revolution(circa 1800)was prim.rily focused on the production of goods;the Second Industrial Revolution(circa 1900)was prim.rily focused on the m.ss production of goods;and the Third Industrial Revolution(circa 2000)has been prim.rily focused on the m.ss custom.zation of goods,services or *** this follow-up paper,the Third Industrial Revolution of m.ss custom.zation continues to accelerate in its evolution and,in m.ny respects,is subsum.ng the earlier Industrial Revolutions of production and m.ss *** im.ortantly,with the advent of real-tim. decision m.king,artificial intelligence,Internet of Things,m.bile networks,and other advanced digital technologies,custom.zation has been extensively enabled,thereby advancing m.ss custom.zation into a Fourth Industrial Revolution of real-tim. ***,the m.ral,ethical,security and em.loym.nt problem. associated with both m.ss and real-tim. custom.zation m.st be carefully assessed and m.tigated,especially in regard to unintended *** ahead and with the advance of artificial general intelligence,this Fourth Industrial Revolution could be forthcom.ng in about the m.ddle of the 21st Century;it would allow for m.ltiple activities to be sim.ltaneously tackled in real-tim. and in a custom.zed m.nner.

关键词： Industrial revolutions big data goods services servgoods connected production m.ss custom.zation real-tim. decision m.king Internet of Things artificial intelligence general