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Insights into gastrointestinal manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus:A narrative review

World Journal of Virology 2025年第1期14卷 51-62页

作者： Pratiksha Moliya Anmol singh Navdeep singh Vikash kumar Aalam Sohal Department of Transplant Hepatology University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE 69198United States Department of Medicine Tristar Centennial Medical CenterNashvilleTN 37203United States Department of Medicine Government Medical CollegeAmritsar 143001PunjabIndia Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Creighton University School of MedicinePhoenixAZ 85012United States

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)modifies CD4-positive cells,resulting in immunodeficiency and a wide range of gastrointestinal(GI)*** burden of HIV-related GI illnesses has significantly evolved with the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy(ART).While ART has effectively reduced the occurrence of opportunistic infections,it has led to an increase in therapy-related GI *** esophageal conditions in HIV patients include gastroesophageal reflux disease,idiopathic esophageal ulcers,herpes simplex virus,cytomegalovirus(CMV),and candidal ***’s sarcoma,a hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,may affect the entire GI *** and peptic ulcer disease are also frequently seen in patients with ***,often linked to both opportunistic infections and ART,requires careful *** diarrhea,often a sign of colitis caused by bacterial infections such as Shigella or Clostridium difficile,is *** bowel lymphoma,although rare,is increasing in *** disorders,including proctitis,fissures,and anal squamous cell carcinoma,are particularly relevant in homosexual men,underlining the importance of timely *** review comprehensively explores the epidemiology,pathogenesis,and treatment considerations for the various GI disorders associated with HIV,highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment to improve outcomes for HIV-infected patients.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus Opportunistic infections Antiretroviral treatment Gastrointestinal

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Environmental fate and health exposures of the geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants in potable groundwater of Lower Ganga Basin,India

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第3期13卷 115-129页

作者： Indrani Mukherjee Umesh kumar singh Integrated Science Education and Research Centre(ISERC) Institute of ScienceVisva-Bharati UniversitySantiniketanBirbhum 731235West BengalIndia Department of Environmental Science School of EarthBiological and Environmental SciencesCentral University of South BiharGaya 824236BiharIndia

The study evaluated the sources and controlling factors of the groundwater contaminants in an agroeconomic region of Lower Ganga Basin using principal component analysis(PCA),multivariable linear regressions(MLR),correlation analysis,and hierarchical cluster analysis,and evaluated the public health risks using the Latin Hypercube Sampling,goodness-of-fit statistics,Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis based on the 1000 samples collected in two sampling cycles(N=1000).The study reveals that the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and semi-arid climate regulate the fluoride concentrations(0.10–18.25 mg/L)in *** application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and livestock manure mainly contributed to elevated nitrate levels(up to 435.0 mg/L)in *** health risks analysis indicates that fluoride exposure is more prevalent in the residents of each age group than the nitrate and both contaminants exhibited higher non-carcinogenic health risks on the infant and child(minor)age groups compared to adolescents and *** on the cokriging interpolation mapping,the minor residents of 17.88%–23.15%of the total area(4545.0 km^(2))are vulnerable to methemoglobinemia whereas the residents of all age-groups in 38.47%–44.45%of the total area are susceptible to mild to severe dental/skeletal fluorosis owing to consumption of untreated nitrate and fluoride enriched *** Sobol sensitivity indices revealed contaminant levels,groundwater intake rate and their collective effects are the most influential factors to pose potential health risks on the *** recharge and rainwater harvesting practices should be adopted to improve the groundwater quality and the residents are advised to drink purified groundwater.

关键词： Cokriging Health risks Principal component analysis Cluster analysis Nitrate contamination Fluoride contamination

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Your CAPTCHA Recognition Method Based on DEEP Learning Using MSER Descriptor

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第8期72卷 2981-2996页

作者： Deepak kumar Ramandeep singh Sukhvinder singh Bamber Faculty of Science and Technology Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India Lovely Professional University Phagwara144411India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Panjab University SSG Regional CentreHoshiarpur146021India

Individuals and PCs(personal computers)can be recognized using CAPTCHAs(Completely Automated Public Turing test to distinguish Computers and Humans)which are mechanized for distinguishing ***,CAPTCHAs are intended to be solved by the people,but are unsolvable by the *** a result,using Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)these tests can similarly be ***,the CNNs quality depends majorly on:the size of preparation set and the information that the classifier is found out ***,it is almost unmanageable to handle issue with CNNs.A new method of detecting CAPTCHA has been proposed,which simultaneously solves the challenges like preprocessing of images,proper segmentation of CAPTCHA using strokes,and the data *** hyper parameters such as:Recall,Precision,Accuracy,Execution time,F-Measure(H-mean)and Error Rate are used for computation and *** preprocessing,image enhancement and binarization are performed based on the stroke region of the *** key points of these areas are based on the SURF *** exploratory outcomes show that the model has a decent acknowledgment impact on CAPTCHA with foundation commotion and character grip bending.

关键词： Captcha MSER ANN SURF SNN

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Hunting of hunted:an ensemble modeling approach to evaluate suitable habitats for caracals in India

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 744-757页

作者： Ashish kumar Jangid Chandra Prakash singh Jai singh Parihar Jasbir singh Chauhan Rajnish kumar singh Prakash kumar Verma Amritanshu singh Shantanu Sharma Shekhar Kolipaka Wildlife Institute of India DehradunUttarakhand 248001India Space Applications Centre Indian Space Research OrganisationAhmedabadGujarat 380015India Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department Madhya Pradesh Tiger Foundation SocietyKuno National ParkBhopalMadhya Pradesh 462001India Leo Foundation WageningenThe Netherlands

Background:Large-scale hunting and various anthropogenic pressures in the recent past have pushed the Asiatic caracal(Caracal caracal schmitzi),an elusive medium-sized and locally threatened felid species towards local extinction in *** widely distributed historically,it has been sparsely reported from several regions of central and northern states in India till twentieth ***,the species distribution became confined only to the states of Rajasthan,Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh,which have had reported sightings in the twenty-first *** order to highlight the potentially suitable habitats for Asiatic caracals in India,we targeted forth-filtering of the spatial model ensemble by creating and utilizing the validated and spatially thinned species presence information(n=69)and related ecological variables(aridity,NDVI,precipitation seasonality,temperature seasonality,terrain ruggedness),filtered with anthropological variable(nightlight).Results:Out of eight spatial prediction models,the two most parsimonious models,Random Forest(AUC 0.91)and MaxEnt(AUC 0.89)were weighted and *** ensemble model indicated several clustered habitats,covering 1207.83 km^(2)areas in Kachchh(Gujarat),Aravalli mountains(Rajasthan),Malwa plateau(Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh),and Bundelkhand region(Madhya Pradesh)as potentially suitable habitats for *** probabilities of pixels were further regressed with converted vegetation height data within selected highly potential habitats,i.e.,Ranthambore Kuno Landscape(RKL)(suitability~0.44+0.03(vegetation height)^(**),R^(2)=0.27).The regression model inferred a significant positive relation between vegetation height and habitat suitability,hence the lowest ordinal class out of three classes of converted vegetation height was masked out from the RKL,which yielded in an area of 567 km^(2) as potentially highly suitable habitats for caracals,which can be further proposed as survey areas and conservation priority are

关键词： Medium-sized cat Caracal caracal schmitzi Potentially suitable habitat Drylands Potential survey area

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A Context Sensitive Multilevel Thresholding Using Swarm Based Algorithms

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2019年第6期6卷 1471-1486页

作者： Shreya Pare Anil kumar Varun Bajaj Girish kumar singh PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur 482005MPIndia Institute of Technology Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667India

In this paper, a comprehensive energy function is used to formulate the three most popular objective functions:Kapur's, Otsu and Tsalli's functions for performing effective multilevel color image thresholding. These new energy based objective criterions are further combined with the proficient search capability of swarm based algorithms to improve the efficiency and robustness. The proposed multilevel thresholding approach accurately determines the optimal threshold values by using generated energy curve, and acutely distinguishes different objects within the multi-channel complex images. The performance evaluation indices and experiments on different test images illustrate that Kapur's entropy aided with differential evolution and bacterial foraging optimization algorithm generates the most accurate and visually pleasing segmented images.

关键词： Color image segmentation Kapur's entropy multilevel thresholding Otsu method swarm based optimization algorithms Tsalli's entropy

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Biomedical Perspective of Electrochemical Nanobiosensor

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Nano-Micro Letters 2016年第3期8卷 193-203页

作者： Priti singh Shailendra kumar Pandey Jyoti singh Sameer Srivastava Sadhana Sachan Sunil kumar singh Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology

Electrochemical biosensor holds great promise in the biomedical area due to its enhanced specificity, sensitivity, label-free nature and cost effectiveness for rapid point-of-care detection of diseases at bedside. In this review, we are focusing on the working principle of electrochemical biosensor and how it can be employed in detecting biomarkers of fatal diseases like cancer, AIDS, hepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in the development of implantable biosensors and exploration of nanomaterials in fabrication of electrodes with increasing the sensitivity of biosensor for quick and easy detection of biomolecules have been elucidated in detail. Electrochemical-based detection of heavy metal ions which cause harmful effect on human health has been discussed. Key challenges associated with the electrochemical sensor and its future perspectives are also addressed.

关键词： Biomarkers Point-of-care detection Nanomaterials Electroactive species Potentiometric Amperometric Implantable

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CADSE： communication aware design space exploration for efficient run-time MPSoC management

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2013年第3期7卷 416-430页

作者： Amit kumar singh Akash kumar Jigang WU Thambipillai SRIKANTHAN Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 119077 Singapore School of Computer Science and Software Engineering Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300160 China School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore

Real-time multi-media applications are increasingly mapped on modern embedded systems based on multiprocessor systems-on-chip （MPSoC）. Tasks of the applications need to be mapped on the MPSoC resources efficiently in order to satisity their performance constraints. Exploring all the possible mappings, i.e., tasks to resources combinations exhaustively may take days or weeks. Additionally, the exploration is performed at design-time, which cannot handle dynamism in applications and resources＇ status. A runtime mapping technique can cater for the dynamism but cannot guarantee for strict timing deadlines due to large computations involved at run-time. Thus, an approach performing feasible compute intensive exploration at design-time and using the explored results at run-time is required. This paper presents a solution in the same direction. Communicationaware design space exploration （CADSE） techniques have been proposed to explore different mapping options to be selected at run-time subject to desired performance and available MPSoC resources. Experiments show that the proposed techniques for exploration are faster over an exhaustive exploration and provides almost the same quality of results.

关键词： multiprocessor systems-on-chip design space exploration run-time mapping synchronous dataflow graphs throughput

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Security Attacks in Named Data Networking: A Review and Research Directions

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2019年第6期34卷 1319-1350页

作者： Naveen kumar Ashutosh kumar singh Abdul Aleem Shashank Srivastava Department of Computer Science and Engineering Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Prayagraj 211004India

Contents such as audios,videos,and images,contribute most of the Internet traffic in the current *** content sharing is a tedious *** existing security solutions do not secure data but secure the communicating *** data networking(NDN)secures the data by enforcing the data publisher to sign the *** user can verify the data by using the public key of the *** is resilient to most of the probable security attacks in the TCP/IP model due to its new ***,new types of attacks are possible in *** article surveys the most significant security attacks in NDN such as interest flooding attacks,cache privacy attacks,cache pollution attacks,and content poisoning *** attack is classified according to their behavior and discussed for their detection techniques,countermeasures,and the affected *** article is an attempt to help new researchers in this area to gather the domain knowledge of *** article also provides open research issues that could be addressed by researchers.

关键词： named data networking(NDN) interest flooding attack cache privacy attack cache pollution attack content poisoning attack

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Chemical hardness-driven interpretable machine learning approach for rapid search of photocatalysts

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npj Computational Materials 2021年第1期7卷 1850-1862页

作者： Ritesh kumar Abhishek K.singh Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreKarnataka 560012India

Strategies combining high-throughput(HT)and machine learning(ML)to accelerate the discovery of promising new materials have garnered immense attention in recent *** knowledge of new guiding principles is usually scarce in such studies,essentially due to the‘black-box’nature of the ML ***,we devised an intuitive method of interpreting such opaque ML models through SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)values and coupling them with the HT approach for finding efficient 2D watersplitting *** developed a new database of 30992D materials consisting of metals connected to six ligands in an octahedral geometry,termed as 2DO(octahedral 2D materials)*** ML models were constructed using a combination of composition and chemical hardness-based features to gain insights into the thermodynamic and overall *** importantly,it distinguished the target properties of the isocompositional 2DO materials differing in bond connectivities by combining the advantages of both elemental and structural *** interpretable ML regression,classification,and data analysis lead to a new hypothesis that the highly stable 2DO materials follow the HSAB *** most stable 2DO materials were further screened based on suitable band gaps within the visible region and band alignments with respect to standard redox potentials using the GW method,resulting in 21 potential ***,HfSe_(2)and ZrSe_(2)were found to have high solar-tohydrogen efficiencies reaching their theoretical *** proposed methodology will enable materials scientists and engineers to formulate predictive models,which will be accurate,physically interpretable,transferable,and computationally tractable.

关键词： intuitive formulate visible

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Rifabutin reduces systemic exposure of an antimalarial drug 97/78 upon co-administration in rats:an in-vivo & in-vitro analysis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015年第8期8卷 620-625页

作者： Yeshwant singh Mahendra kumar Hidau Shio kumar singh Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research

Objective: To determine the potential drug-drug interactions between anti-malarial candidate 97/78 and anti-tubercular drug rifabutin in-vivo in rats followed by in-vitro investigation of the underlying mechanisms of drug interaction. Methods: Single oral dose study was conducted in male and female rats at 40 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg for 97/78 and rifabutin respectively. Results: It was reported that rifabutin co-administration altered pharmacokinetics of 97/63(active metabolite of 97/78). A significant decrease was reported in the systemic exposure of 97/63 by a factor of 3-4. The AUC0-last values were(4.03 ± 0.60) and(5.44 ± 1.15) μg·h·m L-1 upon 97/78 administration alone, while the values were decreased to(1.13 ± 0.10) and(1.23 ± 1.13) μg·h·m L-1 upon rifabutin co-administration in male and female rats respectively. Statistically significant differences were also reported in Cmax and Tmax values upon rifabutin co-administration. In-vitro drug metabolism study in rat liver microsomes has shown that the metabolism of 97/63 was increased by 10%-12% upon rifabutin co-incubation. The extent of plasma protein binding of 97/63 was found to be decreased from 54%-55% to 6%-8% upon rifabutin addition. Conclusions: It was concluded that rifabutin co-administration altered PK parameters of 97/63 in SD rats. However, no intersex influences were reported in the interaction pattern. The results obtained in the in-vivo study were well correlated with the invitro findings and can further be applied to explore other aspects of potential drug interactions between these two drugs.

关键词： Accumulation Relative bioavailability Sex effect Pharmacokinetics

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