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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Lower-Level Health Care Facilities of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania: Status towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Way Forward

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 279-295页

作者： Mariam Mahamudu hussein mohamed Michael Habtu Dennis Rweyemamu Anyitike Mwakitalima Amour Seleman Erick Mgina Khalid Massa Grace Saguti Andre Arsene Bita Fouda Zabulon Yoti Ministry of Health Dodoma Tanzania Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania Regional Office for Africa World Health Organization Brazzaville Republic of the Congo National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.

关键词： Dispensaries Low Level Health Care Facilities Service Levels Basic WASH Dar es Salaam

A reinforcement learning approach for thermostat setpoint preference learning

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Building Simulation 2024年第1期17卷 131-146页

作者： hussein Elehwany mohamed Ouf Burak Gunay Nunzio Cotrufo Jean-Simon Venne Department of Environmental Engineering Carleton UniversityOttawaCanada Departmentof Building Civiland Environmental EngineeringConcordia UniversityMontrealCanada BrainBox Al Inc. MontrealCanada

Occupant-centric controls(OcC)is an indoor climate control approach whereby occupant feedback is used in the sequence of operation of building energy *** OcC has been used in a wide range of building applications,an OcC category that has received considerable research interest is learning occupants'thermal preferences through their thermostat interactions and adapting temperature setpoints *** recent studies used reinforcement learning(RL)as an agent for OcC to optimize energy use and occupant *** studies depended on predicted mean vote(PMV)models or constant comfort ranges to represent comfort,while only few of them used thermostat *** paper addresses this gap by introducing a new off-policy reinforcement learning(RL)algorithm that imitates the occupant behaviour by utilizing unsolicited occupant thermostat *** algorithm is tested with a number of synthetically generated occupant behaviour models implemented via the Python APl of *** simulation results indicate that the RL algorithm could rapidly learn preferences for all tested occupant behaviour scenarios with minimal exploration *** substantial energy savings were observed with most occupant scenarios,the impact on the energy savings varied depending on occupants'preferences and thermostat use behaviour stochasticity.

关键词： reinforcement learning preference learning occupant-centric controls smart thermostats off-policy learning

生物医用Ti6Al4V合金上电弧沉积TiAlN陶瓷涂层的表面、力学和体外腐蚀性能

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2023年第2期33卷 494-506页

作者： mohamed hussein Madhan KUMAR Nestor ANKAH Ahmed ABDELAAL Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials King Fahd University of Petroleum&MineralsDhahran 31261Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum&MineralsDhahran 31261Saudi Arabia

研究在医用Ti6Al4V合金上采用阴极电弧蒸发沉积制备的纳米晶TiAlN涂层的表面特性和体外腐蚀性能。采用XRD和FE-SEM对其结构和表面形貌进行分析,采用显微压痕法表征其表面的显微硬度,在模拟体液和人工唾液中进行体外腐蚀实验。结果表明:... 详细信息

研究在医用Ti6Al4V合金上采用阴极电弧蒸发沉积制备的纳米晶TiAlN涂层的表面特性和体外腐蚀性能。采用XRD和FE-SEM对其结构和表面形貌进行分析,采用显微压痕法表征其表面的显微硬度,在模拟体液和人工唾液中进行体外腐蚀实验。结果表明:与无涂层合金相比,沉积TiAlN涂层后合金的表面硬度提高,为44.4 GPa,弹性模量为419.9 GPa,塑性变形能力增强,润湿角由(70.61±1.25)°增大到(86.27±2.2)°。生物腐蚀实验表明,沉积TiAlN涂层后,Ti6Al4V合金的腐蚀电位显著正移约150 m V,腐蚀电流密度显著降低约一个数量级,电荷转移电阻提高,证明合金的耐腐蚀性提高。与无涂层的合金相比,沉积TiAlN涂层后合金的表面性能、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能均有所提高。

关键词： CA-PVD TiAlN 涂层腐蚀生物医用合金钛

Mental health research in the Arab region in response to the COVID-19 pandemic:a scoping review

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General Psychiatry 2022年第2期35卷 85-91页

作者： mohamed hussein Mahmoud Osman Hassan Ibrahim Hamdy Ezzat Abdelhafez Sami Ouanes Eiman Al-Janahi Yuri Zoghbi Ovais Wadoo Mental Health Services Hamad Medical CorporationDohaAd DawhahQatar Department of Neurosurgery Hamad Medical CorporationDohaAd DawhahQatar College of Medicine Qatar UniversityDohaAd DawhahQatar Department of Psychiatry College of MedicineQatar UniversityDohaAd DawhahQatar

Background The ongoing pandemic has led to a global surge in coronavius disease 2019(COVID-19)-related mental health ***,most related publications come from Western countries or China,and their findings cannot alwrays be extrapolated to Arabl *** This study provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of mental health research pertaining to Arab countries'response to the COVID-19 *** A scoping review of the World Health Organzation(WHO)C0VID-19 database for publications on mental health was conducted by authors afllated *** istutions,including artides from inception to 24 October *** indluded publications were evaluated for their national distribution,international cllaboration,publication type,and main research *** quality analysis of the incuded research studies was performed using the original and mdified versions of the Newcastle Ottawa *** In total,102 articles were included in this study,averaging 4.6 articles per Arab *** of the articles emerged from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Jordan,and Egypt.A majority of publications demonstrated intermational *** of the publications were original research studies and cross sectional in *** predominant research theme was examining the pandemic s mental health effects on the general population and healthcare workers.0nly 28.0% of the studies were of high methodologial quality,where as 41.5% were moderate and 30.5% were low in *** Mental health research in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arab region has quantitative and qualitative *** institutions need torespond to the pandemic prompty in order to address the delineated research gap and to generate higher-quality research output.

关键词： qualitative prompt publications

Evaluation of the versatility of perforators-enhanced rhomboid flap technique for ischial sores reconstruction

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Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2024年第2期6卷 65-71页

作者： Waleed Aldabaany Ashraf hussein Elghamry Montaser Hosny mohamed Yassin Department of Plastic Surgery Faculty of Medicine Fayoum University

Background: Prolonged pressure on the skin known as pressure sores, can cause frequent injuries to the skin and underlying tissues. However, several prevention approaches, including non-surgical and surgical management,are available. In flap surgery for pressure sores, a variety of flap types may be used; each offers certain benefits and some incidences of complications and recurrence. This study evaluated the versatility of the perforatorenhanced rhomboid flap technique for ischial sore ***: This prospective study was conducted in the Plastic Surgery Department of Fayoum University *** perforator-enhanced rhomboid flap technique was employed in 20 patients with ischial pressure sores who failed to respond to conservative treatment. A proper history was obtained and a preoperative arterial duplex was performed to determine the site of the prominent perforators for their preservation at the base of the *** follow-ups and evaluations were ***: The mean age of the study group was 43.7 ± 13.1, ranging from 19 to 65 years. Moreover, 80% of the participants were males while 20% were female. The main etiology of the sores was paraplegia in 45% of *** mean surface area of sores was 24.8 ± 6.3 cm2. In 75% of cases, the color match of the flap was rated as excellent. Similarly, 70% of the patients rated flap thickness as excellent. In 55% of the cases, the scar appearance was deemed excellent. Overall satisfaction was reported as excellent by 40% of the patients, while only 5% reported poor satisfaction. Approximately, 10% of the cases were identified with seroma, and 30% had wound dehiscence of a mean size of 1.33 ± 0.98 cm and required around 6.8 ± 1.9 weeks to ***: The perforator-enhanced rhomboid flap technique is a versatile method for reconstructing ischial pressure sores owing to its technical ease, short operative time, reliable vascularity, aesthetic outcome, matching skin color, and short recov

关键词： Ischial pressure sores Perforators-enhanced rhomboid flaps Reconstruction

Gd掺杂BiVO4高效制备及光催化去除有机物性能研究

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Gd掺杂BiVO4高效制备及光催化去除有机物性能研究

作者： hussein Abdelraouf mohamed Ahmed hussein 哈尔滨工业大学

学位级别：硕士

药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)是一类新兴的有机污染物(EOC),包含各类抗生素、激素和人工合成麝香等。近些年,PPCPs在生活污水和工业废水中被广泛检出,如果不经过处理,将通过江河湖泊,在食物链中层层富集,最终影响人类健康。大多数PPCPs结... 详细信息

药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)是一类新兴的有机污染物(EOC),包含各类抗生素、激素和人工合成麝香等。近些年,PPCPs在生活污水和工业废水中被广泛检出,如果不经过处理,将通过江河湖泊,在食物链中层层富集,最终影响人类健康。大多数PPCPs结构稳定,自然条件下难以降解,常规水处理技术难以将其有效去除。光催化技术是一种将太阳能转化为化学能的工艺,具有环保、可持续和低成本的优点,因此被广泛应用于PPCPs类污染物的降解。铋基光催化剂(BiVO)具有窄带隙、n型结构、可见光响应、无毒、成本低、稳定性好等优点,可作为光催化剂降解PPCPs。为提高BiVO电子空穴的分离效率,本研究采用金属和非金属掺杂。此外,为了节省制备过程中的功耗,使用快速合成方法在低于100℃条件下制备不同的光催化剂,以降解各种PPCPs。与水热合成法(HSM)和微波水热合成法(MHSM)相比,快速合成方法在低于100℃(STSM)对氧氟沙星(OFL)的降解表现出优越性,STSM、HSM和MHSM制备的BiVO对OFL的去除率分别为0.02855、0.02151和0.01422 min。研究还表明,制备条件的p H值为7时,Gd掺杂比其他金属掺杂更有优势,Br掺杂相对于S掺杂更有优势。利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光光谱(PL)和比表面积分析(BET)对光催化剂进行表征,分析改性前后光催化剂的特性。Gd掺杂使BiVO具有四方相结构,而Br的掺杂对BiVO的单斜相结构没有影响。采用快速合成方法在低于100℃条件下合成原始和改性BiVO光催化剂,结果表明,快速合成的材料在Gd掺杂后显著增加了原始BiVO光催化剂材料的比表面积。同时,Br的掺杂对BiVO的吸收边和禁带宽度影响较小,而Gd的掺杂对吸收边和禁带宽度有较大影响。此外,Gd掺杂影响了BiVO的粒径,使其粒径变小,有助于提高其吸附和光催化活性,而Br对原始BiVO的粒径几乎没有影响。在太阳光条件下,5%、7%和10%的Gd掺杂BiVO对OFL的去除速率常数分别是未改性BiVO的1.53、1.61和1.83倍。暗反应40 min,光照1 h后,5%Gd-BiVO对双氯芬酸、盐酸四环素、氧氟沙星、罗丹明B和磺胺嘧啶(10 mg/L)的降解率分别达到98.63±0.08%、98.07±0.49%、97.98±2.02%、92.09±0.36%和78.56±0.38%。在酸性条件下,Gd掺杂的光催化剂具有较好的光催化性能,SO和HPO显著抑制了OFL的降解,这是由于SO和HPO离子对h和OH的捕获。5%Gd-BiVO在循环使用5次后也表现出较好的降解性能,具有良好的可重复利用性。研究发现,在BiVO、Br-BiVO和Gd-BiVO体系中,光生空穴h和O是主要的活性物种,而OH在整个体系中的作用较小。根据淬灭实验和ESR实验结果,提出了BiVO和Gd-BiVO体系的降解机制。本研究通过较简单方法制备的Gd掺杂BiVO光催化剂,提升了光生电子空穴的分离效率,在模拟太阳光照射下,实现了高效降解PPCPs和染料类污染物。

关键词： Gd-BiVO4 太阳光 OFL 降解机理高效制备

Is peri-transplant blood transfusion associated with worse transplant outcomes?A retrospective study

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World Journal of Transplantation 2023年第4期13卷 157-168页

作者： Muhammad A Bukhari Faisal K Alhomayani Hala S Al Eid Najla K Al-Malki Mutlaq Eidah Alotaibi mohamed A hussein Zainab N Habibullah Multi-organ Transplantation Center King Abdullah Medical CityMakkah 29123Saudi Arabia Department of Internal Medicine College of MedicineTaif UniversityTaif 23611Saudi Arabia Department of Pharmacy Alhada Armed Forces HospitalTaif 29123Saudi Arabia Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Alhada Armed Forces HospitalTaif 29123Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND Blood transfusion is common during the peri-transplantation *** incidence of immunological reactions to blood transfusion after kidney transplantation and their consequences on graft outcomes have not been extensively *** To examine the risk of graft rejection and loss in patients who received blood transfusion in the immediate peri-transplantation *** We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of 105 kidney recipients,among them 54 patients received leukodepleted blood transfusion at our center between January 2017 and March *** This study included 105 kidney recipients,of which 80%kidneys were from living-related donors,14%from living-unrelated donors,and 6%from deceased ***-related donors were mostly first-degree relatives(74.5%),while the rest were second-degree *** patients were divided into transfusion(n=54)and non-transfusion(n=51)*** average hemoglobin level at which blood transfusion was commenced was 7.4±0.9 mg/*** were no differences between the groups in terms of rejection rates,graft loss,or *** the study period,there was no significant difference in creatinine level progression between the two *** graft function was higher in the transfusion group;however,this finding was not statistically significant.A high number of transfused packed red blood cells was significantly associated with increased creatinine levels at the end of the *** Leukodepleted blood transfusion was not associated with a higher risk of rejection,graft loss,or death in kidney transplant recipients.

关键词： Transplantation Transfusion Rejection Graft survival

Prospects delineation and evaluation using the CDP gathers characterization, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt

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Petroleum Research 2019年第4期4卷 365-375页

作者： mohamed hussein Ahmed S.Abu El-Ata mohamed G.El-Behiry Petroleum Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringFuture University in EgyptEgypt Geophysics Department Faculty of ScienceAin Shams UniversityEgypt Geophysics Department Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityEgypt

In the last decade, the seismic AVO analysis have become prominent in the direct hydrocarbons indicator(DHI), aimed at characterizing the fluid content or the lithology of a possible reservoir and reducing theexploration drilling risk. This research discuss the impact of studying the common depth point (CDP)gathers on Near, Mid and Far-offsets, to verify the credibility of the amplitude response in the prospectevaluation, through analyzing a case study of two exploratory wells;one has already penetrated a gasbearing sandstone as a reservoir and the other one is dry-sand, but drilled in two different prospects,using the amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis, to understand the reservoir configuration and itsrelation to the different amplitude response. The results show, that the missing of the short-offset data isthe reason of the false anomaly encountered in the dry sand, due to some urban surface obstacles duringacquiring the seismic data in the field especially, the study area is located in El Mansoura city, which it isa highly cultivated flat terrain, with multiple channels and many large orchards on the edge of the river,and sugar cane and rice fields. Several lessons have been learned, which how to differentiate between thegas reservoirs and non-reservoirs, by understanding the relation between the Near and Far-offset traces,to reduce the amplitude anomalies to their right justification, where missing of Near-offset data led to apseudo-amplitude anomaly. The results led to a high success of exploration ratio as the positives vastlyoutweigh the negatives.

关键词： CDP gathers AVO analysis Seismic attributes Qawasim sands Near-offset

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中国出口退税政策对中非贸易影响研究

中国出口退税政策对中非贸易影响研究

作者： Yara Adel hussein mohamed Ebrahem（林诗雨）上海财经大学

学位级别：硕士

中国的税制改革始于1994年,而且期间实行多次的退税政策进行调整,为了控制高污染和高能耗的贸易生产与出口,大幅度的税制改革就达到16次之多,对于贸易出口中的税收进行调整,降低了原材料在贸易出口中的份额,提高了具有高附加值的科技产... 详细信息

中国的税制改革始于1994年,而且期间实行多次的退税政策进行调整,为了控制高污染和高能耗的贸易生产与出口,大幅度的税制改革就达到16次之多,对于贸易出口中的税收进行调整,降低了原材料在贸易出口中的份额,提高了具有高附加值的科技产品在贸易出口中的份额,因此中国的税制改革对于经济具有一定的促进作用。中国实施退税制度对于同中国贸易的伙伴也具有一定的影响,本文通过对于中国出口退税与中非之间的贸易影响进行研究和分析,主要目的是了解中国的税制改革对于中非贸易之间产生了哪些作用,并根据研究提出相关的政策建议,从而更好的推动中国和非洲之间的贸易往来。首先,本文介绍了中国和非洲之间的贸易现状以及中国退税制度的实施,中国和非洲之间的贸易现状包括了两地之间的贸易规模、产品结构和区域结构等,值得注意的是,中国和非洲两地在贸易规模近20年都保持着十分高速的发展,在贸易结构上,中国向非洲贸易出口的商品以工业品为主,具有较高的附加值和高技术,而且这些高附加值、高技术的商品比重在持续增长。中国向非洲贸易进口的商品主要包括贵金属,石油,天然气,木材,有色金属,煤矿等原材料。在中非贸易区域上,中国同北非、南非和西非之间的贸易规模相对较大,中国同北非之间主要贸易进口商品为石油等原材料,贸易出口的商品以大型机械和电子产品为主。中国同南非之间主要贸易进口商品为金属和木材等原材料,贸易出口的商品以大型机械和初级产品为主。中国同西非之间主要贸易进口商品为石油和天然气等原材料,贸易出口的商品以大型机械和初级产品为主。中国同东非之间主要贸易进口商品为石油和天然气等原材料,贸易出口的商品以初级产品为主。从1994年到2020年的16年间,中国实施退税政策前前后后经历了16次大幅的调整,对于高污染和高能耗的企业取消和下调了退税税率,对于劳动密集型产业,下调了贸易出口退税率,但是对于高科技产品,高附加值产品提高了退税出口率,以此来鼓励中国发展科技。其次,本文基于贸易出口退税政策进行了相关的理论分析,通过理论来分析政策对于中国和非洲贸易之间的影响。通过对于前人的总结,退税政策对于中国和非洲之间的贸易影响包括:中国经济的发展状况,非洲经济发展状况、人民币在世界货币的储蓄比重、中国资本对于非洲的投资。退税政策对于贸易规模的影响包括:中国通过提高对于高污染高能耗企业的税收降低,对于高科技企业的税收,通过这样一降一升的方式,虽然税收整体保持不变,但是推动了中国国内企业发展高科技,将中国企业有低端制造向高端制造进行转型升级,将高污染、高能耗的生产制造向其他国家进行转移,一定程度上提高了国内的生产总值,让贸易出口竞争力得到了提高。出口退税政策对于中国和非洲贸易产业结构的影响:对于出口税收的改良,提高了高污染、高能耗产品和原材料等商品的出口税收,降低了高附加值、高科技商品的出口税收。对于非洲不同区域的影响:中国实施退税政策,促进了中国资本对于非洲进行投资,发展相关的产业链,根据非洲的地理优势和资源禀赋发展不同的行业,例如:中国石油就和非洲当地石油企业共同建立了石油公司,共同完善了一系列石油开发、加工和销售的产业链,不仅推动了非洲当地的经济发展,也让中国的石油供应更加稳定。再次,中国和非洲之间的贸易现状以及中国退税制度的实施之间的联系,本文通过建立数据模型进行的实证分析,分析了中国退税政策制度,对于中国和非洲两地贸易的规模,两地贸易产品结构和两地的贸易区域结构的影响。实证分析结论显示:第1,中国退税制度的实施对于中国和非洲两地贸易的规模具有显著的影响;第2,中国退税制度的实施对于中国和非洲两地贸易的结构具有显著的影响;第3,中国退税制度的实施对于中国和非洲两地贸易的区域具有显著的影响;同时对于两地贸易结构的影响,让中国在贸易出口中高科技商品在贸易的比重越来越高,同时非洲的矿产和石油等资源向中国出口比重提高。中国退税制度的实施对于非洲5个不同的区域在贸易规模和贸易结构上均产生了显著影响。最后,研究结论与展望。归纳本文的研究成果及结论,提出实施建议,提出进一步研究方向,展望未来。本文从关于国际贸易发展的多项研究中选出新的题目,中国出口退税政策对中非贸易影响研究这是一个全新的研究项目,本文较为系统地搜集与分析了中国出口退税政策对中非贸易影响,还指出了中非贸易中的不足之处以及原因,此外,本文还研究了相关贸易理论,对于其他区域具有一定的参考作用。

关键词：中国的税制改革中国和非洲两地贸易中非贸易结构中非区域结构中国退税政策