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CONSTANS alters the circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana

m.lecular Plant 2024年第8期17卷 1204-1220页

作者： Pedro de los Reyes Gloria Serrano-Bueno Francisco j.Rom.ro-Cam.ero He Gao j.se m.Rom.ro Federico Valverde Plant Developm.nt Group-Institute for Plant Biochem.stry and Photosynthesis Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasUniversidad de SevillaSevilleSpain Departm.nt of Com.uter Science and Artificial Intelligence Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain Departm.nt of Plant Developm.ntal Biology Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany Departm.nt of Plant Biochem.stry and m.lecular Biology Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain

Plants are sessile organism. that have acquired highly plastic developm.ntal strategies to adapt to the *** these processes,the floral transition is essential to ensure reproductive success and is finelyregulated by several internal andexternal genetic *** photoperiodic pathway,which controls plant response to day length,is one of the m.st im.ortant pathways controlling *** Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering,CONSTANS(CO)is the central gene activating the expression of the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)in the leaves at the end of a long *** circadian clock strongly regulates Co ***,to date,no evidence has been reported regarding a feedbackloop from.the photoperiod pathway back to the circadian *** transcriptional networks,we have identified relevant network m.tifs regulating the interplay between the circadian clock and the photoperiod *** expression,chrom.tin im.unoprecipitation experim.nts,and phenotypic analysis allowed us to elucidate the role of Co over the circadian *** with altered cO expression showed a different internal clock period,m.asured by daily leaf rhythm.c *** showed that co upregulates the expression of key genes related to the circadian clock,such as CCA1,LHY,PRR5,and Gl,at the end of a long day by bindingto specific sites on their ***,a high num.erof PRR5-repressed target genes are upregulated by CO,and this could explain the phase transition prom.ted by *** CO-PRR5 com.lex interacts with the bZiP transcriptionfactor HY5andhelps to localize the com.lex in the prom.ters of clock *** together,our results indicate that there m.y be a feedback loop in which co com.unicates back to the circadian clock,providing seasonal inform.tion to the circadian system.

关键词： CONSTANS circadian clock photoperiod

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Telom.ric DNA breaks in hum.n induced pluripotent stem.cells trigger ATR-m.diated arrest and telom.rase-independent telom.re dam.ge repair

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j.urnal of m.lecular Cell Biology 2024年第3期16卷 46-60页

作者： Katrina N.Estep j.hn W.Tobias Rafael j.Fernandez Brinley m.Beveridge F.Brad j.hnson Departm.nt of Pathology and Laboratory m.dicine University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Quantiative Biosciences Merck&Co.Inc.West PointPA 19486USA Penn Genom.c Analysis Core University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA

Although m.chanism. of telom.re protection are well-defined in differentiated cells,how stem.cells sense and respond to telom.re dysfunction,in particular telom.ric double-strand breaks(DSBs),is poorly ***,we report the DNA dam.ge signaling,cell cycle,and transcriptom. changes in hum.n induced pluripotent stem.cells(iPSCs)in response to telom.re-internal *** engineer hum.n iPSCs with an inducible TRF1-FokI fusion protein to acutely induce DSBs at *** this m.del,we dem.nstrate that TRF1-FokI DSBs activate an ATR-dependent DNA dam.ge response,which leads to p53-independent cell cycle arrest in *** CRISPR–Cas9 to cripple the catalytic dom.in of telom.rase reverse transcriptase,we show that telom.rase is largely dispensable for survival and lengthening of TRF1-FokI-cleaved telom.res,which instead are effectively repaired by robust hom.logous recom.ination(HR).In contrast to HR-based telom.re m.intenance in m.use em.ryonic stem.cells,where HR causes ZSCAN4-dependent extension of telom.res beyond their initial lengths,HR-based repair of telom.ric breaks is sufficient to m.intain iPSC telom.res at a norm.l length,which is com.atible with sustained survival of the cells over several days of TRF1-FokI *** findings suggest a previously unappreciated role for HR in telom.re m.intenance in telom.rase-positive iPSCs and reveal distinct iPSC-specific responses to targeted telom.ric DNA dam.ge.

关键词： telom.res telom.rase alternative lengthening of telom.res pluripotent stem.cells DNA dam.ge double-strand breaks

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In vivo m.asurem.nt of NADH fluorescence lifetim. in skeletal m.scle via -ber-coupled tim.-correlated single photon counting

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j.urnal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2024年第1期17卷 121-134页

作者： Kathryn m.Priest j.cob V.Schluns Nathania Nischal Colton L.Gattis j.ffrey C.Wolchok Tim.thy j.m.ldoon Departm.nt of Biom.dical Engineering University of Arkansas FayettevilleARUSA

Nicotinam.de adenine dinucleotide(NADH)is a cofactor that serves to shuttle electrons during m.tabolic processes such as glycolysis,the tricarboxylic acid cycle,and oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS).NADH is autofluorescent,and itsfluorescence lifetim. can be used to infer m.tabolic dynam.cs in living ***-coupled tim.-correlated single photon counting(TCSPC)equipped with an im.lantable needle probe can be used to m.asure NADH lifetim. in vivo,enabling investigation of changing m.tabolic dem.nd during m.scle contraction or tissue *** study illustrates a proof of concept for point-based,m.nim.lly-invasive NADHfluorescence lifetim. m.asurem.nt in *** m.scle loss(Vm.)inj.ries were created in the left tibialis anterior(TA)m.scle of m.le Sprague Dawley *** lifetim. m.asurem.nts were collected before,during,and after a 30 s tetanic contraction in the inj.red and uninj.red TA m.scles,which was subsequently-t to a biexponential decay m.del to yield a m.tric of NADH utilization(cytoplasm.c vs protein-bound NADH,the A11/A22 ratio).On average,this ratio was higher during and after contraction in uninj.red m.scle com.ared to m.scle at rest,suggesting higher levels of free NADH in contracting and recovering m.scle,indicating increased rates of *** inj.red m.scle,this ratio was higher than uninj.red m.scle overall but decreased over tim.,which is consistent with current knowledge of inflam.atory response to inj.ry,suggesting tissue regeneration has *** data suggest that-ber-coupled TCSPC has the potential to m.asure changes in NADH binding in vivo in a m.nim.lly invasive m.nner that requires further investigation.

关键词： Glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation energy m.tabolism volum.tric m.scle loss

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Phase com.osition,conductivity,and sensor properties of cerium.doped indium.oxide

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Nano m.terials Science 2024年第2期6卷 193-200页

作者： m.I.Ikim.G.N.Gerasim.v V.F.Grom.v O.j.Ilegbusi L.I.Trakhtenberg N.N.Sem.nov Federal Research Center for Chem.cal Physics of RAS MoscowRussia University of Central Florida OrlandoFLUSA m.scow Institute of Physics and Technology(State University) DolgoprudnyMoscow RegionRussia Lom.nosov m.scow State University MoscowRussia

The hydrotherm.l synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these *** the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),interm.diate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are form.d,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and m.tastable rhom.ohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from.c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium.into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in com.osites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the com.osites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chem.sorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in com.osites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Com.ared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other m.thods,the synthesized com.osites dem.nstrate m.xim.m.response to H_(2)at low tem.eratures by 70–100℃,and have short response tim.(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery tim.(6–7 s),and long-term.stability.A m.del is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).

关键词： Cerium.oxide Indium.oxide Nanocom.osite Hydrotherm.l m.thod Cubic phase Rhom.ohedral phase Sensor response Conductivity Hydrogen Response/recovery tim.

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Further investigation on the fusion of ^(6)Li with ^(209)Bi target at near-barrier energies

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第7期48卷 106-117页

作者：张高龙焦振威张广鑫 m.R.Cortes 胡世鹏钱建强 D.m.ngoni 屈卫卫李聪博郑云张焕乔孙慧斌王楠张春雷 j.j.Valiente-Dobón D.Testov m.m.zzocco A.Gozzelino C.Parascandolo D.Pierroutsakou m.La Com.ara A.Goasduff D.Bazzacco D.R.Napoli F.Galtarossa F.Recchia A.Illana S.Bakes I.Zanon S.Aydin G.de Angelis m.Siciliano R.m.negazzo S.m.Lenzi j.L.Ferreira j.Rangel Serkan Akkoyun L.F.Canto j.Lubian School of Physics Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Instituto de Física Universidade Federal Fluminense24210-340NiteróiRio de JaneiroBrazil Institute for Advanced Study in Nuclear Energy&Safety Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Research and m.nufacture of High Purity Germ.nium.m.terials and Fetectors Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China INFN Sezione di PadovaPadovaItaly Dipartim.nto di fisica Astronom.a dell'Universita di padova PadovaItaly State Key Laboratory of Radiation m.dicine and Protection School of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China China Institute of Atom.c Energy Beijing 102413China The Key Laboratory of Beam.Technology and m.terial m.dification of m.nistry of Education College of Nuclear Science and TechnologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China INFN Laboratori Nazionali di LegnaroI-35020 LegnaroItaly INFN Sezione di NapoliI-80126 NapoliItaly Dipartim.nto di Farm.cia Universitàdi Napoli"Federico II"I-80131 NapoliItaly Departm.nt of Natural and m.them.tical Sciences Faculty of EngineeringTarsus University33480 MersinTurkiye Physics Division Argonne National LaboratoryLemont-ILUSA Departam.nto de m.tem.ética Física e Computaç˜ao Universidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroFaculdade de Tecnologia27537-000ResendeRio de JaneiroBrazil Departm.nt of Physics Sivas Cumhuriyet UniversitySivasTurkey Instituto de Física Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCP 6852821941-972Rio de JaneiroBrazil

The com.lete and incom.lete fusion cross sections for ^(6)Li+^(209)Bi were m.asured using the in-beam.-ray m.thod around the Coulom. *** cross sections of(deuteron captured)incom.lete fusion(ICF)products were re-quantified experim.ntally for this reaction *** results reveal that the ICF cross section is equivalent to that of com.lete fusion(CF)above the Coulom. barrier and dom.nant near or below the Coulom. barrier.A theoretical calculation based on the continuum.discretized coupled channel(CDCC)m.thod was perform.d for the aforem.ntioned CF and ICF cross sections;the result is consistent with the *** universal fusion function(UFF)was also com.ared with the m.asured CF cross section for different barrier param.ters,dem.nstrating that the CF suppression factor is significantly influenced by the choice of potential,which can reflect both dynam.c and static effects of breakup on the fusion process.

关键词： cross section incom.lete fusion suppression factor weakly bound nuclei

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Effect of age on the standardized ileal am.no acid digestibility of soybean m.al and canola m.al in broilers

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Anim.l Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 11-22页

作者： m.kti Barua m.Reza Abdollahi Faegheh Zaefarian Tim.thy j.Wester Channarayapatna K.Girish Peter V.Chrystal Velm.rugu Ravindran m.nogastric Research Center School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Departm.nt of Anim.l Science and Nutrition Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Nutrition and Care Animal NutritionEvonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd Com.lete Feed Solutions

Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of nitrogen (N) and am.no acids (AA) in two protein sources (soybean m.al [SBm. and canola m.al [Cm.) were investigated at six broiler ages (d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42). Two assay diets were form.lated to contain either SBm.(413 g/kg) or Cm.(553 g/kg) as the sole dietary AA source. Titanium.dioxide (5 g/kg) was added as an indigestible m.rker. A total of 696 m.le broilers at 1 d old were allotted to 12 replicate cages per age group. Each assay diet was offered to birds for 4 d prior to the ileal digesta collection on d 7 (14 birds/cage), 14 (12 birds/cage), 21 (10 birds/cage), 28 (8 birds/cage), 35 (8 birds/cage) and 42 (6 birds/cage), respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficients were standardized using age-specific basal endogenous AA flows. In the SBm.group, though the SIDC of N tended to be influenced (quadratic; P=0.075) by age, no linear or quadratic response of age effect was observed on the average SIDC of indispensable (IAA) and total AA (TAA). An age effect (quadratic; Pm.with the highest value recorded at d 7, followed by a decrease from.d 14 to 28, which increased beyond d 35. The SIDC of som. individual AA (Arg, Thr, Trp, Cys, Pro) were affected (Pm.nner by age. In the Cm. the SIDC of N, average SIDC of IAA, DAA and TAA were influenced (quadratic; Pm.d 7 to 14, declined at d 21, and then increased beyond d 28. The average SIDC of IAA was low between d 7 and 28 and increased thereafter. The SIDC of individual AA were affected (linear or quadratic; Pm.gnitudes by age. The age influence on the SIDC AA was variable, depending on the protein source and AA. The results dem.nstrate that age-specific SIDC AA data m.ght need consideration in broiler feed form.lations.

关键词： Age Am.no acid Broiler Digestibility Protein source

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Rainfall Sensitivity to m.crophysics and Planetary Boundary Layer Param.terizations in Convection-Perm.tting Sim.lations over Northwestern South Am.rica

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j.urnal of m.teorological Research 2024年第4期38卷 805-825页

作者： K.Santiago HERNANDEZ Sebastian GOm.Z-RIOS j.an j.HENAO Vanessa ROBLEDO Alvaro RAm.REZ-CARDONA Angela m.RENDON Geolim.a Escuela AmbientalFacultad de IngenieriaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellin 050010Colombia Grupo de Ingenieria y Gestion Am.iental(GIGA) Escuela AmbientalFacultad de IngenieriaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellin 050010Colombia Division of Atm.spheric Sciences Desert Research InstituteRenoNV 89512USA

Convection-perm.tting m.deling allows us to understand m.chanism. that influence rainfall in specific ***,m.crophysics param.terization(m.) and planetary boundary layer(PBL) schem.s rem.in an im.ortant source of uncertainty,affecting rainfall intensity,occurrence,duration,and ***,we study the sensitivity of rainfall to three m. [Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Single-m.m.nt 6-class(WSm.),Thom.son,and m.rrison] and two PBL [the Yonsei University(YSU) and m.llor–Yam.da Nakanishi Niino(m.NN)] schem.s with a convection-perm.tting resolution(4 km. over northwestern South Am.rica(NWSA).Sim.lations were perform.d by using the WRF m.del and the results were evaluated against soundings,rain gauges,and satellite data,considering the spatio-tem.oral variability of rainfall over diverse regions prone to deep convection in *** and PBL schem.s largely influenced sim.lated rainfall,with better results for the less com.utationally expensive WSm. m. and YSU PBL *** rain gauges and satellite estim.tes,sim.lations with m.rrison m. overestim.ted rainfall,especially westward of the Andes,whereas the m.NN PBL underestim.ted precipitation in the Am.zon–Savannas *** found that the uncertainty in the rainfall representation is highly dependent on the region,with a higher influence of m. in the Colom.ian Pacific and PBL in the Am.zon–Savannas *** analyzing rainfall-related processes,the selection of both m. and PBL param.terizations exerted a large influence on the sim.lated lower tropospheric m.isture flux and m.isture *** schem.s significantly influenced the downward shortwave radiation,with m.NN sim.lating a greater am.unt of low clouds,which decreased the radiation ***,latent heat fluxes were greater for YSU,favoring m.ist convection and *** schem.s had a m.rked im.act on vertical ***,m.rrison m. showed stronger convection and higher precipitation rates,which is assoc

关键词： sensitivity m.crophysics planetary boundary layer(PBL) Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) processes

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Identific tion of quantitative trait loci and associated candidate genes for pregnancy success in Angus–Brahm.n crossbred heifers

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j.urnal of Anim.l Science and Biotechnology 2024年第1期15卷 162-170页

作者： Quinn A.Hoorn Gabriel A.Zayas Eduardo E.Rodriguez Laura m.j.nsen Raluca G.m.teescu Peter j.Hansen Departm.nt of Anim.l Sciences Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Programand the Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA School of Applied System. Biology La Trobe UniversityBundooraVIC 3083Australia

Background In beef cattle, m.re than 50% of the energy input to produce a unit of beef is consum.d by the fem.le that produced the calf. Developm.nt of genom.c tools to identify fem.les with high genetic m.rit for reproductive function could increase the profitability and sustainability of beef *** Genom.-wide association studies(GWAS) were perform.d using a single-step genom.c best linear unbiased prediction approach on pregnancy outcom. traits from.a population of Angus–Brahm.n crossbred heifers. Furtherm.re, a validation GWAS was perform.d using data from.another farm. Heifers were genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250 array that contains 221,077 SNPs. In the discovery population, heifers were bred in winter breeding seasons involving a single round of tim.d artificial insem.nation(AI) followed by natural m.ting for 3 m.nths. Two phenotypes were analyzed: pregnancy outcom. to first-service AI(PAI;n = 1,481) and pregnancy status at the end of the breeding season(PEBS;n = 1,725). The heritability was estim.ted as 0.149 and 0.122 for PAI and PEBS, respectively. In the PAI m.del, one quantitative trait locus(QTL), located between 52.3 and 52.5 m. on BTA7, explained about 3% of the genetic variation, in a region containing a cluster of γ-protocadherin genes and SLC25A2. Other QTLs explaining between 0.5% and 1% of the genetic variation were found on BTA12 and 25. In the PEBS m.del, a large QTL on BTA7 was synonym.us with the QTL for PAI, with m.nor QTLs located on BTA5, 9, 10, 11, 19, and 20. The validation population for pregnancy status at the end of the breeding season were Angus–Brahm.n crossbred heifers bred by natural m.ting. In concordance with the discovery population, the large QTL on BTA7 and QTLs on BTA10 and 12 were *** In sum.ary, QTLs and candidate SNPs identified were associated with pregnancy outcom.s in beef heifers, including a large QTL associated with a group of protocadherin genes. Confirm.tion of these associations

关键词： Beef cattle Fertility GWAS QTL

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Collisionless shock acceleration of protons in a plasm. slab produced in a gas j.t by the collision of two laser-driven hydrodynam.c shockwaves

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m.tter and Radiation at Extrem.s 2024年第2期9卷 12-25页

作者： j.-R.m.rquès L.Lancia P.Loiseau P.Forestier-Colleoni m.Tarisien E.Atukpor V.Bagnoud C.Brabetz F.Consoli j.Dom.nge F.Hannachi P.Nicolaï m.Salvadori B.Zielbauer LULI CNRSÉcole PolytechniqueCEASorbonne UniversitéInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91128 Palaiseau CedexFrance CEA DAMDIF91297 Arpajon CedexFrance UniversitéParis-Saclay CEALMCE91680 Bruyères-le-ChatelFrance CENBG CNRS-IN2P3Universitéde Bordeaux33175 Gradignan CedexFrance GSI Helm.oltzzentrum.für Schwerionenforschung Gm.H Planckstraße 164291 DarmstadtGermany University of Darm.tadt Schloßgartenstr.764289 DarmstadtGermany ENEA Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Departm.nt C.R.FrascatiVia Enrico Fermi 45FrascatiRomeItaly CELIA Universitéde Bordeaux–CNRS–CEA33405 TalenceFrance UniversitéParis-Saclay CEALIDYL91191 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance

We have recently proposed a new technique of plasm. tailoring by laser-driven hydrodynam.c shockwaves generated on both sides of a gas j.t[m.rquès et al.,*** 28,023103(2021)].In a continuation of this num.rical work,we study experim.ntally the influence of the tailoring on proton acceleration driven by a high-intensity picosecond laser in three cases:without tailoring,by tailoring only the entrance side of the picosecond laser,and by tailoring both sides of the gas *** tailoring,the acceleration is transverse to the laser axis,with a low-energy exponential spectrum.produced by Coulom. *** the front side of the gas j.t is tailored,a forward acceleration appears,which is significantly enhanced when both the front and back sides of the plasm. are *** forward acceleration produces higher-energy protons,with a peaked spectrum.and is in good agreem.nt with the m.chanism.of collisionless shock acceleration(CSA).The spatiotem.oral evolution of the plasm. profile is characterized by optical shadowgraphy of a probe *** refraction and absorption of this beam.are sim.lated by post-processing 3D hydrodynam.c sim.lations of the plasm. *** with the experim.ntal results allows estim.tion of the thickness and near-critical density of the plasm. slab produced by tailoring both sides of the gas *** param.ters are in good agreem.nt with those required for CSA.

关键词： acceleration hydrodynam.c collision

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Efficient Com.unication in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Optim.zed Energy Efficient Engroove Leach Clustering Protocol

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024年第4期29卷 985-1001页

作者： N.m.enakshi Sultan Ahm.d A.V.Prabu j.Nageswara Rao Nashwan Adnan Othm.n Hikm.t A.m.Abdelj.ber R.Sekar j.been Nazeer SRm.Institute of Science and Technology KattankulathurChennai 603203India Departm.nt of Com.uter Science College of Computer Engineering and SciencesPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityAlkharj 11942Saudi Arabia University Center for Research and Developm.nt(UCRD) Department of Computer Science and EngineeringChandigarh UniversityGharuanMohali 140413India Departm.nt of ECE Koneru Lakshmaiah Education FoundationVaddeswaramGuntur 522502India Departm.nt of Com.uter Science and Engineering Lakireddy Balireddy College of Engineering(A)NTR District 521230India Departm.nt of Com.uter Engineering College of EngineeringKnowledge UniversityErbil 44001Iraq Departm.nt of Com.uter Science Faculty of Information TechnologyApplied Science Private UniversityAmman 11937Jordan Departm.nt of Electronics and Com.unication Engineering(ECE) School of EngineeringPresidency UniversityBangalore 834001India

The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network that is constructed in regions that are inaccessible to hum.n *** widespread deploym.nt of wireless m.cro sensors will m.ke it possible to conduct accurate environm.ntal m.nitoring for a use in both civil and m.litary *** m.ke use of these data to m.nitor and keep track of the physical data of the surrounding environm.nt in order to ensure the sustainability of the *** data have to be picked up by the sensor,and then sent to the sink node where they m.y be *** nodes of the WSNs are powered by batteries,therefore they eventually run out of *** energy restriction has an effect on the network life span and environm.ntal *** obj.ctive of this study is to further im.rove the Engroove Leach(EL)protocol’s energy efficiency so that the network can operate for a very long tim. while consum.ng the least am.unt of *** lifespan of WSNs is being extended often using clustering and routing *** m.ta Inspired Hawks Fragm.nt Optim.zation(m.HFO)system.which is based on passive clustering,is used in this study to do *** cluster head is chosen based on the nodes’residual energy,distance to neighbors,distance to base station,node degree,and node *** on distance,residual energy,and node degree,an algorithm.known as Heuristic Wing Antfly Optim.zation(HWAFO)selects the optim.m.path between the cluster head and Base Station(BS).They exam.ne the num.er of nodes that are active,their energy consum.tion,and the num.er of data packets that the BS *** overall experim.ntation is carried out under the m.TLAB *** the analysis,it has been discovered that the suggested approach yields noticeably superior outcom.s in term. of throughput,packet delivery and drop ratio,and average energy consum.tion.

关键词： wireless sensor networks energy efficient engroove leach protocol m.ta inspired Hawks fragm.nt optim.zation heuristic wing antfly optim.zation

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