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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第7期14卷 1196-1201页

作者： Darius Widera Rocío Martínez Aguilar graeme s.cottrell stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights campus Unidad de Inmunología IBIMERUniversidad de Granada Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience School of PharmacyUniversity of Reading

Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) and protease-activated receptor 2(PAR2) play pivotal roles in the mammalian innate immune ***,in addition to their involvement in detection of invading pathogens,PAR2 and TLR4 modulate the levels of cell death-induced sterile inflammation by activating pro-or anti-inflammatory downstream signaling *** the central nervous system,there is emerging evidence that both receptors are involved in synaptic transmission and brain ***,due to their prominent role in mediating neuroinflammation,PAR2 and TLR4 are associated with development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease and multiple *** this article,we summarise the current knowledge on the cooperation between PAR2 and TLR4,discuss the potential cross-talk levels and highlight the impact of the cross-coupling on neuroinflammation.

关键词： signaling inflammation proteases myeloid of differentiation primary response gene 88 TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon lipopolysaccharide TLR4 PAR2

Perceptions of Bark Beetle Landscape Disturbance Effects on Natural Resources and Drinking Water: Assessing Communication and Knowledge Exchange in the Rocky Mountain Region, UsA

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第1期14卷 77-100页

作者： stuart P. cottrell Katherine Mattor Jana Raadik cottrell Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA Forest and Rangeland stewardship (FRs) Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA University Honors Program Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA Kuressaare College of Tallinn University of Technology Kuressaare Estonia

Widespread changes to forested watersheds affected by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic across western North America raised concerns about the effects of this climate-induced disturbance on drinking water and natural resources. Effective communication and knowledge exchange across scientists and stakeholders (i.e., drinking water managers) is essential for constructively responding to such landscape scale disturbances, providing improved adaptive capacity through knowledge sharing. An assessment of stakeholder knowledge levels, information needs, primary concerns, and suggested communication strategies were conducted via an online elicitation survey and World science Café workshops. Knowledge levels, assessed via a survey of local water managers and experts, were relatively low with approximately half of the respondents reporting little to no knowledge of the effects of mountain pine beetle on drinking water quality and quantity, thereby indicating limited knowledge exchange between scientists and drinking water stakeholders. Increased accessibility and dissemination of research findings pertinent to the mountain pine beetle epidemic’s effects on drinking water quality and quantity is necessary for natural resource management. Recommendations for improved communication among scientists and drinking water stakeholders in particular and forest health in general include dispersal of non-academic research summaries, information exchange through existing media and community resources, demonstration projects, and information clearinghouses. This information provides a better understanding of the challenges, concerns, and first-hand experience of stakeholders of a landscape disturbance issue to apply this knowledge to enhance land management practice and how researchers on this overall project enhanced science communication efforts.

关键词： Adaptive Capacity Climate Change Forested Watersheds Water Quality Water Quantity

Weak Gravity Conjecture and extremal black holes

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2019年第11期62卷 69-86页

作者： William cottrell Gary shiu Pablo soler Department of Physics University of WisconsinMadison WI53706USA Institut fur Theoretische Physik Universitat HeidelbergPhilosophenweg19Heidelberg D-69120Germany

Motivated by the desire to improve our understanding of the Weak Gravity Conjecture, we compute the one-loop correction of charged particles to the geometry and entropy of extremal black holes in 4D. We use the entropy function formalism to extend previous analysis that dealt with neutral particles, and obtain the corrections to the horizon entropy for different regimes of black hole masses. These corrections are small in general. They are furthermore reduced when supersymmetry is present, and disappear in N = 4 supergravity. We provide some speculative arguments that in a theory with only sub-extremal particles, classical Reissner-Nordstrom black holes actually possess an infinite microcanonical entropy, though only a finite amount is visible to an external observer, as shown by the horizon entropy computation.

关键词： black holes string theory entropy

Do animal eyespots really mimic eyes？

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 26-36页

作者： Martin sTEVENs graeme D RUXTON Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK school of Biology University of St Andrews Dyers Brae House St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH UK

The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators： delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator＇s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved

关键词： Eyespots Predation Animal coloration Mimicry Warning signals

A mechanistic framework for social±ecological mismatches

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National science Review 2023年第7期 7-10页

作者： graeme s.Cumming ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef studies James Cook University

People rely heavily on experience when interpreting and responding to events in the world around them [1].As we age,we learn to fit into surrounding landscapes,social groups and *** other organisms,our developing brains and bodies are well equipped by our evolutionary history to cope with direct causality and familiar natural phenomena that occur at time frames similar to or shorter than our lifespans and generational times(*** growth,seasonal cycles,

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Empirical models for predicting lateral spreading considering the effect of regional seismicity

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2012年第1期11卷 121-131页

作者： Zhang Jian Yang Changwei John X. Zhao graeme H. Mcgerry Department of Civil Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China GNs science Lower Hutt New Zealand

A revised empirical model has been developed for predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spreading displacement （LD） as a function of both response spectral acceleration derived from strong-motion attenuation models and geotechnical parameters from Youd＇s LD data set （Youd website）. This revised model is different from the model of Zhang and Zhao, which overcame some drawbacks of earlier models for predicting lateral spreading and was primarily used in Japan and the western U.s. The revised model can potentially be applied anywhere if ground shaking （in terms of 5% damped acceleration or displacement response spectra） can be estimated using local strong-motion attenuation relationships. The revised model is examined using data from Japan and the western U.s. and applied to Turkey and New Zealand, where the ground shaking is estimated using appropriate strong-motion attenuation relationships for each region. The accuracy of the revised model is evaluated by comparing its predicted lateral displacements with those measured in actual earthquakes. The results show that the revised model can account for the effects of local seismicity on lateral spreading displacements and is comparable with existing prediction models.

关键词： lateral spreading liquefaction strong-motion attenuation

Monitoring of brown stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) population dynamics in corn to predict its abundanee using weather data

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Insect science 2019年第3期26卷 536-544页

作者： Xinzhi Ni Ted E. cottrell G. David Buntin Xianchun Li Wei Wang Hong Zhuang UsDA-ARs Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit Tifton Georgia USA UsDA-ARs Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory Byron Georgia USA Department of Entomology University of Georgia Griffin Georgia USA Department of Entomology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA College of Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China UsDA-ARs Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit Athens Georgia USA

The brown stink bug (BsB), Euschistus servus (say)(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a serious economic pest of corn production in the southeastern United states. The BsB population dynamics was mon itored for 17 weeks from tasseling to preharvest of corn plants (i.e., late May to mid-september) using pheromone traps in three corn fields from 2005 to 2009. The trap data showed two peaks in early June and mid-August, respectively. The relationship between trap catch and pregrowing season weather data was examined using correlation and stepwise multiple factor regression analyses. Weather indices used for the analyses were accumulated growing degree day (AGDD), number of days with minimum temperature below 0℃(subz), accumulated daily maximum (AMaxT) and minimum temperatures (AMinT) and rainfall (ARain). The weather indices were calculated with lower (10℃) and upper (35℃) as biological thresholds. The parameters used in regression analysis were seasonal abundance (or overall mean of BsB adult catch)(BsBm), number of BsB adults caught at a peak (PeakBsB), and peak week (Peakwk). The BsBm was negatively related to high temperature (AmaxT or AGDD) consistently, whereas IstPeakBsB was positively correlated to both ARain and subz, irrespective of weather data durations (the first 4, 4.5, and 5 months). In contrast, the 7-month weather data (AGDD7) were negatively correlated to the BsBm only, but not correlated to the second PeakBsB. The 5-year monitoring study demonstrated that weather data can be used to predict the BsB abundance at its first peak in tasseling corn fields in the southeastern U.s. states.

关键词： Euschistus servus first trap catch peak pheromone trap catch population dynamics stepwise regression modeling weekly mean

Natural killer cell-triggered vascular transformation:maternal care before birth?

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2011年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： Jianhong Zhang Zhilin Chen graeme N smith B.Anne Croy Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Queen’s UniversityKingstonONCanada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Queen’s UniversityKingstonONCanada

Natural killer(NK)cells are found in lymphoid and non-lymphoid *** addition to important roles in immune surveillance,some NK cells contribute to angiogenesis and circulatory *** uterus of early pregnancy is a non-lymphoid organ enriched in NK cells that are specifically recruited to placental attachment *** species with invasive hemochorial placentation,these uterine natural killer(uNK)cells,via secretion of cytokines,chemokines,mucins,enzymes and angiogenic growth factors,contribute to the physiological change of mesometrial endometrium into the unique stromal environment called decidua *** humans,uNK cells have the phenotype CD56^(bright) CD16^(dim) and they appear in great abundance in the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and early *** expression studies indicate that CD56^(bright) CD16^(dim) uterine and circulating cells are functionally *** humans but not mice or other species with post-implantation decidualization,uNK cells may contribute to blastocyst implantation and are of interest as therapeutic targets in female *** and genetic studies in mice first identified triggering of the process of gestation spiral arterial modification as a major uNK cell function,achieved via interferon(IFN)-c *** spiral arterial modification,branches from the uterine artery that traverse the endometrium/decidua transiently lose their muscular coat and ability to *** expression of vascular markers changes from arterial to venous as these vessels dilate and become low-resistance,high-volume *** understanding of the vascular interactions of human uNK cells is difficult to obtain because endometrial time-course studies are not possible in pregnant *** we briefly review key information concerning uNK cell functions from studies in rodents,summarize highlights concerning human uNK cells and describe our preliminary studies on development of a humanized,pregnant

关键词： decidua humanized mice pregnancy uterine natural killer cell

Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2019年第3期31卷 1-10页

作者： shengguo Xue Meng Li Jun Jiang graeme J.Millar Chuxuan Li Xiangfeng Kong school of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Institute for Future Environments Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology

Reduction of the high alkalinity of bauxite residue is a key problem to solve to make it suitable for plant growth and comprehensive utilization. In this study, phosphogypsum, a waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry, was used to drive the alkaline transformation of the bauxite residue. Under optimal water washing conditions(liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 24 hr), the impact of quantity added, reaction time and reaction mechanism during phosphogypsum application were investigated. Phosphogypsum addition effectively lowered p H levels and reduced the soluble alkalinity by 92.2%. It was found that the concentration of soluble Na and Ca ions in the supernatant increased gradually, whilst the exchangeable Na+and Ca^(2+)in solid phase changed 112 mg/kg and 259 mg/kg, respectively. Ca^(2+)became the dominant element in the solid phase(phosphogypsum addition of 2%, liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 12 hr). X-ray diffraction data indicated that cancrinite and hydrogarnet were the primary alkaline minerals. sEM images suggested that phosphogypsum could promote the formation of stable macroaggregates, whilst the content of Ca^(2+)increased from 5.6% to 18.2% and Na reduced from 6.8% to 2.4%. Treatment with phosphogypsum could significantly promote the transformation of alkalinity cations by neutralization, precipitation and replacement *** research provided a feasible method to promote soil formation of bauxite residue by phosphogypsum amendment.

关键词： Bauxite residue Phosphogypsum Alkaline ions Alkaline transformation soil formation

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AFRICA IN GUANGZHOU

The World of Chinese 2016年第2期 36-41,3页

作者： CHRIsTOPHER cottrell

There's more to the famous Little Africa of Guangzhou than meets the eye. It's a place of culture clash and cohesion unlike anything else in China. Chris.cottrell looks at ten years of history and stories from the diverse group of immigrants hailing from the various nations of Africa and the Middle East who make this area their home.

关键词： Africa cohesion Guangzhou anything unlike diverse nations tower Anhui dealing