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Transcranial electrical stimulation in neurological disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第10期17卷 2221-2222页

作者： gregory L.brown Michael T.brown Neurished HersheyPAUSA

Increased lifespan is one of society’s greatest achievements,but this longevity increases the prevalence of diseases of aging,such as neurological ***,neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of deaths(feigin et al.,2019).furthermore,these diseases affect people in low-,medium-,and high-income countries(feigin et al.,2019).Current technology to modify neurological burden is scarce,which poses numerous challenges for healthcare,global policy,and economic stability(feigin et al.,2019).To face these challenges,brain stimulation technology,such as transcranial electrical stimulation(TES),has displayed exciting *** et al.(2017)provide a detailed overview of the safety and application of ***,electrodes are attached to the head and a weak current(e.g.,1-2 mA)is applied through the scalp,skull,and into the brain for 10-30 minutes to activate neurons(Antal et al.,2017).The technique is extremely safe with no serious adverse effects reported from thousands of sessions(Antal et al.,2017).The most common side effects are a tingling/itching sensation or redness at the stimulation site(Antal et al.,2017).However,these side effects can be minimized by reducing the electrode-skin impedance,slowly ramping up and ramping down TES,or using topical analgesics(Antal et al.,2017).The development of TES may repair neural dysfunction and stem the oncoming incidence of neurodegenerative disease.

关键词： stimulation sensation electrical

Sexual selection in cane toads Rhinella marina： A male＇s body size affects his success and his tactics

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Current Zoology 2013年第6期59卷 747-753页

作者： Haley BOWCOCK gregory P. brown Richard SHINE School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

Abstract Male body size can play an important role in the mating systems of anuran amphibians. We conducted labora- tory-based trials with cane toads Rhinella （Bufo） marina from an invasive population in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia, to clarify the effects of a male＇s body size on his reproductive success and behavior （mate choice）. Males were stimulated with a synthetic hormone to induce reproductive readiness. Larger body size enhanced a male toad＇s ability to displace a smaller rival from amplexus, apparently because of physical strength： more force was required to dislodge a larger than a smaller amplectant male. A male＇s body size also affected his mate-choice criteria. Males of all body sizes were as likely to attempt amplexus with another male as with a female of the same size, and preferred larger rather than smaller sexual targets. However, this size prefe- rence was stronger in larger males and hence, amplexus was size-assortative. This pattern broke down when males were given access to already-amplectant male-female pairs： males of all body sizes readily attempted amplexus with the pair, with no size discrimination. An amplectant pair provides a larger visual stimulus, and prolonged amplexus provides a strong cue for sex iden- tification （one of the individuals involved is almost certainly a female）. Thus, a male cane toad＇s body size affects both his ability to defeat rivals in physical struggles over females, and the criteria he uses when selecting potential mates, but the impacts of that selectivity depend upon the context in which mating occurs

关键词： Mating systems Size-assortative mating Large-male advantage Anurans Invasive species

High Altitude frogs (Rana kukonoris) Adopt a Diversified Bethedging Strategy in the face of Environmental Unpredictability

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Asian Herpetological Research 2018年第1期9卷 43-49页

作者： Wei CHEN Liqing PENG Lichun JIANG David A.PIKE Christopher R.fRIESEN gregory brown Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Department of Biology Rhodes College School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney

Environmental unpredictability can influence strategies of maternal investment among eggs within a clutch. Models predict that breeding females should adopt a diversified bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments, but empirical field evidence from Asia is scarce. Here we tested this hypothesis by exploring spatial patterns in egg size along an altitudinal gradient in a frog species （Rana kukunoris） inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau. Within-clutch variability in egg size increased as the environment became variable （e.g., lower mean monthly temperature and mean monthly rainfall at higher altitudes）, and populations in environments with more unpredictable rainfall produced eggs that were smaller and more variable in size. We provide support for a diversified bet-hedging strategy in high-altitude environments, which experience dynamic weather patterns and therefore are of unpredictable environmental quality. This strategy may be an adaptive response to lower environmental quality and higher unpredictable environmental variance. Such a strategy should increase the likelihood of breeding success and maximize maternal lifetime fitness by producing offspring that are adapted to current environmental conditions. We speculate that in high-altitude environments prone to physical disturbance, breeding females are unable to consistently produce the optimal egg size due to physiological constraints imposed by environmental conditions （e.g., duration of the active season, food availability）. Species and populations whose breeding strategies are adapted to cope with uncertain environmental conditions by adjusting offspring size and therefore quality show a remarkable degree of ability to cope with future climatic changes.

关键词： altitude bet-hedging strategy environmental quality egg size within-clutch variation unpredictable environment

Discrete modeling of a longwall coal mine gob for CfD simulation

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2020年第4期30卷 463-469页

作者： Aditya Juganda Claire Strebinger Jurgen f.Brune gregory E.Bogin Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO 80401USA

One area of concern in longwall coal mines is the active gob directly behind the longwall face,where high concentrations of methane are likely to accumulate and active roof caving *** computational fluid dynamics(CfD)to simulate gas flows in and through the gob,most researchers have represented the entire gob as a porous medium governed by Darcy’s ***,Darcy-type porous flow may not be applicable for the highly porous and unconsolidated fringes of the *** addition,porous medium models do not allow for representative combustion modeling to simulate in-gob ignition and flame *** study presents a hybrid approach to modeling the gob using CfD:the outer part of the gob is modeled as discrete objects that simulate coarse rock rubble,while the gob center is modeled as a porous medium.

关键词： Longwall Coal Computational fluid dynamic Modeling Ventilation

Context dependency of insect and mammalian herbivore effects on tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) populations

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2019年第3期12卷 531-541页

作者： f.Leland Russell gregory R.Houseman Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State UniversityWichitaKS 67260-0026USA

Aims Identifying factors that drive variation in herbivore effects on plant populations can provide insight for explaining plant distributions and for limiting *** resource availability to plants is a key explanation for variation in herbivore effects on individual plants,but the role of resources in determining herbivore effects on plant populations is largely *** tested the hypothesis that soil nutrient availability drives variation in insect and mam-mal herbivore effects on tall thistle(Cirsium altissimum)population *** In a Kansas USA restored tallgrass grassland that experienced prescribed fires,we manipulated soil nutrients,through fertil-izer addition,and presence of insect and mammal herbivores,using combinations of insecticide and fencing,in experimental *** 7 years,we quantified herbivore damage to repro-ductive tall thistles,tall thistle seed production and population growth *** findings Seed production was reduced by insect herbivores and increased by fertilizer addition,but treatment effects were *** effects on tall thistle population growth depended upon soil nutrients in only one of seven annual *** reduced thistle population growth in two of three annual transi-tions that included prescribed fire,whereas they reduced popula-tion growth in only one of four transitions without *** nutrient availability does not provide a general explanation for variation in herbivore effects on tall thistle population growth *** regime may be a more important aspect of ecological context for influencing herbivore effects on tall thistle populations in mesic grasslands.

关键词： fire herbivory population growth seed limitation soil nutrients

Alteration in immune function in patients with fatty liver disease

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Hepatoma Research 2022年第1期8卷 363-375页

作者： Stephanie N.gregory Shruthi R.Perati Zachary J.brown Department of Surgery Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNJ 08901USA Division of Surgical Oncology Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOH 43210USA

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAfLD)is a disease spectrum that spans simple steatosis,fibrosis,and ultimately cirrhosis,and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease *** severe variant of NAfLD,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),is characterized by triglyceride accumulation within hepatocytes and the subsequent inflammatory pathway activation,ultimately progressing to cirrhosis in 10%-20%of *** is a known major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and there is emerging data demonstrating the impact of NASH on immune subsets and the tumor microenvironment that may influence therapeutic *** review describes the various ways in which the immune system is altered in patients with *** innate immune system in NASH shows alterations in dendritic and Kupffer cells,impaired cytotoxicity of Natural Killer cells,and an accumulation of ***,there is emerging evidence emphasizing the role of the adaptive immune system in the development and progression of NASH,seen in the alteration of B-cells,T-cells,and NKT *** to the complex interplay of the immune system in NAfLD/NASH and its progression to HCC,many current treatments focus on targeting immune cells for HCC ***,immune checkpoint inhibitors such as atezolizumab and bevacizumab have been approved as first-line therapy for unresectable *** an emerging field of research,further studies and clinical trials are needed to understand the complex interface of NASH,HCC and the immune response.

关键词： Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis nonalcoholic fatty liver disease steatohepatitis immunology hepatocellular carcinoma

Genetic targeting of astrocytes to combat neurodegenerative disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第2期15卷 199-211页

作者： Rachel Kéry Allen P. f. Chen gregory W. Kirschen Medical Scientist Training Program MSTP)Stony Brook MedicineStony BrookNYUSA Department of Neurobiology & Behavior Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA

Astrocytes, glial cells that interact extensively with neurons and other support cells throughout the central nervous system, have recently come under the spotlight for their potential contribution to, or potential regenerative role in a host of neurodegenerative disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that astrocytes, in concert with microglial cells, activate intrinsic immunological pathways in the setting of neurodegenerative injury, although the direct and indirect consequences of such activation are still largely unknown. We review the current literature on the astrocyte’s role in several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as highlighting recent advances in genetic manipulation of astrocytes that may prove critical to modulating their response to neurological injury, potentially combatting neurodegenerative damage.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis glia immune system inflammation Parkinson's disease reactive astrocyte regeneration

The oceanic cycles of the transition metals and their isotopes

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Acta Geochimica 2017年第3期36卷 359-362页

作者： Derek Vance Corey Archer Susan H.Little Michael Kobberich gregory f.de Souza Department of Earth Sciences Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology ETH Zürich Clansiusstrasse 25 8092 Zürich Switzerland Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK

The stable isotope systems of the transition metals potentially provide constraints on the current and past operation of the biological pump,and on the state of ocean redox in Earth *** we focus on two exemplar metals,nickel(Ni)and zinc(Zn).The oceanic dissolved pool of both elements is isotopically heavier than the known inputs,implying an output with light isotope *** modern oceanic cycle of both these elements is dominated by biological uptake into photosynthesised organic matter and output to *** is increasingly clear,however,that such uptake is associated with only very minor isotope *** suggest that the isotopic balance is instead closed by the sequestration of light isotopes to sulphide in anoxic and organic-rich sediments,so that it is ocean chemistry that controls these isotope systems,and suggesting a different but equally interesting array of questions in Earth history that can be addressed with these systems.

关键词： Ocean biogeochemistry Metal micronutrients Stable isotopes

Effects of temperature and solvent concentration on the solvent crystallization of palm-based dihydroxystearic acid with isopropyl alcohol

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Particuology 2012年第1期10卷 127-131页

作者： gregory f.L. Koay Teong-Guan Chuah Sumaiya Zainal-Abidin Salmiah Ahmad Thomas S.Y. Choong Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Institute of Tropical forestry and forest Products Universiti Putra Malaysia faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Director General's Office Malaysian Rubber Board

Palm-based dihydroxystearic acid of 69.55% purity was produced in a 500-kg-per-batch operation pilot plant and purified through solvent crystallization in a custom fabricated simultaneous batch crystallizer unit. The effects of temperature and solvent concentration on yield, particle size distribution and purity were studied. The purity was higher, while the yield and particle size were lower and smaller, respectively, at higher temperature and solvent concentration. The solvent crystallization process efficiency was rated at 66-69% when carried out with 70-80% isopropyl alcohol at 20℃.

关键词： Dihydroxystearic acidPilot plant operationSolvent crystallizationSimultaneous batch crystallizerProcess efficiency