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国际非政府组织在全球环境治理中的角色——基于2015年《巴黎协定》的案例分析

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国际非政府组织在全球环境治理中的角色——基于2015年《巴黎协定...

作者： hafiz muhammad Khizar Malik 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

在《巴黎协定》的协商、制定过程中,非政府组织(NGO)起到了十分积极的作用。虽然全球治理体系中,非政府组织并没有被赋予任何法律权威,但他们通过传播信息、增强教育、提升意识等方式促进了各国利益相关者与决策者达成共识,并在第21次... 详细信息

在《巴黎协定》的协商、制定过程中,非政府组织(NGO)起到了十分积极的作用。虽然全球治理体系中,非政府组织并没有被赋予任何法律权威,但他们通过传播信息、增强教育、提升意识等方式促进了各国利益相关者与决策者达成共识,并在第21次缔约方大会(COP21)之前与过程中起到了积极的导向作用,其作用在全球环境治理中变得日益重要。1990年9月联合国大会上开始了针对环境保护的谈判,并提出了气候变化这一主要议题。会上建立了政府间谈判委员会(INO),并要求必须于随后的15个月之内完成相关的谈判工作。1992年5月9日在巴西里约热内卢,由150个国家签署达成了《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)并与1994年3月21日正式生效并开始全面实施。自《公约》实施以来,大会各缔约方每年进行集会并商讨《公约》实施过程中的遇到的相关问题与解决措施。缔约方大会(COP)和它的分支,附属科学技术咨询机构(SBSTA)和附属执行机构(SBI)在保护环境方面与气候治理方面发挥了积极的作用。《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处支持所有包含国际气候变化谈判的机制。缔约方大会是《联合国气候变化框架公约》的主要决策制定主体,并每年举行会谈。第三次缔约放会(COP3)议批准通过了《京都议定书》,并于2005年第11次缔约国方议期间开始执行。2015年,第21次缔约方会议通过了具有里程碑意义的《巴黎协定》。本文旨在分析《巴黎协定》制定过程中,非政府组织的所起到的作用。笔者仔细地研究了它们在《联合国气候变化框架公约》制定过程中,以及在每年大会会谈中的参与度。在《京都议定书》制定期间,非政府组织也非常活跃,虽然那时它们没能成功地启发公众对政府施压,并要求其采取具体措施保护环境与气候变化。《京都议定书》后期的失利,科学技术的进步、自然灾害的频发以及日益翻新的低成本的沟通模式为非政府组织参与政府在国内外的决策提供了充足的空间与方式。21世纪的前十年里,世界各地环境灾害频发。许多调查者和学者开始针对该现象进行研究并得出充足的证据论证当前的全球灾害是人为温室气体排放活动的产物。非政府组织在强调气候变化问题上发挥了主导作用,他们用科学知识和研究发现支持其观点与立场。最终,国际诸多国家与社会都将气候变化问题作为他们的国家事务看待。非政府组织通过交换信息和观点与政府间建立联系,从而帮助他们影响国家层面的气候与环境决策制定。出于这个目的,非政府组织与联合国组织、它的官方成员以及发展中国家和发达国家的政府官员都建立联系。这就是环境方面的非政府组织在《联合国气候变化公约》指导下举行的环境谈判中仍然十分活跃的主要原因。在第19次缔约方会议期间(cop19),大会邀请了各个利益相关方来实施并加强国内针对国家自主决定贡献(indcs)的准备工作。国家自主决定贡献是2015年《巴黎协定》签订的基石之一。而非政府组织的影响,在国家自主决定贡献的形成过程中显示了更为积极的作用。这段时间非政府组织提升其在国家自主决定贡献方面的影响力,并在保护环境和减少碳排放方面争取更为雄心勃勃的目标。非政府组织为实现其环境与气候保护的目标制订了战略计划。它们开始借助国家自主决定贡献(indcs)让各国意识到能够在国家层面上确保可持续发展的技术和资金的必要性。此外,非政府组织成为了信息与数据的可靠性来源。例如,非政府组织让公众更加深入的了解政府间气候变化委员会(ipcc)第五次评估报告的里程碑意义,尤其是其提出了两个非常重要的概念。许多国家由于缺乏环保的知识和信息而不愿意准备与提出国家自主决定贡献。为了克服这些问题,非政府组织开始对不同的国家做工作以弥补这方面的不足。非政府组织为政府官员准备了讲习班和培训会议。他们也引导发展中国家的政府官员让其认识到在第21次缔约方会议中他们所扮演的角色。此外,2014-2015年间,非政府组织在不同的国家组织了关于环境保护的倡议游行。成千上万的人参与到了有关环境与气候保护的倡议游行中。非政府组织认为这些倡议游行会对政府产生有效的督促,并助力于国际环境协定的签署。非政府组织主导的公众宣传是被用作是影响政府政策制定的工具,让政府知道其在环境与气候方面共同但有区别的责任。非政府组织进行了知识普及,同时,它们通过让民众了解气候变化对环境变化的警示性提高了人们的环保意识。此外,人们亲眼目睹的自然灾害和人类活动对环境影响的科学发现都使得公民社会意识到了他们对环境社会的责任。这些意识的觉醒与共识的达成,让民众更加希望他们的政府知晓其对于环境保护与气候变化的观点。最终,非政府组织成功说服了许多政府官员参与到他们的环境倡议活动中。它们成功说服了30多个内阁部长和世界领导人加入队伍,其中包括联合国秘书长和法国之后负责巴黎谈话的部长。为了评估非政府组织在《巴黎协定》制定过程中的影响力,我们应该分析不同层次目标实现

关键词：非政府组织《2015年巴黎协定》全球环境治理决策制定

基于SUACL的PWR灵敏度和不确定度分析

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基于SUACL的PWR灵敏度和不确定度分析

作者： hafiz muhammad Waqar Sharif 华北电力大学(北京)

学位级别：硕士

敏感性和不确定性分析对于评估反应堆的安全性,提高反应堆的经济性都具有重要意义。通过对压水堆燃料组件和堆芯进行不确定度分析,计算了核数据不确定度的传播。以OECD/NEA模型不确定度分析基准(UAM)为参考,对TMI-1反应堆进行了分析。... 详细信息

敏感性和不确定性分析对于评估反应堆的安全性,提高反应堆的经济性都具有重要意义。通过对压水堆燃料组件和堆芯进行不确定度分析,计算了核数据不确定度的传播。以OECD/NEA模型不确定度分析基准(UAM)为参考,对TMI-1反应堆进行了分析。此分析主要采用了国内自主开发的基于抽样方法的不确定度和敏感性分析程序SUACL和组件计算程序DRAGON3.06。核数据是反应堆设计的基础,是反应堆设计中主要的不确定度来源之一。本文对核数据引起的有效增殖因子及堆芯计算中子通量的不确定度进行了研究。基于ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1核评价数据库产生了协方差矩阵,然后利用程序SUACL产生了不同反应道的抽样样本,利用组件计算程序DRAGON3.06计算产-生了少群参数及系统的无限介质增殖因子的不确定度。分析得到的少群参数的不确定度与相关参考文献一致,同时,研究了基于统计抽样方法的敏感性系数计算方法,计算结果同直接微扰方法进行了对比,结果吻合良好。由此验证了基于统计抽样法进行敏感性系数和不确定性分析方法的正确性。除此之外,利用了堆芯计算程序TRIVAC对一个示例堆芯模型计算的中子通量密度的不确定进行了分析,此结果为将来进一步的分析打下了良好基础。

关键词：不确定性分析敏感性分析 SUACL DRAGON3.06

车辆换道角度发生机理与对交通安全和效率影响

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车辆换道角度发生机理与对交通安全和效率影响

作者： hafiz muhammad ASIF（斯弗）东南大学

学位级别：硕士

Lane change vehicle maneuvering angle could have a substantial influence on traffic flow and safety as a result of their interfering influence due to surrounding *** interference effect of lane changing could be more pronounced when vehicles maneuvers at higher maneuvering angle as compared to lower *** vehicles maneuvers at different maneuvering angle during a lane *** alteration in maneuvering angle is due to the influence of surrounding vehicles which impose on the lane change *** study is exploring the factors,which influence on the lane change vehicle due to surrounding vehicles and their impact on traffic safety and ***,there is a need for accurate mathematical modeling of maneuvering angle during the lane changing on the *** developing these models real data are used to set up explanatory variables and to the evaluation of *** study will help traffic engineer and manager to a better understanding of the how various lane change maneuvers are influenced by surrounding traffic conditions and the impact of maneuvering angle on traffic operation and *** results showed that the trained Neural Network model achieved an accuracy of 82.7%,while the accuracy of GLM is 47.2% in predicting the influence of surrounding traffic characteristics on maneuvering angle of lane change *** case of predicting flow change and collision risk due to maneuvering behavior of vehicles,the Neural Network has achieved accuracy of 51.3% and 59.9% *** gap and speed caused vehicles to maneuvers at higher angle which has negative impact on traffic operation and *** determine the relationship between input and output variables support vector regression and statistical model has been used for *** model showing slightly better performance as compared to *** result shows that there is statistical evidence to indicate that the surrounding vehicles have an influence on maneu

关键词： Maneuvering angle traffic safetyand operation explanatory variables surrounding vehicles

Agronomy and Economy: Impact of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Mazie (<i>Zea mays</i>L.)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第6期5卷 799-810页

作者： hafiz muhammad Rashad Javeed muhammad Shahid Ibni Zamir Nasir Masood Rafi Qamar muhammad Shehzad muhammad Nadeem Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Kashmir Pakistan Department of Agronomy University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Pakistan Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pa-kistan Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pa-kistan Department of Environmental Science NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Multan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences COMSATS Institute of In-formation Technology Vehari Pakistan

Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimental treatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as the tillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillage practice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trend of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimum and zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillage with poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit to cost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zero tillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yield sustainability.

关键词： Agronomy Economy Leaf Area Index Maize Seedling Growth Tillage Pakistan

Prevalence of viral HBV and HCV among different group patients in Gujrat Pakistan

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2012年第4期3卷 423-436页

作者： muhammad Irshad muhammad Naem Raza Zahid Anwar Nadia Ikram Amber Afroz hafiz muhammad Nasir Iqbal Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gujrat Pakistan Department of Biochemistry NSMC University of Gujrat Pakistan Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

In this study we analyzed blood samples collected from 400 high risk patients for the prevalence of an inflammatory viral disease hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the help of standard kit assay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the samples were selected randomly from the various places of District Gujrat, Pakistan. All the selected cases were first divided into four groups according to the age and sex (Group 1, Male below age 35 years;Group 2, Male above age 35 years;Group 3, Female below age 35 years;Group 4, Female above age 35 years), each group was comprised of 100 individual patients and analyzed for different parameters for the presence of HBV and HCV in comparison with positive and negative controls. The prevalence of HBV and HCV was higher in groups 2 (22%) and 4 (39%) respectively. Assay profile revealed that the incidence of HCV was higher in female patients as compare to the male patients. The present study indicates that more than 60% of the cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Region is attributable to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

关键词： HBV HCV Liver Inflammation LFTs ELISA ALP Bilirubin

Assessment of Biochemical and Antioxidative Status in Patients Suffering from Dengue Fever

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 2015年第3期35卷 411-418页

作者： Mahmood Rasool Arif Malik Khalid Mahmud Khan muhammad Saeed Qureshi Beenish Shabbir Sara Zahid muhammad Asif Abdul Manan Sana Rashid Saima Rubab Khan hafiz muhammad Arsalan Rabail Alam Mahwish Arooj Mahmood Husain Qazi Adeel Gulzar Ahmed Chaudhary Adel Mohammed Abuzenadah Mohammed Hussain Al-Qahtani Sajjad Karim Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz University Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology the University of Lahore Fatima Jinnah Medical College Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology the University of Lahore Department of Biotechnology and Informatics BUITEMS Quetta 87300 Pakistan Center for Research in Molecular Medicine the University of Lahore KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine King Abdulaziz University Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences King Abdulaziz University

Summary：A multi-centred study was designed to collect dengue epidemiologic data from government and registered private hospitals/clinics and maintained archive of frozen specimens in bio-bank to be used for future dengue epidemic control program, and assess the epidemiology of dengue fever（DF） by evaluating biochemical and oxidative status of patients. ELISA Ig M antibodies test was done to confirm DF. From August 2010 to December 2011, 101 confirmed blood samples of DF patients referred to pathology lab of Jinnah Hospital Lahore were subjected to the epidemiologic assessment by evaluating the biochemical and physiological indices and alterations of circulating antioxidants. Clinical features of DF patients and effect of fever on blood components and serum proteins of liver were recorded. The hospital stay in DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever（DHF） and dengue shock syndrome（DSS） showed significant difference. Significant increases in serum alanine amino transferase（ALT）（P=0.000）, aspartate amino transferase（AST）（P=0.000）, alkaline phosphatase（ALP）（P=0.000）, malondialdehyde（MDA） along with significant decreases in total protein（TP）（P=0.000）, reduced glutathione（GSH）（P=0.000）, superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）（P=0.000）, and sialic acid contents（P=0.016） were observed. A positive correlation existed between bound sialic acid levels, liver enzymes and circulating antioxidants（r=0.656, P=0.016）. In the present study, alterations of circulating antioxidants in DF suggest that DF might be a metabolic response to an acute, self-limiting tropical viral infection, and a consequence of the viral inflammatory process.

关键词： dengue fever alanine amino transferase aspartate amino transferase malondialdehyde superoxide dismutase catalase

MXenes and heterostructures-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction:Recent developments and future outlook

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第5期92卷 176-206页

作者： Abdul Hanan hafiz Taimoor Ahmed Awan Faiza Bibi Raja Rafidah Raja Sulaiman Wai Yin Wong Rashmi Walvekar Seema Singh Mohammad Khalid Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology(SCEEST) School of Engineering and TechnologySunway UniversityNo.5 Jalan UniversitiBandar Sunway47500 Petaling JayaSelangorMalaysia Fuel Cell Institute Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia43600 UKM BangiSelangorMalaysia Faculty of Innovation and Technology School of EngineeringChemical Engineering ProgrammeNo.1 Jalan Taylor’sTaylor’s University Malaysia47500 Subang JayaSelangorMalaysia Chitkara Centre for Research and Development Chitkara UniversityHimachal Pradesh 174103India School of Applied and Life Sciences Uttaranchal UniversityDehradunUttarakhand 248007India Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal 576104KarnatakaIndia Centre of Research Impact and Outcome Chitkara UniversityPunjab 140401India

The increasing focus on electrocatalysis for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production has prompted significant interest in MXenes,a class of two-dimensional(2D)materials comprising metal carbides,carbonitrides,and *** materials exhibit intriguing chemical and physical properties,including excellent electrical conductivity and a large surface area,making them attractive candidates for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).This scientific review explores recent advancements in MXene-based electrocatalysts for HER *** discusses various compositions,functionalities,and explicit design principles while providing a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods,exceptional properties,and electro-catalytic approaches for H_(2) production via electrochemical ***,challenges and future prospects in designing MXenes-based electrocatalysts with enhanced kinetics are highlighted,emphasizing the potential of incorporating different metals to expand the scope of electrochemical *** review suggests possible efforts for developing advanced MXenes-based electrocatalysts,particularly for efficient H_(2) generation through electrochemical water-splitting reactions..

关键词： MXenes Electrocatalyst Water Splitting Hydrogen Generation Clean Energy

The circulation of unique reassortment strains of infectious bursal disease virus in Pakistan

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第7期19卷 1867-1875页

作者： Altaf HUSSAIN WU Tian-tian FAN Lin-jin WANG Yu-long Farooq Khalid muhammad JIANG Nan GAO Li LI Kai GAO Yu-long LIU Chang-jun CUI Hong-yu PAN Qing ZHANG Yan-ping Asim ASLAM Khan MUTI-UR-REHMAN muhammad Imran ARSHAD hafiz muhammad ABDULLAH WANG Xiao-mei QI Xiao-le Division of Avian Infectious Diseases State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150069P.R.China OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease Harbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin 150069P.R.China Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses Yangzhou 225009P.R.China Sub-campus Toba Tek Singh University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad 38040Pakistan Pathology Department University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore 54660Pakistan Institute of Microbiology University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad 38040Pakistan Department of Animal Sciences Ohio State UniversityColumbus 43210USA1

Infectious bursal disease(IBD),caused by IBD virus(IBDV),is one of the most devastating and immunosuppressive diseases of the poultry and has been a constraint on the sustainable poultry production around the globe including *** the disease is threatening the poulty industry,the nature of predominant strains of IBDV in Pakistan remained *** this study,an epidemiology survey was conducted in the main chicken-farming regions of *** batch of Pakistan IBDVs genes simultaneously covering both VP1 and VP2 were amplified,sequenced,and *** unique segment-reassortant IBDVs(vv-A/Uniq-B),carrying segmentA from vvIBDV and segment B from one unique ancestor,were identifed as one important type of circulating strains in *** data also discovered the characteristic molecular features of Pakistan IBDVs,which will contribute to scientific vaccine selection and effective prevention of the disease.

关键词： infectious bursal disease virus circulating strains reassortant Pakistan

Silicon Mediated Arsenic Reduction in Rice by Limiting Its Uptake

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第1期7卷 1-10页

作者： muhammad Mohsin Raza Sami Ullah Zulfiqar Ahmad Sohaib Saqib Sarfraz Ahmad hafiz muhammad Bilal Farman Wali Arid Zone Research Institute (PARC) Bahawalpur Pakistan Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

This study was planned to examine the effects of exogenous silicon supply on growth parameters and arsenic accumulation level in rice. The experiment was conducted in the wire house of Saline Agriculture Research Centre, Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The study was comprised of treatments viz: control;(100 μM Arsenic);(200 μM Arsenic);(5 mM Silicon);(5 mM Silicon + 100 μM Arsenic) and (5 mM Silicon + 200 μM Arsenic). Results revealed that maximum shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight were observed in (5 mM Si) solution. In the same way, maximum number of tillers was also recorded in (5 mM Si) solution;while silicon application failed to alleviate arsenic concentration of rice genotype.

关键词： Silicon Arsenic Rice Growth As Concentration in Plant