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Long-term administration of scopolamine interferes with nerve cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, but it does not induce cell death

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第19期9卷 1731-1739页

作者： Bing Chun Yan Joon Ha Park Bai Hui Chen Jeong-Hwi Cho In Hye Kim Ji Hyeon Ahn Jae-Chul Lee In Koo Hwang jun Hwi Cho Yun Lyul Lee il-jun kang Moo-Ho Won Department of Integrative Traditional & Western Medicine Medical CollegeYangzhou University Department of Neurobiology School of MedicineKangwon National University Department of Physiology College of MedicineInstitute of Neurodegeneration and NeuroregenerationHallym University Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National University Department of Emergency Medicine School of MedicineKangwon National University Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University

Long-term administration of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, can inhibit the survival of newly generated cells, but its effect on the proliferation, differentiation and migration of nerve cells in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus remain poorly understood. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and western blot methods to weekly detect the biological behaviors of nerve cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice that received intraperito- neal administration of scopolamine for 4 weeks. Expression of neuronal nuclear antigen （NeuN; a neuronal marker） and Fluoro-]ade B （a marker for the localization of neuronal degeneration） was also detected. After scopolamine treatment, mouse hippocampal neurons did not die, and Ki-67 （a marker for proliferating cells）-immunoreactive cells were reduced in number and reac hed the lowest level at 4 weeks. Doublecortin （DCX; a marker for newly generated neurons）-im- munoreactive cells were gradually shortened in length and reduced in number with time. After scopolamine treatment for 4 weeks, nearly all of the 5-bromo-2＇-deoxyuridine （BrdU）-labeled newly generated cells were located in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, but they did not migrate into the granule cell layer. Few mature BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells were seen in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. These findings suggest that long-term administration of scopolamine interferes with the proliferation, differentiation and migration of nerve cells in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, but it does not induce cell death.

关键词： nerve regeneration neurogenesis scopolamine dentate gyrus cell proliferation neuroblastdifferentiation neuroblast migration granule cell layer neural regeneration

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Neuroprotection of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by anti-inflammatory effect in gerbils

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第2期11卷 270-277页

作者： Ki-YeonYoo In Hye Kim Jeong-Hwi Cho li Hyeon Ahn Joon Ha Park Jae-Chul Lee Hyun-Jin Tae Dae Won Kim Jong-Dai Kim Seongkweon Hong Moo-Ho Won il jun kang Department of Oral Anatomy College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science Gangneung-Wonju National University GangneungRepublic of Korea Department of Neurobiology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea Department of Biomedical Science Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym University Chuncheon Republic of Korea Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science Gangneung-Wonju NationalUniversity Gangneung Republic of Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of Biotechnology Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea Department of Surgery School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University Chuncheon Republic of Korea

In this study, we tried to verify the neuroprotective effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne（Cil） extract, which has been used as a botanical drug in East Asia, against ischemic damage and to explore the underlying mechanism involving the anti-inflammatory approach. A gerbil was given Cil extract for 7 consecutive days followed by bilateral carotid artery occlusion to make a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Then, we found that Cil extracts protected pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region（CA1） from ischemic damage using neuronal nucleus immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Accordingly, interleukin-13 immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of Cil-pretreated animals were maintained or increased after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. These findings indicate that the pre-treatment of Cil can attenuate neuronal damage/death in the brain after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via an anti-inflammatory approach.

关键词： nerve regeneration transient cerebral ischemia delayed neuronal death pyramidal neurons inflammatory cytokines neural regeneration

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Neuronal injury and tumor necrosis factor-alpha immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus in the early period of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest under normothermia

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第12期12卷 2007-2013页

作者： Hyun-Jin Tae il jun kang Tae-Kyeong Lee Jeong Hwi Cho Jae-Chul Lee Myoung Cheol Shin Yoon Sung Kim jun Hwi Cho Jong-Dai Kim Ji Hyeon Ahn Joon Ha Park In-Shik Kim Hyang-Ah Lee Yang Hee Kim Moo-Ho Won Young Joo Lee Bio-Safety Research Institute College of Veterinary Medicine Chonbuk National University Iksan South Korea Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Neurobiology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Emergency Medicine School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Emergency Medicine Samcheok Medical Center Samcheok South Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of Biotechnology Kangwon National University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Biomedical Science Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Surgery School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon South Korea Department of Emergency Medicine Seoul Hospital College of Medicine Sooncheonhyang University Seoul South Korea

Low survival rate occurs in patients who initially experience a spontaneous return of circulation after cardiac arrest（CA）. In this study, we induced asphyxial CA in adult male Sprague-Daley rats, maintained their body temperature at 37 ± 0.5°C, and then observed the survival rate during the post-resuscitation phase. We examined neuronal damage in the hippocampus using cresyl violet（CV） and Fluore-Jade B（F-J B） staining, and pro-inflammatory response using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1（Iba-1）, glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha（TNF-α） immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus after asphyxial CA in rats under normothermia. Our results show that the survival rate decreased gradually post-CA（about 63% at 6 hours, 37% at 1 day, and 8% at 2 days post-CA）. Rats were sacrificed at these points in time post-CA, and no neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus until 1 day post-CA. However, some neurons in the stratum pyramidale of the CA region in the hippocampus were dead 2 days post-CA. Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia in the CA1 region did not change until 1 day postCA, and they were activated（enlarged cell bodies with short and thicken processes） in all layers 2 days postCA. Meanwhile, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes did not change significantly until 2 days post-CA. TNF-α immunoreactivity decreased significantly in neurons of the stratum pyramidale in the CA1 region 6 hours post-CA, decreased gradually until 1 day post-CA, and increased significantly again 2 days post-CA. These findings suggest that low survival rate of normothermic rats in the early period of asphyxia-induced CA is related to increased TNF-α immunoreactivity, but not to neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region.

关键词： nerve regeneration post-cardiac arrest syndrome normothermia neuronal damage gliosis tumor necrosis factor-alpha neural regeneration

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Pretreated quercetin protects gerbil hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from transient cerebral ischemic injury by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第2期12卷 220-227页

作者： Bai Hui Chen Joon Ha Park Ji Hyeon Ahn Jeong Hwi Cho In Hye Kim Jae Chul Lee Moo-Ho Won Choong-Hyun Lee In Koo Hwang Jong-Dai Kim il jun kang jun Hwi Cho Bich Na Shin Yang Hee Kim Yun Lyul Lee Seung Min Park Department of Histology and Embryology Institute of NeuroscienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Neurobiology School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Pharmacy College of PharmacyDankook UniversityCheonanSouth Korea Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary Medicineand Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Emergency Medicine School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Physiology College of Medicineand Institute of Neurodegeneration and NeuroregenerationHallym UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Surgery School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea Department of Emergency Medicine Sacred Heart HospitalCollege of MedicineHallym UniversityAnyangSouth Korea

Quercetin（QE; 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone）, a well-known flavonoid, has been shown to prevent against neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic insults. However, few studies are reported regarding the neuroprotective mechanisms of QE after ischemic insults. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of QE on ischemic injury and the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampal CA1 region of gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient cerebral ischemia. QE was pre-treated once daily for 15 days before ischemia. Pretreatment with QE protected hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemic injury, which was confirmed by neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. In addition, pretreatment with QE significantly increased the expression levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, Mn superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons of animals with ischemic injury. These findings demonstrate that pretreated QE displayed strong neuroprotective effects against transient cerebral ischemia by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes.

关键词： nerve regeneration flavonoids transient cerebral ischemia Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase catalase Mn superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase neural regeneration

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Effect of hyperthermia on calbindin-D 28k immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation following transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第9期12卷 1458-1464页

作者： Jae-Chul Lee Jeong-Hwi Cho Tae-Kyeong Lee In Hye Kim Moo-Ho Won Geum-Sil Cho Bich-Na Shin In Koo Hwang Joon Ha Park Ji Hyeon Ahn il jun kang Young Joo Lee Yang Hee Kim Department of Neurobiology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Department of Physiology College of Medicine Hallym University Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University Department of Biomedical Science Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym University Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University Department of Emergency Medicine Seoul Hospital College of Medicine Sooncheonhyang University Department of Surgery School of Medicine Kangwon National University

Calbindin D-28K （CB）, a Ca2＋-binding protein, maintains Ca2＋ homeostasis and protects neurons against various insults. Hyperthermia can exacerbate brain damage produced by ischemic insults. However, little is reported about the role of CB in the brain under hyperthermic condition during ischemic insults. We inves- tigated the effects of transient global cerebral ischemia on CB immunoreactivity as well as neuronal damage in the hippocampal formation under hyperthermic condition using immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei （NeuN） and CB, and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining in gerbils. Hyperthermia （39.5 ＋ 0.2~C） was induced for 30 minutes before and during transient ischemia. Hyperthermic ischemia resulted in neu- ronal damage/death in the pyramidal layer of CA1-3 area and in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus at 1, 2, 5 days after ischemia. In addition, hyperthermic ischemia significantly decreaced CB immunoreac- tivity in damaged or dying neurons at 1, 2, 5 days after ischemia. In brief, hyperthermic condition produced more extensive and severer neuronal damage/death, and reduced CB immunoreactivity in the hippocampus following transient global cerebral ischemia. Present findings indicate that the degree of reduced CB immu- noreactivity might be related with various neuronal damage/death overtime and corresponding areas after ischemic insults.

关键词： nerve regeneration hyperthermic condition ischemia/reperfusion injury subregions of hippocampus delayed neuronal death calbindin D-28k neural regeneration

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Pretreatment of Populus tomentiglandulosa protects hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils via increasing SODs expressions and maintaining BDNF and IGF-I expressions

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2019年第6期17卷 424-434页

作者： Tae-Kyeong Lee Joon Ha Park Ji Hyeon Ahn Hyunjung Kim Minah Song Jae-Chul Lee Jong Dai Kim Yong Hwan Jeon jung Hoon Choi Choong Hyun Lee In Koo Hwang YAN Bing-Chun Moo-Ho Won il jun kang Department of Neurobiology School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheon 24341Republic of Korea Department of Biomedical Science Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHallym UniversityChuncheon 24252Republic of Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheon 24341Republic of Korea Department of Radiology School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheon 24289Republic of Korea Department of Anatomy College of Veterinary MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheon 24341Republic of Korea Department of Pharmacy College of PharmacyDankook UniversityCheonan 31116Republic of Korea Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile DiseasesYangzhou 225001China Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym UniversityChuncheon 24252Republic of Korea

To examine the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa(PT) extract on the expressions of antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factors in the cornu ammonis 1(CA1) region of the hippocampus at 5 min after inducing transient global cerebral ischemia(TGCI) in gerbils, TGCI was induced by occlusion of common carotid arteries for 5 min. Before ischemic surgery, 200 mg·kg–1 PT extract was orally administrated once daily for 7 d. We performed neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B staining. Furthermore, we determined in situ production of superoxide anion radical, expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I) as neurotrophic factors. Pretreatment with 200 mg·kg–1 PT extract prevented neuronal death(loss). Furthermore, pretreatment with 200 mg·kg–1 PT extract significantly inhibited the production of superoxide anion radical, increased expressions of SODs and maintained expressions of BDNF and IGF-I. Such increased expressions of SODs were maintained in the neurons after IRI. In summary, pretreated PT extract can significantly increase levels of SODs and protect the neurons against TGCI, suggesting that PT can be a useful natural agent to protect against TGCI.

关键词： Transient global cerebral ischemia Populus tomentiglandulosa Neuroprotective effects Antioxidant enzymes

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Pretreated Oenan the Javanica extract increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, attenuates gliosis, and protects hippocampal neurons following transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第9期14卷 1536-1543页

作者： Joon Ha Park In Hye Kim Ji Hyeon Ahn YooHun Noh Sung-Su Kim Tae-Kyeong Lee Jae-Chul Lee Bich-Na Shin Tae Heung Sim Hyun Sam Lee Jeong Hwi Cho In Koo Hwang il jun kang Jong Dai Kim Moo-Ho Won Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym UniversityChuncheonGangwonRepublic of Korea Famenity Company GwacheonGeyonggiRepublic of Korea Department of Neurobiology School of MedicineKangwon National UniversityChuncheonGangwonRepublic of Korea Danchunok Company ChuncheonGangwonRepublic of Korea Department of Histology College of Veterinary MedicineChonbuk National UniversityIksanJeollabuk.doRepublic of Korea Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary Medicineand Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym UniversityChuncheonGangwonRepublic of Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheonGangwonRepublic of Korea

Recently,we have reported that Oenanthe javanica extract(OJE)displays strong neuroprotective effect against ischemic damage after transient global cerebral ***,neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE have not been fully ***,this study investigated the neuroprotection of OJE in the hippocampal CA1 area and its anti-inflammatory activity in gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral *** treated the animals by intragastrical injection of OJE(100 and 200 mg/kg)once daily for 1 week prior to transient global cerebral *** of OJE was observed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclear antigen and histofluorescence staining for Fluoro-Jade *** of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 was done for astrocytosis and microgliosis,*** investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE,we performed immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 for pro-inflammatory function and interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 for anti-inflammatory *** we treated the animals by intragastrical administration of 200 mg/kg of OJE,hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from transient global cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-induced gliosis was inhibited in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 *** also found that interleukin-4 and-13 immunoreactivities were significantly increased in pyramidal neurons of the ischemic CA1 area after OJE pretreatment,and the increased immunoreactivities were sustained in the CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient global cerebral ***,OJE pretreatment did not increase interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal *** findings suggest that pretreatment with OJE can protect neurons and attenuate gliosis from transient global cerebral ischemia via increasing expressions of interleukin-4 *** experimental plan of this study was rev

关键词： Oenanthe javanica extract transient global cerebral ischemia hippocampus ischemic damage cerebral ischemia neuroprotection glial activation pro-inflammatory cytokines anti-inflammatory cytokines inflammation neural regeneration

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Ethanol extract of Oenanthe javanica increases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the adolescent rat dentate gyrus

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第2期10卷 271-276页

作者： Bai Hui Chen Joon Ha Park Jeong Hwi Cho In Hye Kim Bich Na Shin Ji Hyeon Ahn Seok Joon Hwang Bing Chun Yan Hyun Jin Tae Jae Chul Lee Eun Joo Bae Yun Lyul Lee Jong Dai Kim Moo-Ho Won il jun kang Department of Physiology College of Medicine and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Hallym University Department of Neurobiology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Department of Food Science and Biotechnology College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kangwon National University Department of Integrative Traditional & Western Medicine Medical College Yangzhou University Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym University Department of Pediatrics Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital College of Medicine Hallym University Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University

Oenanthe javanica is an aquatic perennial herb that belongs to theOenanthe genus in Apiaceae family, and it displays well-known medicinal properties such as protective effects against glu-tamate-induced neurotoxicity. However, few studies regarding effects ofOenanthe javanica on neurogenesis in the brain have been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of a normal diet and a diet containing ethanol extract ofOenanthe javanica on cell proliferation and neu-roblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adolescent rats using Ki-67 （an endogenous marker for cell proliferation） and doublecortin （a marker for neuroblast）. Our results showed thatOenanthe javanica extract signiifcantly increased the number of Ki-67-immunoreactive cells and doublecortin-immunoreactive neuroblasts in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the adolescent rats. In addition, the immunoreactivity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was signiifcantly increased in the dentate gyrus of the Oenanthe javanica extract-treated group compared with the control group. However, we did not ifnd that vascular endothelial growth factor expression was increased in theOenanthe javanica extract-treated group compared with the control group. These results indicate thatOenanthe javanica extract improves cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation by increasing brain-de-rived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in the rat dentate gyrus.

关键词： nerve regeneration Oenanthe javanica extract cell proliferation neuroblast differentiation brain-derived neurotrophic factor vascular endothelial growth factor rat neural regeneration

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Pretreated Glehnia littoralis Extract Prevents Neuronal Death Following Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia through Increases of Superoxide Dismutase 1 and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expressions in the Gerbil Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 1 Area

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Chinese Medical Journal 2017年第15期130卷 1796-1803页

作者： Joon Ha Park Tae-Kveono Lee Bing-Chun Yan Bich-Na Shin Ji Hyeon Ahn In Hye Kim Jeong Hwi Cho Jae-Chul Lee In Koo Hwang Jong Dai Kim Seongkweon Hong Young Joo Lee Moo-Ho Woll il jun kang Department of Biomedical Science Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Hallym University Chuncheon 24252 Korea Department of Neurobiology School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases Yangzhou Jiangsu 225001 China Department of Physiology College of Medicine Hallym University Chuncheon 24252 Korea Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Division of Food Biotechnology School of Biotechnology Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea Department of Surgery School of Medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea Department of Emergency Medicine Seoul Hospital College of Medicine Sooncheonhyang University Seoul 04401 Korea Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University Chuncheon 24252 Korea

Background：Glehnia littoralis,as a traditional herbal medicine to heal various health ailments in East Asia,displays various therapeutic properties including antioxidant ***,neuroprotective effects of *** against cerebral ischemic insults have not yet been ***,in this study,we first examined its neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus using a gerbil model of transient global cerebral ischemia （TGCI）.Methods：Gerbils were subjected to TGCI for 5 *** extract （GLE;100 and 200 mg/kg） was administrated orally once daily for 7 days before ischemic *** was examined by neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence *** was observed by immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule *** neuroprotective mechanisms,immunohistochemistry for superoxide dismutase （SOD） 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） was ***：Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of GLE protected pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis 1 （CA1） area from ischemic insult area （F=29.770,P 〈 0.05） and significantly inhibited activationsof astrocytes （F =22.959,P 〈 0.05） and microglia （F =44.135,P 〈 0.05） in the ischemic CA1 *** addition,pretreatment with GLE significantly increased expressions of SOD1 （F =28.561,P 〈 0.05） and BDNF （F =55.298,P 〈 0.05） in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the sham-and ischemia-operated ***：Our findings indicate that pretreatment with GLE can protect neurons from ischemic insults,and we suggest that its neuroprotective mechanism may be closely associated with increases of SOD 1 and BDNF expressions as well as attenuation ofglial activation.

关键词： Antioxidant Gtial Activation Neurotrophic Factor Neuroprotection Pyramidal Neurons

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Construction Concept and Innovative Practices of Virtual Power Plants in Megacities Under Electricity Market Environment

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Dianwang Jishu/Power System Technology 2025年第1期49卷 103-112页

作者： Tang, jun Gao, Hongchao Yu, Tao kang, Chongqing State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Pudong New Area Shanghai 200122 China National Key Laboratory of New Power System Operation and Control [Tsinghua University Haidian District Beijing 100084 China

With the accelerated construction of new power systems, the Virtual Power Plant (VPP), a key component of the new energy framework, provides critical support for safe supply, energy conservation, and emission reduction for power systems. However, the increasingly diverse technological forms and application scenarios of VPPs present challenges for standardization in large-scale development. A timely summary and generalization of VPP development principles, construction pathways, and technical practices can promote technical synergy and drive industry growth. This paper takes the VPP in a megacity as a typical use case. It thoroughly discusses the top-level design of the VPP by reviewing and analyzing four perspectives of form, policy, market, and standards. Secondly, this paper examines a multi-spatiotemporal regulation technology system for VPPs from three dimensions precise response, regional coordination, and fast regulation, which supports the normalized operation of Shanghai’s VPP. Then, this paper introduces the large-scale demonstration outcomes of Shanghai’s VPP, offering a valuable reference for development constructions and innovative practices of VPPs at the megacity scale. Finally, by analyzing the construction and operational outlook of Shanghai's VPP, this paper distills a clear pathway for its future development. © 2025 Power System Technology Press. All rights reserved.

关键词： Virtual Power Plants

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