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Integrating ancient patterns and current dynamics of insect-plant interactions＂ Taxonomic and geographic variation in herbivore specialization

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Insect Science 2010年第6期17卷 471-507页

作者： j. mark Scriber Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

The search for pattern in the ecology and evolutionary biology of insect-plant associations has fascinated biologists for centuries. High levels of tropical （tow-latitude） plant and insect diversity relative to poleward latitudes and the disproportionate abundance of host-specialized insect herbivores have been noted. This review addresses several aspects of local insect specialization, host use abilities （and loss of these abilities with specialization）, host-associated evolutionary divergence, and ecological （including ＂hybrid＂） speciation, with special reference to the generation of biodiversity and the geographic and taxonomic identification of ＂species borders＂ for swallowtail butterflies （Papilionidae）. From ancient phytochemically defined angiosperm affiliations that trace back millions of years to recent and very local specialized populations, the Papilionidae （swallowtail butterflies） have provided a model for enhanced tmderstanding of localized ecological patterns and genetically based evolutionary processes. They have served as a useful group for evaluating the feeding specialization/physiological efficiency hypothesis. They have shown how the abiotic （thermal） environment interacts with host nutritional suitability to generate ＂voltinisrn/suitability＂ gradients in specialization or preference latitudinally, and geographical mosaics locally. Several studies reviewed here suggest strongly that the oscillation hypothesis for speciation does have considerable merit, but at the same time, some species-level host specializations may lead to evolutionary dead-ends, especially with rapid environmental/habitat changes involving their host plants. Latitudinal gradients in species richness and degree of herbivore feeding specialization have been impacted by recent developments in ecological genetics and evolutionary ecology. Localized insect- plant associations that span the biospectrum from polyphenisms, polymorphisms, biotypes, demes, host races, to cryptic speci

关键词： evolutionary dead-ends key innovations latitudinal gradients oscillation hypothesis of speciation polyspecialists preference/performance specialization/physiological efficiency hypothesis voltinism-suitability hypothesis

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A review of refinery complexity applications

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Petroleum Science 2017年第1期14卷 167-194页

作者： mark j. Kaiser Center for Energy Studies Louisiana State UniversityEnergy Coast and Environment Building Baton RougeLA 70803 USA

Refinery complexity quantifies the sophistication and capital intensity of a refinery and has found widespread application in facility classification, cost estimation, sales price models, and other uses. Despite the ubiquity and widespread use of refining complexity, however, surprisingly little material has been written on its applications. The pur- pose of this review is to describe the primary applications of refinery complexity and some recent extensions. A secondary purpose of this review is to provide a framework that unifies complexity applications and suggests avenues for future research. Examples illustrate the applications considered.

关键词： Cost estimation Functional complexityInverse problem Replacement cost Refineryclassification Sales price models

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Segregation of F-2 interspecific hybrid growth performance and wing color patterns relative to parental species in the Papilio machaon species group （Lepidoptera： Papilionidae）

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Insect Science 2007年第5期14卷 389-400页

作者： j. mark SCRIBER Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

A strange Papilio female specimen with a prominent yellow wing band type very much like P. brevicauda （and also seen in P. machaon, and P. zelicaon） was captured in the forested mountains of southwest Vermont, USA. Despite its brevicauda-like appearance, it had mt-DNA of P. polyxenes. In eastern North America the P. brevicauda （Maritime Provinces of Canada） is currently believed to reflect previous （ancient） hybridization between ancestral P. machaon and P. polyxenes. It is uncertain whether the brevicauda-like wing trait features in the odd Vermont female may be a result of some introgression of P. machaon or P. brevicauda with P. polyxenes in eastern North America as seen also in the Ozark Mountains with P. joanae. Nonetheless, the significance of wing trait analyses in relation to hybrid zones with P. polyxenes remains relevant. The segregation of wing color patterns and hostplant use abilities （efficiencies and growth rates） were examined for laboratory hand-paired F-2 hybrids of P. zelicaon ~ Papilio polyxenes relative to the parental species and primary hybrids. The black adult color pattern characterizing P. polyxenes is presumed to be inherited as a simple autosomal dominant. These hybrids were examined to determine：（i） how F-1 primary hybrid offspring perform relative to the parental types in survival, growth rates, and growth efficiencies; and （ii） whether these larval traits and the adult color patterns might be linked with wing morphology in the F-2 hybrids. While the F-1 hybrids grew as well as the P. polyxenes parent （P. zelicaon was significantly less efficient and slower in growth than either of these）, we could not convincingly determine whether the growth performances of the F-2 segregants were linked with the parental wing patterns.

关键词： hybrid swarms feeding efficiencies autosomai trait genetics Papilio polyxenes,Papilio zelicaon Papilio brevicauda

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Efficient ray casting of volumetric images using distance maps for empty space skipping

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Computational Visual Media 2020年第1期6卷 53-63页

作者： Lachlan j.Deakin mark A.Knackstedt Australian National University Canberra2601Australia

Volume and isosurface rendering are methods of projecting volumetric images to two dimensions for *** methods are common in medical imaging and scientific ***-mounted optical see-through displays have recently become an affordable technology and are a promising platform for volumetric image *** displayed on a head-mounted display must be presented at a high frame rate and with low latency to compensate for head *** latency can be jarring and may cause cybersickness which has similar symptoms to motion *** images can be very computationally expensive to render as they often have hundreds of millions of scalar ***,certain materials in images such as air surrounding an object boundary are often made transparent and need not be sampled,which improves rendering *** our previous work we introduced a novel ray traversal technique for rendering large sparse volumetric images at high frame *** method relied on the computation of an occupancy and distance map to speed up ray traversal through empty *** this work we achieve higher frame rates than our previous work with an improved method of resuming empty space skipping and the use of anisotropic Chebyshev distance *** optimised algorithm for computing Chebyshev distance maps on a graphical processing unit is introduced supporting real-time transfer function editing.

关键词： ray casting volume rendering isosurface rendering distance maps

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Heart healthy equals prostate healthy and statins, aspirin, and/or metformin （S.A.M.） are the ideal recommendations for prostate cancer prevention

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Asian journal of Andrology 2015年第5期17卷 783-791,I0008页

作者： mark A Moyad Nicholas j Vogelzang Department of Urology University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor Michigan USA Developmental Therapeutics Committee and Genitourinary Committee for US Oncology Research Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada Las Vegas Nevada USA

Cardiovascular disease （CVD） has been the number one cause of death in the U.S. for 114 of the last 115 years. Lifestyle factors that promote CVD also appear to increase prostate cancer risk and those that reduce CVD risk also appear to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The largest randomized trials utilizing dietary supplements or pharmacologic agents for prostate cancer prevention （Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial [SELECT]） have also shed light on the problems and future solutions in this area. Dietary supplements that have not been found to be CVD protective, such as selenium and Vitamin E have not been found to be prostate protective. In addition, over exposure to specific anti-oxidants in nutritionally replete populations may be encouraging cancer growth. Futuretrials of dietary supplements to prevent prostate cancer could be problematic because by the time a definitive trial is initiated the participants will no longer be ＂deficient＂ in the nutrient being tested, which arguably occurred in the SELECT trial. It is also interesting that statins, aspirin, and/or metformin （S.A.M.） are 3 generic, low-cost, heart healthy agents derived from natural sources with separate mechanism of actions, which all appear to have the best benefit to risk ratio compared to any other agent available for prostate cancer prevention, especially aggressive disease, or as an ancillary agent （s） to conventional cancer treatment. It is time to focus on the forest over the trees and recommend proven CVD protective measures for men concerned about their risk of prostate cancer.

关键词： aspirin diet lifestyle metformin prostate cancer statins

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Effects of diurnal temperature range on adult size and emergence times from diapausing pupae in Papilio glaucus and R canadensis （Papilionidae）

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Insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 435-442页

作者： j. mark Scriber Brittany Sonke Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Flonda Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

With recent climate warming trends, both the increase in thermal variance （i.e., diurnal temperature range; DTR） as well as increased mean temperature may impact many different organisms, especially poikilothermic invertebrates. Predictions of insect developmental rates using degree-days （thermal unit accumulations above the developmental base threshold of the insect） are based on daily mean temperatures, regardless of DTR. However, non-linearity and variance in the means and extremes are often ignored. The role of thermal variance （e.g., daily temperature extremes and DTR） was evaluated experimentally for two swallowtail butterfly sister species using a common day/night photoperiod of 18 ： 6 h photo ： scoto-phase and corresponding daytime thermophase and nighttime cryophase periods of 22 ： 22℃ （constant 22℃）, 24 ： 16℃, and 26 ： 10℃（all three treatments had the same daily mean and the same degree-day accumulations）. Although developmental rates ofpost-diapause pupae were largely unaffected for both species, our results show that sizes in P canadensis females （but not males） were smaller in the treatments with more variance （26℃ ： 10℃） compared to constant 22℃. Such potentially significant impacts of size reduction in P canadensis females were not observed in P glaucus males or females under the same series ofthermo-period treatments.

关键词： climate warming degree-days diurnal temperature range (DTR) photoperiods swallowtail butterflies thermoperiods

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Divergence in the ovipositional behavior of the Papilio glaucus group

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Insect Science 2008年第4期15卷 361-367页

作者： Rodrigo j. Mercader j. mark Scriber Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI48824 USA

This study contrasts the ovipositional profiles of four members of the Papilio glaucus group, P. glaucus, P. multicaudatus, P. canadensis, and P. rutulus. We used seven choice oviposition bioassays containing leaves from hosts in seven plant families utilized by members of the P. glaucus group. Specifically, we contrast the overall ovipositional profiles of these species and their acceptance of a host in a novel plant family （Populus tremuloides： Salicaceae） and a host in a putatively ancestral host plant family （Liriodendron tulipifera： Magnoliaceae）. Significant differences were observed between the ovipositional profiles of P. glaucus and P. multicaudatus relative to each other and to P. canadensis and P. rutulus. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the ovipositional profiles of P. canadensis and P. rutulus, which were also the only species that accepted P. tremuloides. Unlike the acceptance of P. tremuloides, the acceptance of L. tulipifera was present throughout the group despite the inability of the larvae of most species in the group to utilize this host. These results support the prediction of the ＂hierarchical threshold model＂ that ancestral host plants are likely to be retained in the ovipositional hierarchy while novel hosts should only be accepted by derived populations.

关键词： host preference insect-plant interactions Lepidoptera Papilionidae

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A new framework for reverse cholesterol transport: Non-biliary contributions to reverse cholesterol transport

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第47期16卷 5946-5952页

作者： Ryan E Temel j mark Brown Department of Pathology Section on Lipid SciencesWake Forest University School of Medicine

Reduction of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol through statin therapy has only modestly decreased coronary heart disease (CHD)-associated mortality in developed countries, which has prompted the search for alternative therapeutic strategies for CHD. Major efforts are now focused on therapies that augment high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), and ultimately increase the fecal disposal of cholesterol. The process of RCT has long been thought to simply involve HDL-mediated delivery of peripheral cholesterol to the liver for biliary excretion out of the body. However, recent studies have revealed a novel pathway for RCT that does not rely on biliary secretion. This nonbiliary pathway rather involves the direct excretion of cholesterol by the proximal small intestine. Compared to RCT therapies that augment biliary sterol loss, modulation of non-biliary fecal sterol loss through the intestine is a much more attractive therapeutic strategy, given that excessive biliary cholesterol secretion can promote gallstone formation. However, we are at an early stage in understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the non-biliary pathway for RCT, and much additional work is required in order to effectively target this pathway for CHD prevention. The purpose of this review is to discuss our current understanding of biliary and nonbiliary contributions to RCT with particular emphasis on the possibility of targeting the intestine as an inducible cholesterol secretory organ.

关键词： Cholesterol Intestine Bile Lipoprotein Reverse cholesterol transport

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Myeloid immunosuppression and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2020年第1期17卷 1-12页

作者： Kyohei Nakamura mark j.Smyth Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerston 4006 QLDAustralia

Tumor-promoting inflammation and the avoidance of immune destruction are hallmarks of *** innate immune cells,such as neutrophils,monocytes,and macrophages,are critical mediators for sterile and nonsterile inflammation,persistent inflammation,such as that which occurs in cancer,is known to disturb normal *** disturbance leads to the generation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells,such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)and tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs).Due to their potent suppressive activities against effector lymphocytes and their abundance in the tumor microenvironment,immunosuppressive myeloid cells act as a major barrier to cancer ***,various therapeutic approaches directed toward immunosuppressive myeloid cells are actively being tested in preclinical and clinical *** include antiinflammatory agents,therapeutic blockade of the mobilization and survival of myeloid cells,and immunostimulatory *** recently,immune checkpoint molecules expressed on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells have emerged as potential therapeutic targets to redirect these cells to eliminate tumor *** this review,we discuss the complex crosstalk between cancer-related inflammation and immunosuppressive myeloid cells and possible therapeutic strategies to harness antitumor immune responses.

关键词： myeloid macrophage innate immunity immune checkpoint inflammation

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Focused transcription from the human CR2/CD21 core promoter is regulated by synergistic activity of TATA and Initiator elements in mature B cells

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2016年第1期13卷 119-131页

作者： Rhonda L Taylor mark N Cruickshank Mahdad Karimi Han Leng Ng Elizabeth Quail Kenneth M Kaufman john B Harley Lawrence j.abraham Betty P Tsao Susan A Boackle Daniela Ulgiati School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia Telethon Kids Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA Division of Rheumatology Department of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA Division of Rheumatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA

Complement receptor 2 （CR2/CD21） is predominantly expressed on the surface of mature B cells where it forms part of a coreceptor complex that functions, in part, to modulate B-cell receptor signal strength. CR2/CD21 expression is tightly regulated throughout B-cell development such that CR2/CD21 cannot be detected on pre-B or terminally differentiated plasma cells. CR2/CD21 expression is upregulated at B-cell maturation and can be induced by IL-4 and CD40 signaling pathways. We have previously characterized elements in the proximal promoter and first intron of CR2/CD21 that are involved in regulating basal and tissue-specific expression. We now extend these analyses to the CR2/CD21 core promoter. We show that in mature B cells, CR2/~D21 transcription proceeds from a focused TSS regulated by a non-consensus TATA box, an initiator element and a downstream promoter element. Furthermore, occupancy of the general transcriptional machinery in pre-B versus mature B-cell lines correlate with CR2/CD21 expression level and indicate that promoter accessibility must switch from inactive to active during the transitional B-cell window.

关键词： B cells core promoter CR2/CD21 molecular biology transcription factor

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